Rader v. RLJ Mgt. Co., Inc.

2024 Ohio 391, 235 N.E.3d 608

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: February 5, 2024
• Docket: 5-23-37
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as Rader v. RLJ Mgt. Co., Inc., 2024-Ohio-391.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT HANCOCK COUNTY

NADINE RADER, CASE NO. 5-23-37 PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,

v.

RLJ MANAGEMENT CO., INC., OPINION

DEFENDANT-APPELLEE.

Appeal from Hancock County Common Pleas Court Trial Court No. 2022-CV-00230

Judgment Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part and Cause Remanded

Date of Decision: February 5, 2024

APPEARANCES:

Drew R. Massé for Appellant

Matthew P. Baringer for Appellee Case No. 5-23-37

WALDICK, J.

{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, Nadine Rader (“Rader”), brings this appeal from

the August 8, 2023, judgment of the Hancock County Common Pleas Court granting

summary judgment in favor of defendants-appellees, RLJ Management Co, Inc.

(“RLJ Management”). On appeal, Rader argues that the trial court erred by

determining that she did not adequately plead a claim under the Landlord-Tenant

Act, and that the trial court erred by determining that the pothole Rader fell into was

an open and obvious hazard. For the reasons that follow, the trial court’s judgment

is affirmed in part and reversed in part.

Background

{¶2} In July of 2020, Rader was a resident of Legacy Village at St.

Catherine’s in Findlay. The housing community was managed by RLJ Management.

{¶3} On July 8, 2020, Rader inadvertently stepped into a pothole in the

parking lot of the community. Rader described the pothole as being approximately

six inches deep and ten inches wide. Rader was injured in the incident.

{¶4} On June 30, 2022, Rader filed a complaint against RLJ Management

alleging that RLJ Management had

breached its duty to exercise reasonable care to [Rader] * * *

a. By violating the non-delegable and affirmative duty to keep the premises safe for use by business invitees;

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b. By carelessly and/or negligently allowing a dangerous condition, a pothole and/or defective parking lot, to exist on a walkway traversed by invitees when it could not easily be seen by invitees and was not open and obvious on the premises;

c. By authorizing and/or creating and/or maintaining and/or suffering to exist a nuisance, a pothole and/or defective parking lot, on the premises which was negligently allowed to continue;

d. By failing to warn Plaintiff Nadine Rader of the dangerous and/or unsafe and/or defective condition on the premises of which it was aware, or in the exercise of reasonable care should have been aware, and of which Plaintiff Nadine Rader was unaware; and,

e. By authorizing and/or creating and/or maintaining and/or suffering to exist an unreasonably dangerous condition.

Rader alleged that as a proximate result of RLJ Management’s negligence, she

suffered severe and permanent injuries and damages in excess of $25,000.

{¶5} On August 8, 2022, RLJ Management filed an answer acknowledging

that it managed the property at issue and that Rader was a tenant on July 8, 2022.

However, RLJ Management denied negligence and asserted numerous affirmative

defenses including that the condition Rader complained of was “open and obvious.”

{¶6} As the case proceeded through discovery, Rader was deposed. In her

deposition, Rader testified that she had notified management on prior occasions

about the potholes and that she had damaged her car in 2019 by hitting a pothole in

the parking lot.

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{¶7} On June 2, 2023, RLJ Management filed a motion for summary

judgment arguing that the pothole was an open and obvious hazard thus the

company could not be held liable.

{¶8} On June 29, 2023, Rader filed a memorandum in opposition

contending that RLJ Management had breached provisions of R.C. 5321.04 in the

Landlord-Tenant Act and that the “open and obvious” defense did not apply to

breach of statutory duties.

{¶9} On July 7, 2023, RLJ Management filed a reply brief contending that

Rader failed to bring a claim under R.C. 5321.04 in her complaint and she could not

raise it for the first time in response to summary judgment.

{¶10} On July 18, 2023, the trial court issued a decision determining that

with regard to Rader’s common law claim of negligence, the pothole was an open

and obvious hazard, precluding recovery. The trial court also determined that

Rader’s failure to specifically plead a statutory cause of action under R.C. 5321.04

precluded the trial court from reviewing the matter because it would be unfair to

require RLJ Management to “respond[] without adequate preparation.”

{¶11} The trial court filed a final judgment entry granting summary

judgment in favor of RLJ management on August 8, 2023. It is from this judgment

that Rader appeals, asserting the following assignments of error for our review.

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First Assignment of Error

The trial court erred when it granted summary judgment in favor of Appellee RLJ Management Co., Inc. on the basis that Appellant Nadine Rader had not sufficiently pled a claim under Ohio’s Landlord-Tenant Act, R.C. § 5321.01, et seq.

Second Assignment of Error

The trial court erred when it granted summary judgment in favor of Appellee RLJ Management Co., Inc. on the basis that the hazard was open and obvious.

