Rains v. Emmert

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: September 9, 2025
• Docket: 3:25-cv-00717
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 HELEN RAINS, Case No.: 3:25-cv-00717-CAB-MMP

12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 13 v. DISMISS

14 JOHN C. PHALEN, Secretary of the [Doc. No. 4] Navy, 15 Defendant. 16

17 On March 27, 2025, Plaintiff Helen Rains, a Navy employee, sued Defendant John 18 C. Phalen, Secretary of the Navy, alleging multiple Title VII violations by her supervisor 19 Daniel Conley and other Navy employees. Defendant filed a motion to dismiss pursuant 20 to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). For the reasons explained below, the Court 21 GRANTS the motion to dismiss. [Doc. No. 4.] 22 I. BACKGROUND 23 Plaintiff is a Navy employee. She alleges that her former supervisor Daniel Conley 24 (“Conley”) continuously sexually abused and harassed her beginning in August 2019 and 25 with the last alleged incident in March 2023. [Compl. ¶¶ 9–24.] Plaintiff further alleges 26 that Conley and Daniel Gutierrez (“Gutierrez”), another employee, harassed and mocked 27 her for her accent and English skills. Plaintiff states that she filed an informal Equal 28 1 Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) complaint on September 26, 2023 and then a formal 2 EEO complaint on January 17, 2024. Plaintiff asserts that Conley defamed her in 3 retaliation by spreading lies to other employees that the two were having an affair. Plaintiff 4 also asserts that in September 2023 Defendant conducted its own investigation into 5 Conley’s treatment of Plaintiff and concluded she had been subject to unlawful treatment. 6 Plaintiff sues pursuant to five Title VII causes of action: sexual harassment, sex 7 discrimination, harassment and discrimination on the basis of race/national origin/ancestry, 8 and retaliation. 9 II. REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE 10 As a preliminary matter, Plaintiff seeks the Court to take judicial notice of Exhibit 11 A attached to D.N. Brady’s Declaration, which is the “Notice of Acceptance of 12 Discrimination Complaint of Helen L. Rains v. the Honorable Carlos Del Toro,” and is an 13 excerpt from Defendant’s Report of Investigation of Plaintiff’s EEO claims. [Doc. No. 5- 14 1 at 1–7.] Defendant seeks judicial notice of Exhibits 1 and 2 attached to the Declaration 15 of Mary Cile Glover-Rogers, with the former being Plaintiff’s complaint filed on January 16 17, 2024, and the latter the EEO counselor’s report. [Doc. No. 4-2.] Defendant objects to 17 judicial notice of Plaintiff’s Exhibit A attached to D.N. Brady’s Declaration as “self- 18 serving allegations of harm.” [Doc. No. 6-1 at 3, n.2.] Plaintiff does not object to 19 Defendant’s exhibits. 20 The Court may take judicial notice of facts that “are not subject to reasonable 21 dispute” because they are “generally known” or “can be accurately and readily determined 22 from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). 23 This includes “matters of public record” such as administrative EEO records. Allen v. 24 Donovan, No. 8:20-CV-01756-JLS-ADS, 2021 WL 5867137, at *3 (C.D. Cal. June 28, 25 2021). The Court rejects Defendant’s challenge and finds all three exhibits appropriate for 26 judicial notice as they are administrative EEO records and thus constitute matters of public 27 record. See id. 28 1 III. LEGAL STANDARD 2 a. Rule 12(b)(1) 3 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) permits a party to move to dismiss based 4 on the court's lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). The federal 5 court is one of limited jurisdiction. See Gould v. Mut. Life Ins. Co. of N.Y., 790 F.2d 769, 6 774 (9th Cir. 1986). Plaintiff has the burden of establishing that the court has subject matter 7 jurisdiction. Ass’n. of Am. Med. Colls. v. United States, 217 F.3d 770, 778–79 (9th Cir. 8 2000). As such, the court cannot reach the merits of any dispute until it confirms its own 9 subject matter jurisdiction. