R.A. v. A.L.F.

Opinion

J-S37035-24

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

R.A. : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF : PENNSYLVANIA Appellant : : : v. : : : A.L.F. : No. 1506 EDA 2024

Appeal from the Order Entered May 14, 2024 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Domestic Relations at No(s): 0C1806435

BEFORE: BOWES, J., MURRAY, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.: FILED APRIL 9, 2025

R.A. (“Father”) appeals from the custody order requiring him to undergo

Soberlink alcohol testing for a period of six months. We affirm.

We glean the following background from the certified record. Father

and A.L.F. (“Mother”) are the parents of S.R.A., a minor born in 2016. On

January 27, 2021, Father and Mother entered into an agreement providing

that they share legal custody of S.R.A. and giving Mother primary physical

custody. After operating under that arrangement for several years, in

December of 2023, Mother filed separate petitions for special relief and to

modify physical custody, wherein she accused Father of excessively

consuming alcohol during his custodial visits. The trial court granted the

petition for special relief following a hearing on February 29, 2024, at which

Mother testified as to the observations supporting her belief that Father was

drinking. Accordingly, the court ordered Father to submit to a hair follicle drug J-S37035-24

and alcohol test, the results of which it received approximately three weeks

later. Those results demonstrated that Father was positive for alcohol as of

the time of testing and that his pertinent level of ethyl glucuronide was thirty-

six, although it did not provide any information as to the meaning of that

result.

The parties, represented by counsel, reconvened for a hearing on May

14, 2024, to address the custody modification petition. At the outset, the trial

court noted that Mother and Father had reached an agreement with respect

to physical custody, but differed as to whether Father should be subject to

Soberlink alcohol monitoring1 or how it should be used. See N.T. Hearing,

5/14/24, at 3. During the proceeding, Mother’s counsel provided the court

with a two-page document that contained a chart generally interpreting hair

follicle test result ranges (“Biopharma Institute Pamphlet”). See, N.T.

Hearing, 7/5/24, at 7. The chart indicated that a level of thirty-six, like

____________________________________________

1Neither the parties nor the trial court explicitly articulated the details of Soberlink monitoring in the context of this case. However, in other matters, we have described as follows:

Soberlink is an alcohol monitoring system used in several courts to monitor a person’s sobriety at any time and in almost any location. A person blows into the device, and the device measures a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC). The Soberlink device has facial-recognition technology to ensure the person blowing into the breathalyzer is the intended individual. Once Soberlink measures the person’s BAC, results are electronically sent to designated recipients.

Interest of N.B., 260 A.3d 236, 238 n.2 (Pa.Super. 2021) (non-precedential decision) (citation omitted).

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Father’s, “[s]trongly suggests chronic excessive alcohol consumption during

the corresponding time period before specimen collection.” Biopharma

Institute Pamphlet at 1.2 Notably, the court indicated on the record that the

Biopharma Institute Pamphlet was “information as to that which [Father]

apparently agreed to go with.” N.T. Hearing, 5/14/24, at 6. Father did not

lodge an objection at this juncture or seek to introduce expert testimony

concerning the document, but rather stated, “okay” in response to the court’s

statement.

Following argument, the court entered an order modifying physical

custody in accordance with the agreement of the parties and directing Father

to undergo Soberlink monitoring for a period of six months, which may be

terminated if all results are negative. Father timely filed both a notice of

appeal and a statement of errors pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i). The

court thereafter authored a responsive opinion.

Father presents five issues for our review:

1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in ordering Father to submit to Soberlink monitoring for six months based on acceptance of the contents of a for-profit company’s two- page pamphlet involving the testing of hair for alcohol in Strasbourg, France?

2. Did the trial court abuse its discretion in imposing custodial restrictions on Father relying [sic] based on the contents of a two-page non-scientific pamphlet without expert testimony?

2 The pamphlet is contained within the certified record as an attachment to

the notes of testimony from the May 14, 2024 hearing.

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3. Did Father waive his objection to the trial court’s use of the two-page [Biopharma Institute Pamphlet]?

4. Did the trial court error [sic] by determining that Father: (1) “generally has a history of alcohol abuse”; and (2) that “Father abuses alcohol during his custodial periods[?]”

5. Did the trial court error [sic] by failing to address the custodial factors under 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a)[?]

Father’s brief at 2-3 (cleaned up).