{¶12} In her first assignment of error, Rader argues that the trial court erred

by determining that she had not sufficiently pled a claim under Ohio’s Landlord-

Tenant Act.

Standard of Review

{¶13} Summary judgment is proper where there is no genuine issue of

material fact, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and

reasonable minds can reach but one conclusion when viewing the evidence in favor

of the non-moving party, and the conclusion is adverse to the non-moving party.

Civ.R. 56(C); State ex rel. Whittaker v. Lucas County Prosecutor’s Office, 164 Ohio

St.3d 151, 2021-Ohio-1241, ¶ 8. Material facts are those facts “‘that might affect

the outcome of the suit under the governing law.’” Turner v. Turner, 67 Ohio St.3d

337, 340 (1993), quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106

S.Ct. 2505 (1986). “Whether a genuine issue exists is answered by the following

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inquiry: [d]oes the evidence present ‘a sufficient disagreement to require submission

to a jury’ or is it ‘so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law[?]’” Id.

quoting Anderson at 251-252.

{¶14} “The party moving for summary judgment has the initial burden of

producing some evidence which demonstrates the lack of a genuine issue of material

fact.” Carnes v. Siferd, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-10-88, 2011-Ohio-4467, ¶ 13, citing

Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 282 (1996). “In doing so, the moving party is

not required to produce any affirmative evidence, but must identify those portions

of the record which affirmatively support his argument.” Id., citing Dresher at 292.

“The nonmoving party must then rebut with specific facts showing the existence of

a genuine triable issue; he may not rest on the mere allegations or denials of his

pleadings.” Id. citing Dresher at 292.

{¶15} We review a trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment de

novo. Doe v. Shaffer, 90 Ohio St.3d 388, 390 (2000). “De novo review is

independent and without deference to the trial court’s determination.” ISHA, Inc. v.

Risser, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-12-47, 2013-Ohio-2149, ¶ 25.

Analysis

{¶16} In order to establish negligence, Rader needed to present evidence to

show that RLJ Management failed to act with reasonable care. “In the landlord-

tenant area, the standard of care can be established in one of two ways.” Mounts v.

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Ravotti, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 07 MA 182, 2008-Ohio-5045, ¶ 15. The first way

is through common-law liability. Id. at ¶ 16. However, under the common law

theory, the open and obvious doctrine would apply and defeat a negligence claim.

Id.

{¶17} “The second way the standard of care could be established is to look

to statute.” Id. at ¶ 17. Revised Code 5321.04(A) contains statutory obligations of a

landlord. It reads, in part:

(A) A landlord who is a party to a rental agreement shall do all of the following:

(1) Comply with the requirements of all applicable building, housing, health, and safety codes that materially affect health and safety;

(2) Make all repairs and do whatever is reasonably necessary to put and keep the premises in a fit and habitable condition;

(3) Keep all common areas of the premises in a safe and sanitary condition[.]

When a landlord violates a duty under R.C. 5321.04, the violation constitutes

negligence per se. Rivotti at ¶ 22; Mann v. Northgate Inv’rs, L.L.C., 138 Ohio St.3d

175, 2014-Ohio-455, 5 N.E.3d 594, ¶ 1. “[A] landlord may not rely upon the open-

and-obvious doctrine to escape liability” under negligence per se. Mann at ¶ 24.

{¶18} Here, the trial court determined that Rader did not adequately plead a

violation of R.C. 5321.04, thus the open and obvious doctrine defeated her claim.

After reviewing the matter, we agree that Rader does not specifically mention any

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provisions of R.C. 5321.04 in her complaint. She does, however, assert a claim of

negligence and she explicitly mentions that she was a tenant of the property

managed by RLJ Management. Under circumstances similar to the case before us,

multiple Ohio Appellate Courts have determined that a tenant sufficiently raised a

claim under R.C. 5321.04 without mentioning the statute in the complaint.

{¶19} For example, in Mounts v. Ravotti, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 07 MA

182, 2008-Ohio-5045, the Seventh District Court of Appeals held that a tenant had

sufficiently pled a claim under R.C. 5321.04 without mentioning the statute in the

complaint. In making its finding, the Seventh District Court of Appeals conducted

the following analysis:

Ohio is a notice pleading state. This means a complaint is sufficient if it puts defendants on notice of the general claims. Civ.R. 8(A) requires only that a pleading contain a short and plain statement of the circumstances entitling the party to relief and the relief sought. A party is not required to plead the legal theory of recovery. Illinois Controls, Inc. v. Langham, 70 Ohio St.3d 512, 526, 639 N.E.2d 771, 1994– Ohio–99. “The purpose of Civ.R. 8(A) is to give the defendant fair notice of the claim and an opportunity to respond.” Leichliter v. Natl. City Bank of Columbus (1999), 134 Ohio App.3d 26, 31, 729 N.E.2d 1285.