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 95 10 (1998). A defense of lack of “subject-matter jurisdiction, because it involves a court's 11 power to hear a case, can never be forfeited or waived.” United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 12 625, 630 (2002). The Court can adjudicate subject matter jurisdiction sua sponte. See 13 Valdez v. Allstate Ins. Co., 372 F.3d 1115, 1116 (9th Cir. 2004). A facial attack to the 14 Court’s jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) tracks “a motion to dismiss under Rule 15 12(b)(6).” Leite v. Crane Co., 749 F.3d 1117, 1121 (9th Cir. 2014). Thus, in 16 “determin[ing] whether the [plaintiff’s] allegations are sufficient as a legal matter to invoke 17 the [C]ourt’s jurisdiction,” the Court “[a]ccept[s] the plaintiff’s allegations as true and 18 draw[s] all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor . . . .” Id. 19 b. Rule 12(b)(6) 20 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) permits a party to raise by motion the 21 defense that the complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” The 22 Court evaluates whether a complaint states a recognizable legal theory and sufficient facts 23 in light of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), which requires a “short and plain 24 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Rule 8 “does not 25 require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ but it demands more than an unadorned, the- 26 defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 27 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). 28 1 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 2 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim of relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. (quoting 3 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A claim is facially plausible 4 when the collective facts pled “allow[] the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 5 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. There must be “more than a sheer 6 possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. Facts “‘merely consistent with’ a 7 defendant’s liability” fall short of a plausible entitlement to relief. Id. (quoting Twombly, 8 550 U.S. at 557). The Court accepts as true all allegations in the complaint and construes 9 the allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 10 1068, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005). However, the Court need not accept as true “legal conclusions” 11 contained in the complaint, Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, or other “allegations that are merely 12 conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences.” Daniels-Hall v. 13 Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 629 F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010). 14 IV. DISCUSSION 15 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s harassment and discrimination claims are time 16 barred because Plaintiff did not, as required, contact an EEO counselor within 45 days of 17 the alleged acts. Even if timely though, Defendant contests that the discrimination and 18 retaliation claims fail because Plaintiff fails to plead that she suffered an adverse 19 employment action, and that the harassment claim fails because Plaintiff does not plead an 20 abusive work environment. 21 a. Harassment & Discrimination Claims 22 “To establish federal subject matter jurisdiction, a plaintiff is required to exhaust 23 his or her administrative remedies before seeking adjudication of a Title VII claim.” Lyons 24 v. England, 307 F.3d 1092, 1103 (9th Cir. 2002). “Title VII requires federal employees to 25 notify an EEO counselor of discriminatory conduct within 45 days of the alleged conduct.” 26 Lui v. DeJoy, 129 F.4th 770, 781 (9th Cir. 2025). Defendant argues that because Plaintiff 27 first notified an EEO counselor with her complaint on September 26, 2023, her claims 28 before August 12, 2023 (45 days prior), which include the sexual harassment claims, are 1 time-barred. Plaintiff argues that Defendant waived the ability to challenge the timeliness 2 of Plaintiff’s claims because “Defendant never deemed any of Plaintiff’s EEO claims to be 3 outside of the 45-day time limitation, but, instead proceeded to process her claims as fully 4 timely.” [Doc. No. 5 at 9.] She also asserts that her claims are timely through estoppel 5 and as a continuing violation. 6 1. Waiver 7 Plaintiff argues that “[i]f Defendant believed that some of Plaintiff’s complaints 8 should be dismissed for untimeliness, then Defendant had an obligation pursuant to 29 CFR 9 § 1614.107(b) to tell Plaintiff that denial in [the Notice of Acceptance of the Complaint.]” 