We address Father’s first three issues together, beginning with the

question of whether he properly preserved his challenges to the court’s

consideration of the Biopharma Institute Pamphlet. 3 “The issue of waiver

presents a question of law, and, as such, our standard of review is de novo

and our scope of review is plenary.” Trigg v. Children’s Hospital of

Pittsburgh of UPMC, 229 A.3d 260, 269 (Pa. 2020) (citation omitted).

We note that “[i]n order to preserve a claim on appeal, a party must

lodge a timely objection.” Amato v. Bell and Gossett, 116 A.3d 607, 625 ____________________________________________

3 Despite not being discussed by any of the parties, we initially conclude that

the issues asserted in this appeal are not subject to the mootness doctrine. See M.B.S. v. W.E., 232 A.3d 922, 927 (Pa.Super. 2020) (“We may address mootness sua sponte, as we generally cannot decide moot or abstract questions, nor can we enter a judgment or decree to which effect cannot be given.” (cleaned up)). Although the court directed Father to undergo Soberlink testing for a period of only six months, and this requirement has potentially since terminated during this appeal’s pendency, Father’s challenge nonetheless satisfies an exception to the mootness doctrine because it is “capable of repetition and apt to elude appellate review.” E.B. v. D.B., 209 A.3d 451, 461 (Pa.Super. 2019) (citation omitted). This is particularly true because the order in question directed that Father would possibly have to redo testing in the event of a negative result, and additionally because this issue could foreseeably arise again within these ongoing custody proceedings. See Order, 5/14/24; see also N.T. Hearing, 5/14/24, at 17 (the court directing Mother to “file an emergency [petition]” in the event Father fails a test).

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(Pa.Super. 2015) (citations omitted). Additionally, “[f]ailure to raise such

objection results in waiver of the underlying issue on appeal.” Id. (citation

omitted). In the same vein, “[i]ssues not raised in the trial court are waived

and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal.” Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). As this

Court has recounted:

By requiring that an issue be considered waived if raised for the first time on appeal, our courts ensure that the trial court that initially hears a dispute has had an opportunity to consider the issue. This jurisprudential mandate is also grounded upon the principle that a trial court, like an administrative agency, must be given the opportunity to correct its errors as early as possible. Related thereto, we have explained in detail the importance of this preservation requirement as it advances the orderly and efficient use of our judicial resources. Finally, concepts of fairness and expense to the parties are implicated as well.

In re F.C. III, 2 A.3d 1201, 1212 (Pa.Super. 2010) (cleaned up).

In his brief, Father points to several portions of the transcript from the

May 14, 2024, hearing that he claims preserve his objection to the trial court’s

reliance on the Biopharma Institute Pamphlet. He notes that his counsel

contended at the hearing, to the extent the court assumed a test result of

thirty-six had any meaning, “that there is a serious problem.” Father’s brief

at 33 (citing N.T. Hearing, 5/14/24, at 8). Father further maintains that,

throughout the proceeding, he argued as to the need of expert testimony. Id.

at 34. He also highlights an instance where counsel declared as follows to the

court, after the court rendered its decision to order Soberlink testing: “I’m

not agreeing that those studies are correct. I’m not agreeing that the [thirty-

six] represents excessive drinking or I’m not -- I’m not agreeing to what

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[thirty-six] means. I don’t know what [thirty-six] actually does mean.” Id.

at 35 (citing N.T. Hearing, 5/14/24, at 17). Based on this, Father contends

that he safeguarded his claims that the court improperly relied upon the

Biopharma Institute Pamphlet, either as inadmissible hearsay or as requiring

expert testimony.

To the contrary, the trial court determined in its Rule 1925(a) opinion

that Father had not preserved either of his evidentiary challenges. It

explained:

Father’s attorney did not object to the Biopharma Institute [Pamphlet] research describing the hair follicle test results. Father’s attorney did not object to the test result [itself], which returned with a score of [thirty-six]; a result that was extremely concerning to th[e c]ourt in light of the Biopharma Institute [Pamphlet] result indication. Further, Father’s attorney did not respond nor object to th[e c]ourt’s statement . . . regarding acceptance of the Biopharma Institute [Pamphlet] research, and instead proceeded to discuss the possible ways Soberlink could be used. Father’s attorney also failed to object to testimony regarding the laboratory representative [who] secured the results.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/2/24, at 7. The court additionally stated that

“[i]nadmissible hearsay is not an issue in this matter where the record shows

that Father’s hair follicle test supports Mother’s [prior] testimony regarding

his alleged habitual excessive alcohol intake.” Id. at 6.

