Raczkowski v. McFarlane

195 Conn. App. 402

• Court: Connecticut Appellate Court
• Decided: January 21, 2020
• Docket: AC42024
• Status: Published

Opinion

*********************************************** The “officially released” date that appears near the be- ginning of each opinion is the date the opinion will be pub- lished in the Connecticut Law Journal or the date it was released as a slip opinion. The operative date for the be- ginning of all time periods for filing postopinion motions and petitions for certification is the “officially released” date appearing in the opinion.

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The syllabus and procedural history accompanying the opinion as it appears in the Connecticut Law Journal and bound volumes of official reports are copyrighted by the Secretary of the State, State of Connecticut, and may not be reproduced and distributed without the express written permission of the Commission on Official Legal Publica- tions, Judicial Branch, State of Connecticut. *********************************************** TONI RACZKOWSKI v. DAVID J. MCFARLANE ET AL. (AC 42024) Keller, Prescott and Harper, Js.

Syllabus

The plaintiff sought to recover damages from the defendants, G and M, for negligence in connection with personal injuries she allegedly sustained when she was bitten by a dog owned by M on property that M leased from G pursuant to a written lease agreement. The lease permitted the tenant to keep a pet on the property in exchange for increased rent but required that the pet pose no threat to anyone entering the property and provided that that was to be determined by the landlord. The plaintiff alleged, inter alia, that G was negligent because she knew or should have known the vicious propensities of M’s dog and by allowing the dog to stay on the property, G failed to use reasonable care to keep the property in a reasonably safe condition. In addition, the plaintiff alleged that the lease imposed on G a duty of care that extended to third persons who were not parties to the lease. Following a hearing, the trial court granted G’s motion for summary judgment and rendered judgment thereon, from which the plaintiff appealed to this court. She claimed that the trial court improperly rendered summary judgment in favor of G because it erroneously concluded that G did not owe her a duty of care on the basis of the lease between G and M. Held: 1. The trial court properly rendered summary judgment in G’s favor, there having been no genuine issue of material fact that the plain language of the lease did not require G to investigate the behavioral propensities of M’s dog and that the lease did not create a duty on the part of G to third persons who might encounter the dog on the property; the relevant language of the lease clearly did not impose a duty on G to perform an extraneous investigation of the dog’s behavioral propensities but, rather, simply provided G with discretion to approve or deny the ability of the tenant to own or keep pets on the property and was included for the exclusive benefit of G in her capacity as the landlord, and the obligations under the lease were limited to its signatories and did not extend to third persons, as the language of the lease clearly demonstrated that G and M did not intend to create an obligation to any third persons. 2. The plaintiff could not prevail on her claim that the language of the lease related to G’s discretion to approve a tenant having a pet on the property created a genuine issue of material fact as to whether G retained control over the property and, therefore, whether the lease imposed on G a duty of care to keep in a reasonably safe condition those portions of the property over which she reserved control: G submitted a copy of the lease and various affidavits demonstrating that the entire property was leased to M and thereby established that she did not have control or possession over the property where the plaintiff was injured and, therefore, did not owe a duty of care to the plaintiff, and the plaintiff failed to provide any evidence to show that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether G had possession or control over the property; moreover, the plaintiff’s reliance on Giacalone v. Housing Authority (306 Conn. 399) was misplaced, as that case was distinguish- able because, in the present, case there was no common area of the property for G to keep reasonably safe due to M’s exclusive possession under the lease, and, therefore, G had no right to enter the property and to physically remove M’s dog, and the issue of whether the landlord knew or should have known of the dog’s vicious tendencies was not before this court. Argued October 15, 2019—officially released January 21, 2020

Procedural History

Action to recover damages for the defendants’ alleged negligence, and for other relief, brought to the Superior Court in the judicial district of Hartford, where the court, Shapiro, J., granted the motion for summary judgment filed by the defendant Evelyn Garrow and rendered judgment thereon; thereafter, the court, Hon. Robert B. Shapiro, judge trial referee, denied the plain- tiff’s motion to reargue, and the plaintiff appealed to this court. Affirmed. Keith Yagaloff, for the appellant (plaintiff). Joseph M. Busher, Jr., for the appellee (defendant Evelyn Garrow). Opinion