10 [Doc. No. 5 at 9.] By not doing so, Plaintiff alleges, Defendants waived its challenge to 11 timeliness. [Id.] 12 The Ninth Circuit has held that the “mere receipt and investigation of a complaint 13 does not waive objection to a complainant’s failure to comply with the original filing time 14 limit when the later investigation does not result in an administrative finding of 15 discrimination.” Boyd v. U.S. Postal Serv., 752 F.2d 410, 414 (9th Cir. 1985) (holding that 16 the Post Office did not waive right to contest timeliness because it accepted a complaint 17 and began investigation). However, when the government agency specifically states that 18 it reviewed the complaint for timeliness and still accepts it for investigation, courts have 19 found this can serve as a waiver to challenging timeliness. See, e.g., Allen, 2021 WL 20 5867137, at *6 (“[B]ecause the Agency already determined, in a judicially noticed record 21 that is before the Court, that the claims presented in [the] Formal Complaint complied with 22 the 15-day and 45-day requirements, dismissal of [plaintiff’s] claims on this basis is 23 unwarranted.”). 24 Here, Plaintiff’s Notice of Acceptance shows that Defendant accepted Plaintiff’s 25 claims for investigation on February 12, 2024. [Doc. No. 5-1 at 4.] However, this is 26 insufficient to waive a timeliness objection. Indeed, the agency must have specifically 27 “represented to Plaintiff that her claims had been reviewed for timeliness and accepted for 28 investigation.” Brodus v. Mar. Inn & Air Force Servs. Agency, No. LA-CV-21-03112- 1 JAK-JPRX, 2022 WL 2286476, at *7 (C.D. Cal. May 2, 2022); see Allen, 2021 WL 2 5867137, at *5 (finding waiver where agency “stated it had reviewed [plaintiff]’s Formal 3 Complaint pursuant to 29 C.F.R. §1614.107 . . . and found it appropriate for acceptance 4 and investigation”). Plaintiff does not argue in her complaint nor opposition that any notice 5 from Defendant states that either her informal September 2023 complaint or formal January 6 2024 complaint were reviewed specifically for timeliness pursuant to Section 1614.107.1 7 Rather, she contests that Defendant was required to dismiss any untimely complaints before 8 investigation, and that the failure to do so constitutes a waiver to challenging timeliness. 9 However, she cites no case law to support this assertion. Accordingly, the Court finds that 10 Defendant did not forfeit their challenge to the timeliness of Plaintiff’s claims. See Boyd, 11 752 F.2d at 414. 12 2. Estoppel 13 Plaintiff next argues that her claims are timely under the doctrine of estoppel. 14 Equitable estoppel “tolls the statute of limitations when there is ‘active conduct by a 15 defendant, above and beyond the wrongdoing upon which the plaintiff’s claim is filed, to 16 prevent the plaintiff from suing in time.’” Puana v. Kealoha, 587 F. Supp. 3d 1035, 1057 17 (D. Haw. 2022) (quoting Guerrero v. Gates, 442 F.3d 697, 706 (9th Cir. 2006)). Plaintiff 18 must allege the following elements: “(1) knowledge of the true facts by the party to be 19 estopped, (2) intent to induce reliance or actions giving rise to a belief in that intent, (3) 20 ignorance of the true facts by the relying party, and (4) detrimental reliance.” Bolt v. United 21 States, 944 F.2d 603, 609 (9th Cir. 1991). 22 23

24 25 1 Plaintiff alleges that in September 2023, Defendant “was compelled to begin an investigation into how Conley treated [Plaintiff]” and concluded that Plaintiff “had been subject to unlawful treatment.” 26 [Compl. ¶ 27.] Plaintiff offers no other facts about this investigation in her complaint and does not reference it again in her opposition. It is unclear if this investigation by Defendant is related to the 27 informal complaint Plaintiff allegedly made in September 2023. Nonetheless, Plaintiff alleges no facts regarding this investigation that would affect the Court’s finding that Defendant did not waive a 28 1 Plaintiff contests that Defendant is “estopped from asserting an untimeliness 2 defense” because (1) Defendant allegedly waived their opportunity to challenge timeliness 3 and (2) Plaintiff has continued to pursue her claims while accruing attorney fees to her 4 detriment. [Doc. No. 5 at 10.] Plaintiff does not allege any intent or actions by Defendant 5 to induce her reliance nor does she allege her own ignorance of the true facts. Plaintiff 6 does not cite any case law to support her positions. As discussed above, Defendant did not 7 waive their opportunity to challenge timeliness by simply confirming their investigation of 8 Plaintiff’s claims. Nor did Defendant’s confirmation of investigation constitute a wrongful 9 action that prevented Plaintiff from timely asserting her claim. See Leong v. Potter, 347 10 F.3d 1117, 1123 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Equitable estoppel focuses on the defendant’s wrongful 11 actions preventing the plaintiff from asserting his claim.”). Plaintiff fails to establish that 12 her claims prior to August 12, 2023 are timely pursuant to equitable estoppel. 