For her part, Mother likewise argues that Father did not object on the

record to the pamphlet. She avers that Father instead improperly points to

portions of the record wherein counsel disagreed with the interpretation of the

pamphlet, which is different than a bona fide objection to the court’s

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consideration of that document. See Mother’s brief at 22-23. Mother also

notes that Father never requested from the trial court the opportunity to

present expert testimony. Id. at 23. Like the court, she further points to

several instances in the record demonstrating Father’s agreement to proceed

with the document. Id. at 21-22.

Upon review, we conclude that Father did not preserve his first two

related claims on appeal, namely that the court erred in considering the

Biopharma Institute Pamphlet. We agree with Mother and the trial court that

on two separate occasions at the beginning of the hearing, Father indicated

either affirmatively or by lack of objection that he and Mother were premising

their arguments on the court’s interpretation of the pamphlet. See N.T.

Hearing, 5/14/24, at 3 (Father’s counsel confirming to the trial court that “the

parties have reached a complete agreement but for whether or not and

how to use [Soberlink]” (emphasis added)); id. at 8 (stating “okay” when

the court indicated that the pamphlet constituted “information as to that which

[Father] apparently agreed with”). Our review of the notes of testimony

similarly confirms that there was no objection to the Biopharma Institute

Pamphlet on the basis of being inadmissible hearsay evidence.

Father did contend during the hearing that expert testimony might have

clarified what a value of thirty-six represented with respect to the hair follicle

test. However, he did not lodge a specific objection for Mother’s failure to

present an expert. Nor did he move the court to preclude either the test

results themselves or the Biopharma Institute Pamphlet for that reason.

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Instead, Father’s counsel devoted his argument at the hearing to explaining

that the test results could in fact be consistent with Father’s previous

testimony that he drank more heavily when he was not exercising custody of

S.R.A., but that he scaled it back otherwise. We agree with Mother that while

this may advance a position for the court to contemplate before rendering its

decision, this is not akin to a contemporaneous objection. Father therefore is

not entitled to relief concerning the court’s consideration of the Biopharma

Institute Pamphlet. See Amato, 116 A.3d at 625.

In his fourth claim on appeal, Father argues that the court erred in

concluding that he abuses alcohol generally and during his custodial visits with

S.R.A. See Father’s brief at 36-42. In so doing, he specifically attacks the

trial court’s decision to find credible Mother’s factual testimony from the

February 29, 2024, hearing. Namely, Father contends that the court failed to

provide any analysis or citation to the record to support its findings. Id. at

37. He also summarizes within his brief the conflicting accounts from Mother

and Father at that hearing concerning his drinking, averring that he provided

reasonable explanations on the stand for why Mother was mistaken in her

belief that he habitually imbibes. Id. at 38.

This claim fails because, by his argument, Father is merely requesting

that we reassess the court’s credibility determinations. However, our law does

not permit us to do so when there is ample evidence of record supporting the

court’s findings. Indeed, we have stated:

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[W]e must accept findings of the trial court that are supported by competent evidence of record, as our role does not include making independent factual determinations. In addition, with regard to issues of credibility and weight of the evidence, we must defer to the presiding trial judge who viewed and assessed the witnesses first-hand.

M.J.M. v. M.L.G., 63 A.3d 331, 337 (Pa.Super. 2013) (citation omitted). It

was the trial court’s prerogative to accept Mother’s attestation at the February

29, 2024 hearing that she observed signs of Father’s intoxication at custody

exchanges. No relief is due.

Finally, Father contends that the trial court erred by failing to consider

the required 23 Pa.C.S. § 5328(a) factors before entering a custody order.

See Father’s brief at 42-47. We readily dispose of this argument on the basis

that the custody portion of the order in question was reached via stipulation.

See N.T. Hearing, 5/14/24, at 3 (Father’s counsel confirming to the trial court

that “the parties have reached a complete agreement but for whether or not

and how to use [Soberlink]”). Father may not now attack that part of the

order on appeal. See Prensky v. Talaat, 291 A.3d 25, 29 (Pa.Super. 2023)

(stating that a “party who acquiesced to [an] order or judgment may not later

be heard to challenge it” (citation omitted)); see also M.S. v. J.K., 262 A.3d

510, 2021 WL 3629972 at *10 (Pa.Super. 2021) (non-precedential decision)

(rejecting the appellant’s challenge to the court’s consideration of the § 5328

factors when he agreed to the custody arrangement that was ordered).

For the reasons above, we hereby affirm the trial court’s order.

Order affirmed.

Judge Murray joins this Memorandum.

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Judge Sullivan files a Concurring & Dissenting Memorandum.

Date: 4/9/2025

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