HARPER, J. The plaintiff, Toni Raczkowski, brought the underlying negligence action against the defendant landlord, Evelyn Garrow.1 The plaintiff sought compen- sation for damages she allegedly sustained when she was bitten by a dog owned by the defendant’s tenant, David J. McFarlane, on the leased property. The plaintiff appeals from the summary judgment rendered by the trial court in favor of the defendant. The plaintiff claims that the court improperly granted the defendant’s motion for summary judgment because it erroneously concluded that the defendant did not owe her a duty of care on the basis of the lease agreement between the defendant and McFarlane.2 We disagree and, accord- ingly, affirm the judgment of the trial court. The record, viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff as the nonmoving party, reveals the following relevant facts and procedural history. On April 16, 2016, the plaintiff was walking her dog along the sidewalk in front of 295 Hilliard Street in Manchester (property). As she was walking her dog near the property, a dog named Diesel, owned by McFarlane, ran out and bit her. This occurred, in part, on the property. The plaintiff’s injuries included multiple puncture wounds and tears to her forearm and wrist. At the time of the incident, the defendant was the owner and landlord of the prop- erty, and was renting the property to McFarlane pursu- ant to a written lease agreement. On April 11, 2017, the plaintiff commenced the pres- ent action. In her amended complaint, the plaintiff alleged that the defendant was negligent in that she knew or should have known that McFarlane’s dog was dangerous and that allowing the dog to stay on the property constituted a failure to use reasonable care to keep the property in a reasonably safe condition. Furthermore, the plaintiff alleged that the lease between the defendant and McFarlane, which left the approval of any dogs living on the property to the discre- tion of the defendant, imposed on the defendant a duty of care to third persons who are not parties to the lease. On January 19, 2018, the defendant filed a motion for summary judgment in which the defendant asserted that the plaintiff had failed to demonstrate that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendant had actual or constructive knowledge of the dog’s vicious propensities or whether the defendant owed the plaintiff a duty of care on the basis of the lease agreement between the defendant and McFarlane. The plaintiff filed an objection to the motion for sum- mary judgment on April 9, 2018. In support of her objec- tion, the plaintiff asserted that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the lease imposed a duty on the defendant that extended to the plaintiff, a nonparty to the lease. The plaintiff relied on an affidavit from a neighbor that suggested that McFarlane’s dog had vicious propensities.3 On April 16, 2018, the court, Shapiro, J., held a hear- ing on the defendant’s motion for summary judgment. The court granted the motion for summary judgment on June 11, 2018, and issued a memorandum of decision setting forth its reasoning. In its memorandum of deci- sion, the court concluded that the defendant was enti- tled to summary judgment because there was no genu- ine issue of material fact as to whether the defendant knew or should have known of the dog’s allegedly vicious propensities or whether the lease agreement imposed on the defendant a duty of care that extended to nonparties to the lease. The court further concluded that a plain reading of the language in the lease revealed that the lease did not impose a duty on the defendant that required her to make a reasonable inquiry into the behavior of McFarlane’s dog. On June 29, 2018, the plaintiff filed a ‘‘motion to reargue/reconsider’’ with the court. In her motion, the plaintiff reiterated many of the same arguments that she raised in her objection to the motion for summary judgment. Additionally, she characterized the court’s analysis in its memorandum of decision as concluding that the language in the lease between the defendant and McFarlane was ‘‘vague.’’ On August 9, 2018, the court issued a ruling on the plaintiff’s ‘‘motion to rear- gue/reconsider’’ in which it disputed the plaintiff’s char- acterization. The court concluded that it ‘‘did not find . . . the language of the lease agreement . . . ambigu- ous. Rather, the court found that the plain language of the lease [did] not support the plaintiff’s interpretation that [the defendant] had a blanket duty to anyone enter- ing the property to ensure that any dog residing on the property did not pose a threat. . . . [The lease] plainly and unambiguously did not create a duty owed by [the defendant] to unnamed third [persons], such as [the plaintiff] who happened to come onto [the defendant’s] property.’’ This appeal followed. Additional facts will be set forth as necessary. On appeal, the plaintiff advances one claim, but makes two arguments in support of that claim. First, she argues that the court erred in rendering summary judgment in favor of the defendant because there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the lease created a duty requiring the defendant to investigate the behavioral propensities of a tenant’s dog on the property on behalf of third persons not parties to the lease. According to the plaintiff, this duty of care owed to her would have required the defendant to take some type of action to protect third persons not parties to the lease from dangerous dogs being kept on the property. Second, she argues that the language of the lease stating that the defendant had discretion to approve her ten- ant’s pets created a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendant retained control over the property and, therefore, whether the lease imposed a duty of care to keep in a reasonably safe condition those portions of the property over which she reserved control. We disagree with the plaintiff’s arguments. We begin our analysis with the standard of review applicable to a trial court’s decision to grant a motion for summary judgment. ‘‘Practice Book § 17-49 provides that summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, affidavits and any other proof submitted show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. A party moving for summary judg- ment is held to a strict standard. . . . To satisfy his burden the movant must make a showing that it is quite clear what the truth is, and that excludes any real doubt as to the existence of any genuine issue of material fact. . . . As the burden of proof is on the movant, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the opponent. . . . When documents submitted in sup- port of a motion for summary judgment fail to establish that there is no genuine issue of material fact, the non- moving party has no obligation to submit documents establishing the existence of such an issue. . . . Once the moving party has met its burden, however, the opposing party must present evidence that demon- strates the existence of some disputed factual issue. . . . It is not enough, however, for the opposing party merely to assert the existence of such a disputed issue. Mere assertions of fact . . . are insufficient to estab- lish the existence of a material fact and, therefore, can- not refute evidence properly presented to the court under Practice Book § [17-45]. . . . Our review of the trial court’s decision to grant [a] motion for summary judgment is plenary.’’ (Internal quotation marks omit- ted.) Anderson v. Dike, 187 Conn. App. 405, 409–10, 202 A.3d 448, cert. denied, 331 Conn. 910, 203 A.3d 1245 (2019). The plaintiff argues that the language of the lease imposed a duty of care on the defendant to investigate the behavioral propensities of McFarlane’s dog and that the lease recognized that the defendant owed a duty of care to nonparties to the lease who might encounter the dog on the property. Here, because the lease is a contract and the plaintiff’s claim presents a question of contract interpretation, the lease is subject to the same rules of construction as other contracts. See Bristol v. Ocean State Job Lot Stores of Connecticut, Inc., 284 Conn. 1, 7, 931 A.2d 837 (2007). ‘‘Where the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, the contract is to be given effect according to its terms. . . . When only one interpreta- tion of a contract is possible, the court need not look outside the four corners of the contract. . . . [E]xtrin- sic evidence may be considered in determining contrac- tual intent only if a contract is ambiguous. . . . When the intention conveyed by the terms of an agreement is clear and unambiguous, there is no room for construc- tion. . . . The circumstances surrounding the making of the contract, the purposes which the parties sought to accomplish and their motives cannot prove an intent contrary to the plain meaning of the language used. . . . In sum, decisional law holds that if the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, our courts must look only to the four corners of the contract to discern the parties’ intent.’’ (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Konover v. Kolakowski, 186 Conn. App. 706, 719–20, 200 A.3d 1177 (2018), cert. denied, 330 Conn. 970, 200 A.3d 1151 (2019). Thus, when a contract is unambiguous within its four corners, as it is here, the interpretation of it is a question of law for this court. See Connecticut National Bank v. Rehab Associates, 300 Conn. 314, 319, 12 A.3d 995 (2011). Additionally, ‘‘when the claim [of a duty of care aris- ing out of a contract] is brought [by an individual] who is not a party to the contract, the duty must arise from something other than mere failure to perform properly under the contract. . . . The ultimate test of the exis- tence of the duty to use care is found in the foreseeabil- ity that harm may result if it is not exercised.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Atelier Constantin Popescu, LLC v. JC Corp., 134 Conn. App. 731, 757, 49 A.3d 1003 (2012). In the present case, how- ever, unless the signatories of the lease intended, at the time of signing, that the plaintiff be a third-party beneficiary, then the harm that could have resulted if a duty of care was not exercised was not foreseeable. ‘‘The proper test to determine whether a lease creates a third party beneficiary relationship is whether the parties to the lease intended to create a direct obligation from one party to the lease to the third party. . . . In determining the meaning and effect of the controverted language in the lease, the inquiry must focus on the intention expressed in the lease and not on what inten- tion existed in the minds of the parties.’’ (Citations omitted; emphasis omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Gateway Co. v. DiNoia, 232 Conn. 223, 231, 654 A.2d 342 (1995). ‘‘Although . . . it is not in all instances necessary that there be express language in the contract creating a direct obligation to the claimed third party beneficiary . . . the only way a contract could create a direct obligation between a promisor and a third party beneficiary would have to be . . . because the parties to the contract so intended. . . . [B]oth contracting parties must intend to confer enforceable rights in a third party . . . in order to give the third party standing to bring suit. This requirement rests, in part at least, on the policy of certainty in enforc- ing contracts, which entitles each party to a contract to know the scope of his or her obligations thereunder.’’ (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Hilario’s Truck Center, LLC v. Rinaldi, 183 Conn. App. 597, 605, 193 A.3d 683, cert. denied, 330 Conn. 925, 194 A.3d 776 (2018). In the present case, the relevant language of the lease is as follows: ‘‘The tenant may keep a pet but this will increase the monthly payment by $50.00 per month. The tenant must keep the pet healthy and well groomed. The pet must pose no threat to anyone coming on the property. This is to be determined by the landlord.’’ Because we conclude that the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, we look only to the plain meaning of the language used therein.4 It is clear from the language of the lease that the lease did not impose a duty on the defendant to perform an extraneous investigation of the dog’s behavioral pro- pensities.5 The language of the lease simply provides the defendant the discretion to approve or deny the ability of her tenants to own or keep pets on the prop- erty. This language was included for the exclusive bene- fit of the defendant in her capacity as the landlord. The relevant clause states that ‘‘[t]his is to be determined by the landlord.’’ A reasonable interpretation of this language would be that the defendant was reserving the right to make a determination regarding whether a dog could be kept by a lessee. Furthermore, we disagree with the plaintiff’s argument that the lease created a duty on the part of the defendant to third persons who might encounter the dog on the property. Here, the lease’s obligations are limited to its signatories and do not extend to third persons. After consideration of the parties’ intent expressed by the language in the lease, we conclude that the language of the lease clearly dem- onstrates that the defendant and McFarlane did not intend to create an obligation to any third persons. On the basis of the foregoing, we conclude that there is no genuine issue of material fact that the plain lan- guage of the lease did not require the defendant to investigate the behavioral propensities of the dog and that the lease did not create a duty on the part of the defendant to third persons who might encounter the dog on the property.6 The plaintiff next argues that a genuine issue of mate- rial fact exists as to whether the defendant reserved control over the property, which created a duty to use reasonable care to keep in a reasonably safe condition those portions of the property over which she reserved control. Specifically, the plaintiff, relying on the lan- guage we have previously interpreted in this opinion, contends that the language of the lease proves that the defendant retained possession and control over the leased property. For the reasons that follow, we inter- pret the plain and unambiguous language of the lease on which the plaintiff relies to give the tenant complete control and possession of the property and, therefore, disagree with the plaintiff’s argument. ‘‘In a negligence action, the plaintiff must meet all of the essential elements of the tort in order to prevail. These elements are: duty; breach of that duty; causation; and actual injury. . . . [T]he existence of a duty of care is a prerequisite to a finding of negligence . . . . The existence of a duty is a question of law and only if such a duty is found to exist does the trier of fact then determine whether the defendant [breached] that duty in the particular situation at hand. . . . If a court deter- mines, as a matter of law, that a defendant owes no duty to a plaintiff, the plaintiff cannot recover in negli- gence from the defendant.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Charles v. Mitchell, 158 Conn. App. 98, 108, 118 A.3d 149 (2015). ‘‘The general rule regarding premises liability in the landlord-tenant context is that landlords owe a duty of reasonable care as to those parts of the property over which they have retained control . . . . [L]andlords [however] generally [do] not have a duty to keep in repair any portion of the premises leased to and in the exclusive possession and control of the tenant. . . . Retention of control is essentially a matter of intention to be determined in the light of all the significant circum- stances. . . . The word control has no legal or techni- cal meaning distinct from that given in its popular acceptation . . . and refers to the power or authority to manage, superintend, direct or oversee. . . . Unless it is definitely expressed in the lease,the circumstances of the particular case determine whether the lessor has reserved control of the premises or whether they were under the exclusive dominion of the tenant . . . .’’ (Citations omitted; emphasis in original; internal quota- tion marks omitted.) Fiorelli v. Gorsky, 120 Conn. App. 298, 308, 991 A.2d 1105, cert. denied, 298 Conn. 933, 10 A.3d 517 (2010). Thus, ‘‘summary judgment is appro- priate when there is no genuine issue of material fact. A material fact is one that will make a difference in the case. . . . Therefore, to answer the question pre- sented, we must determine whether a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the incident occurred at a location over which the defendant exercised con- trol.’’ (Citation omitted.) Charles v. Mitchell, supra, 158 Conn. App. 110. Previously in this opinion, we set forth the well settled principles that govern our interpretation of contracts. The defendant asserts that the lease language that vests discretion in her to approve pets does not serve as a reservation of control over the property. To support this claim, she submitted a copy of the lease and various affidavits to establish that she did not have control or possession over the property where the plaintiff was injured and, therefore, did not owe a duty of care to the plaintiff. The affidavits submitted by the defendant demonstrate that the tenant, McFarlane, was responsi- ble for the exterior maintenance of the property, includ- ing but not limited to, the front and back lawn and the driveway. Further, the entirety of the property was leased to McFarlane. We have held that when parts of a premises or a property are leased to and in the exclusive possession and control of the tenant, the landlord does not owe a duty of reasonable care because in that instance, the landlord does not have possession or con- trol of the property. Fiorelli v. Gorsky, supra, 120 Conn. App. 308. The plaintiff relies on Giacalone v. Housing Author- ity, 306 Conn. 399, 51 A.3d 352 (2012), for the proposi- tion that it is the duty of the landlord to maintain the areas of the premises over which they reserve control. Giacalone, however, is distinguishable from the present case. Giacalone involved two tenants who shared a common landlord—one of which was bitten by the oth- er’s dog in a common area of the property. Id., 402. Thereafter, the injured tenant brought a common-law premises liability action against the landlord, claiming that the landlord was negligent because the landlord, with knowledge that the dog had vicious propensities, failed to remove the dog from the property. Id. Our Supreme Court concluded that a landlord ‘‘must take reasonable steps to alleviate the dangerous condition created by the presence of a dog with known vicious tendencies in the common areas of the property.’’ (Emphasis added.) Id., 408. The plaintiff’s reliance on Giacalone is misplaced. In the present case, because the entirety of the prop- erty was leased to McFarlane and he maintained exclu- sive possession and control over it, there was no com- mon area for the defendant to keep reasonably safe. Furthermore, because there was no common area of the property due to McFarlane’s exclusive possession, the defendant had no right to enter the property and to physically remove McFarlane’s dog. See Central Coat, Apron & Linen Service, Inc. v. Indemnity Ins. Co., 136 Conn. 234, 237, 70 A.2d 126 (1949) (concluding that ‘‘[w]here entire premises are rented, in the absence of any agreement, the tenant . . . has the right of exclu- sive possession and control, and the landlord has no right to enter upon them’’). Lastly, as we have discussed in the preceding paragraphs of this opinion, the issue of whether the landlord knew or should have known of the dog’s vicious tendencies is not before this court. Thus, Giacalone is distinguishable from the present case. After the defendant satisfied her burden as the mov- ing party and established that there was no genuine issue of material fact with respect to whether she retained control over any portion of the leased property, the plaintiff was required to demonstrate the existence of a disputed fact. ‘‘The party opposing summary judg- ment must present a factual predicate for [her] argu- ment to raise a genuine issue of fact. . . . [B]are asser- tions by the nonmovant are not enough to withstand summary judgment.’’ (Citation omitted; internal quota- tion marks omitted.) Colon v. AutoZone Northeast, Inc., 148 Conn. App. 435, 440, 84 A.3d 1234 (2014). Here, the plaintiff neglected to provide any evidence to show that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendant had possession or control over the prop- erty. The plaintiff merely referred to sections of the lease under which the defendant has discretion to approve or deny whether her tenant keeps a pet on the property. Thus, because the plaintiff failed to demon- strate a genuine issue of material fact, the court prop- erly rendered summary judgment in favor of the defendant. The judgment is affirmed. In this opinion the other judges concurred. 