13 3. Continuing Violation; Hostile Work Environment 14 Plaintiff finally asserts that her claims are timely under the theory of a continuing 15 violation of a hostile work environment claim. [Doc. No. 5 at 10.] “A hostile work 16 environment claim is composed of a series of separate acts that collectively constitute one 17 unlawful employment practice.” Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 117 18 (2002) (quotation marks omitted). “[U]nder the continuing violations doctrine, 19 discriminatory conduct contributing to a hostile work environment claim, but falling 20 outside of the statutory time period for filing a claim, may be considered by the Court for 21 purposes of determining liability.” Aoyagi v. Straub Clinic & Hosp., Inc., 140 F. Supp. 3d 22 1043, 1053 (D. Haw. 2015) (citing Morgan, 536 U.S. at 116–17). “It does not matter . . . 23 that some of the component acts . . . fall outside the statutory time period” so long as one 24 “act contributing to the claim occurs within the filing period[.]” Morgan, 536 U.S. at 117. 25 In determining whether multiple acts/events “constitute one unlawful employment 26 practice,” the Ninth Circuit directs courts to “consider whether they were sufficiently 27 severe or pervasive, and whether the earlier and later events amounted to the same type of 28 employment actions, occurred relatively frequently, [or] were perpetrated by the same 1 managers.” Porter v. California Dep't of Corr., 419 F.3d 885, 893 (9th Cir. 2005) (internal 2 quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original) (quoting Morgan, 536 U.S. at 116, 120). 3 Defendant argues that the alleged acts before the cutoff date of August 12, 2023 are 4 too different from any of the timely alleged acts after that date to constitute “the same 5 unlawful employment practice,” Morgan, 536 U.S. at 122, and establish a hostile work 6 environment claim. The Court agrees. 7 Plaintiff’s allegations before August 12, 2023 consist of: 8 (1) Conley’s various acts of sexual harassment from 2019 to March 2023; 9 (2) Conley and Gutierrez making discriminatory comments to Plaintiff 10 and mocking her accent from March to July 2023, with the harassment 11 intensifying after she threatened to file an EEO complaint; 12 (3) Conley and Gutierrez refusing to offer Plaintiff a reasonable 13 accommodation after an injury in June 2023; and 14 (4) Conley and Gutierrez refusing to approve an English course for 15 Plaintiff even though they recommended she take it to advance in her 16 pay scale in July 2023. [Compl. ¶¶ 9–26, 29, 30–32; Doc. No. 5-1 at 17 4–6.] 18 Plaintiff’s allegations after August 12, 2023, and within 45 days before the informal 19 EEO complaint, consist of: 20 (1) Miguel Padilla (“Padilla”) informing Plaintiff she would be assigned 21 the duties of an equipment manager, which was allegedly effectively 22 a demotion, on August 28, 2023; 23 (2) Ivana Rivers (“Rivers”) identifying issues with a project that Plaintiff 24 finished years prior on September 8, 2023; 25 (3) Padilla and Rivers reopening projects on September 11, 2023 that 26 Plaintiff had already completed; and 27 28 1 (4) Rivers telling another worker that she would “elevate this,” allegedly 2 displaying mocking behavior towards Plaintiff on September 12, 3 2023. [Doc. No. 5-1 at 5.] 4 Plaintiff’s claims that fall within the statutory period before she filed an EEO 5 complaint concern none of the same people, type of acts, or level of severity as her untimely 6 claims. Indeed, the former involve Padilla and Rivers primarily taking issue with 7 Plaintiff’s work while the latter involve Conley sexually harassing Plaintiff, and Gutierrez 8 and Conley ridiculing Plaintiff based on her race/national origin and/or sex. 9 Plaintiff also asserts that she has pled a hostile work environment claim based on her 10 allegation that Conley “recently” defamed her which in turn is based on two employees 11 telling Plaintiff they heard rumors that she had an affair with Conley. [Doc. No. 5 at 10– 12 11.] Plaintiff does not allege when this occurred (or if she ever reported it), but it appears 13 likely that it was not within the 45 days before she filed her informal EEO complaint in 14 September 2023 given that she places the allegation near the end of her facts section and 15 after mentioning that she filed a formal EEO complaint on January 17, 2024. [Compl. at 16 6.] Nonetheless, the allegation of defamation by Conley does not constitute “the same 17 unlawful employment practice” as the timely alleged work criticism from Padilla and 18 Rivers given the difference in the responsible parties and the fundamental nature of the 19 acts. See Porter, 419 F.3d at 892 (cautioning