Furthermore, “Civ.R. 8(F) * * * provides that ‘[a]ll pleadings shall be so construed as to do substantial justice.’ The rules make it clear that a pleader is not ‘bound by any particular theory of a claim but that the facts of the claim as developed by the proof establish the right to relief.’ Id., quoting McCormac, Ohio Civil Rules Practice (2d Ed.1992) 102, Section 5.01. See also Fancher v. Fancher (1982), 8 Ohio App.3d 79, 82, 455 N.E.2d 1344. Thus, the labels used in a particular cause of action do not control the nature of the cause of action. Funk v. Rent–All Mart, Inc. (2001), 91 Ohio St.3d 78, 80, 742

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N.E.2d 127; Sprouse v. Eisenman, 10th Dist. No. 04AP–416, 2005– Ohio–463, ¶ 8. The object is not absolute technical conformity, but substantial justice.” Kramer v. Angel's Path, L.L.C., 174 Ohio App.3d 359, 882 N.E.2d 46, 2007–Ohio–7099, ¶ 13.

The complaint does not reference R.C. 5321.04. However, the pleading clearly asserts that Ravotti had a duty to maintain the stairs, she knew or should have known about the condition of the stairs and she failed to abate the condition of the stairs. This language could be seen to assert a common law premises liability cause of action and a cause of action under R.C. 5321.04(A)(2) for failing to repair the steps.

Thus, Ravotti had fair notice of the claim under R.C. 5321.04(A).

Ravotti at ¶ 24-26.

{¶20} Other Ohio Appellate Courts have made similar findings. Arnett v.

Mong, 2016-Ohio-2893, 65 N.E.3d 72, ¶ 8 (12th Dist.) (holding that although

complaint did not “specifically reference a violation of R.C. 5321.04(A) * * * ‘Ohio

law does not require negligence per se to be pled with particularity because

negligence and negligence per se are closely intertwined concepts and Ohio’s Civ.R.

8 requires only notice pleading.’”); Gress v. Wechter, 6th Dist. Huron No. H-12-

023, 2013-Ohio-971, ¶ 15 (holding that complaint is not limited to common law

negligence claim where complaint made no reference to R.C. 5321.04(A) because,

“A party is not required to plead the legal theory of recovery. * * * [Negligence]

language in the complaint [is] sufficient to state a claim under R.C. 5321.04.”)

{¶21} We agree with the other Ohio Appellate Districts. Given that Ohio is

a notice pleading state, a complaint that alleges negligence and specifically states

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that the plaintiff was a tenant of defendant’s property is sufficient to put defendant

on notice that a violation of the Landlord-Tenant Act is being alleged. Because the

trial court determined that the complaint was not sufficient to state a statutory

violation of R.C. 5321.04, Rader’s first assignment of error is sustained.

{¶22} In her second assignment of error, Rader argues that the trial court

erred by granting RLJ Management summary judgment on her claim of common

law negligence under the “open and obvious” defense.

Analysis1

{¶23} Generally, “[w]here a danger is open and obvious, a landowner owes

no duty of care to individuals lawfully on the premises.” Armstrong v. Best Buy Co.,

Inc., 99 Ohio St.3d 79, 2003-Ohio-2573, 788 N.E.2d 1088, syllabus, approving and

following Sidle v. Humphrey (1968), 13 Ohio St.2d 45, 42 O.O.2d 96, 233 N.E.2d

589. “[T]he owner or occupier may reasonably expect that persons entering the

premises will discover those dangers and take appropriate measures to protect

themselves.” Simmers v. Bentley Constr. Co. (1992), 64 Ohio St.3d 642, 644, 597

N.E.2d 504. Thus, when a plaintiff is injured by an open and obvious danger,

summary judgment is usually appropriate because the duty of care necessary to

establish negligence does not exist as a matter of law. Armstrong ¶ 14–15.

1 The same standard of review applicable in the first assignment of error is applicable here.

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{¶24} In this case, Rader acknowledged that she was aware of the numerous

potholes in the area and that she had looked for them in the past. The pothole she

fell into was large and readily observable. Rader acknowledged that she was not

looking down when she fell into the pothole because she was walking around her

car. In fact, Rader testified that if she had looked down, she would have seen the

pothole.

{¶25} Under the facts and circumstances of this case, where Rader does not

establish any attendant circumstances, and by all accounts she would have seen the

pothole if she looked down, we find no error with the trial court’s judgment that the

pothole at issue was open and obvious as a matter of law, defeating her common

law negligence claim. See Hissong v. Miller, 186 Ohio App.3d 345, 2010-Ohio-961,

927 N.E.2d 1161, ¶ 12 (2d Dist.). Therefore, Rader’s second assignment of error is

overruled.

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Conclusion

{¶26} Having found error prejudicial to Rader in the first assignment of

error, but having found no error prejudicial to Rader in the second assignment of

error, the judgment of the Hancock County Common Pleas Court is affirmed in part

and reversed in part. This matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with

this opinion.

Judgment Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, and Cause Remanded

MILLER and ZIMMERMAN, J.J., concur.

/hls

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