1 The plaintiff named Garrow and her tenant, David J. McFarlane, as defendants in this action. McFarlane has not appeared in this action either before the trial court or this court and, thus, has not participated in this appeal. In this opinion, we refer to Garrow as the defendant. 2 In her statement of issues, the plaintiff set forth the following three issues: ‘‘1. Did the court err in failing to apply the appropriate legal standard for a motion for summary judgment? ‘‘2. Did the court err in determining that the defendant . . . did not owe a contractual duty of care to the plaintiff arising out of the lease with . . . McFarlane? ‘‘3. Did the court err in finding that the lease language did not support the existence of a duty for [the defendant] to perform a reasonable inquiry into the dog’s dangerous tendencies?’’ The plaintiff’s brief does not comply with Practice Book § 67-4 (b) in that the statement of issues is not accompanied by ‘‘appropriate references to the page or pages of the brief where [each] issue is discussed’’ in the brief. Nor does the brief comply with § 67-4 (e) in that the plaintiff’s argument is not ‘‘divided under appropriate headings into as many parts as there are points to be presented’’ with ‘‘a separate, brief statement of the standard of review the appellant believes should be applied’’ to each part. Despite these deficiencies with respect to the brief, we have reviewed the arguments raised therein and conclude that it essentially raises a single issue with two subparts, namely, whether the court improperly failed to conclude that a genuine issue of material fact existed with respect to whether the language of the lease gave rise to a duty of care owed by the defendant to third parties, including the plaintiff, because the lease (1) required the defendant to investigate on behalf of third parties whether dogs on the subject property had dangerous propensities and (2) reflected that the defen- dant retained control over the portion of the leased property where the plaintiff sustained her injuries and, thus, the defendant owed third parties who were on this portion of the property a duty of care with respect to dangerous dogs. We note that, during oral argument before this court, the plaintiff acknowl- edged that she was not pursuing a claim that the court improperly failed to determine that a duty of care arose apart from the language of the lease. 3 During the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, the defendant objected to the affidavit from McFarlane’s neighbor on the ground that it contained hearsay. The affidavit indicated that the neighbor knew of the dog’s vicious tendencies prior to the incident in which the plaintiff was bitten. The court, however, having found that it was undisputed that the defendant did not have knowledge of the dog’s allegedly vicious tendencies prior to the attack, did not address the argument relating to the consideration of the neighbor’s affidavit. 4 We note that during oral argument before this court, when specifically asked whether the language of the lease was ambiguous or unambiguous, the plaintiff repeatedly conceded that the language was unambiguous. Because the language is unambiguous, a proper analysis of the language at issue is not dependent on extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent. See Parisi v. Parisi, 315 Conn. 370, 383, 107 A.3d 920 (2015) (‘‘[w]hen only one interpretation of the contract is possible, the court need not look outside the four corners of the contract’’[internal quotation marks omitted]). 5 We find persuasive the defendant’s argument that it is unreasonable to interpret the language of the lease stating that ‘‘the pet must pose no threat to anyone coming on the property’’ as requiring the defendant to pay for a canine DNA analysis, to review an inspection by a veterinarian, or for her to complete a canine lineage check. Nor do we conclude that the language of the lease requires the defendant to interview previous owners or even review similar tests provided and paid for by the tenant. 6 The defendant cites authority outside of this jurisdiction in support of her position that a lease provision regarding pets does not create a duty to third persons who are not parties to the lease. We find this authority instruc- tive. See Boots v. Winters, 145 Idaho 389, 396, 179 P.3d 352 (App. 2008) (concluding that landlord did not assume duty to protect third persons not parties to lease from tenant’s dogs, when securing a specific pet deposit under lease); Hyun Na Seo v. Yozgadlian, 320 N.J. Super. 68, 72–73, 726 A.2d 927 (App. Div. 1999) (concluding that lease provision prohibiting tenants from keeping pets does not make landlord responsible for injuries to third persons not parties to lease caused by dog kept in violation of that provision); Gilbert v. Miller, 356 S.C. 25, 30–31, 586 S.E.2d 861 (App. 2003) (stating that language of lease that made control of pet sole responsibility of tenant, and required pet to meet landlord approval, did not create duty on part of landlord to prevent injuries to third persons not parties to lease).