courts against “blur[ring]” the line between 20 “discrete acts and a hostile environment”). Plaintiff cites no case law in her opposition to 21 support finding a continuing violation here. 22 The Court finds Plaintiff’s harassment and discrimination claims before August 12, 23 2023, and her “recent” retaliation claim (which no date is provided for), are untimely and 24 do not constitute “the same unlawful employment practice” as her timely claims. As 25 Plaintiff’s only timely claims concern Padilla and Rivers taking issue with her work on 26 various projects, which as alleged is not severe, pervasive, discriminatory, nor relates to 27 any protected status, Plaintiff fails to sufficiently plead a hostile work environment claim. 28 See Robertson v. County of Alameda, No. 15-CV-03416-JST, 2016 WL 3194333, at *4 1 (N.D. Cal. June 9, 2016) (finding that allegations of harassment or a hostile work 2 environment without a connection to protected status are generally insufficient under Title 3 VII). Additionally, these allegations against Padilla and Rivers are wholly insufficient on 4 their own to establish a Title VII sexual harassment claim, sex discrimination claim, or 5 harassment/discrimination claim on the basis of race, national origin, and/or ancestry. See 6 id. Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES these claims pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), 7 or, in the alternative, 12(b)(1). 8 b. Retaliation Claim 9 Plaintiff also claims Conley retaliated against her three times in violation of Title 10 VII. The first time was allegedly in March 2023 after she demanded Conley stop sexually 11 harassing her. The second time was allegedly after she threatened to file an EEO complaint 12 against Conley and Gutierez. Plaintiff provides no date for this second incident, but it was 13 likely before August 12, 2023 given that it involves Gutierez, whom all allegations against 14 are between March 2023 to July 2023. In the final instance, as noted earlier, Plaintiff 15 alleges Conley “recently” spread rumors that they had an affair and that she later went 16 crazy. 17 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s retaliation claim should be dismissed because she 18 allegedly fails to plead an adverse employment action and thus fails to state a claim. [Doc. 19 No. 4-1 at 17.] However, before determining whether Plaintiff satisfies all the elements of 20 a prima facie retaliation claim, the Court first considers whether it has jurisdiction over 21 Plaintiff’s retaliation claim, i.e., if the claim was ever brought to an EEO counselor. See 22 Worthen v. James, No. 2:15-CV-01747-ODW-JC, 2015 WL 5167468, at *3 (C.D. Cal. 23 Sept. 3, 2015) (“the Court lacks jurisdiction over Title VII claims that the plaintiff has 24 never brought to [an] EEO[] [officer]”). As to the first incident in March 2023, though it 25 was eventually raised with an EEO counselor, it is untimely given that it was not raised 26 within 45 days of the incident. See Hollins v. Wilkie, No. 19-CV-2201-DMS-JLB, 2021 27 WL 1906462, at *3 (S.D. Cal. May 12, 2021) (dismissing Title VII claims “that were not 28 raised with an EEO counselor within 45 days of their occurrence”). As to the latter two 1 || alleged retaliatory incidents, Plaintiff does not allege when exactly she reported them to an 2 counselor, or if she ever did. Indeed, the only acts she timely raised with an EEO 3 ||counselor are those concerning Padilla and Rivers. As Plaintiff does not allege that she 4 || timely raised any retaliatory incidents with an EEO counselor, the Court DISMISSES her 5 || Title VII retaliation claims for failure to exhaust administrative remedies pursuant to Fed. 6 ||R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). See Gardner v. Braithwaite, 607 F. Supp. 3d 1106, 1122 (S.D. Cal. 7 || 2022) (dismissing Title VII retaliation claim for failure “to timely exhaust [|] administrative 8 remedies”). 9 Vv. CONCLUSION 10 Plaintiff's Title VII claims for sexual harassment, sex discrimination, and 11 ||harassment/discrimination on the basis of race, national origin, or ancestry, are 12 || DISMISSED without prejudice pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6), or, in the alternative, 13 }/12(b)(1). Plaintiff's Title VII retaliation claim is DISMISSED without prejudice 14 || pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). Should Plaintiff seek to file an amended complaint, 15 must do so by September 30, 2025. 16 It is SO ORDERED. 17 Dated: September 9, 2025 € 18 Hon. Cathy Ann Bencivengo 19 United States District Judge 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28