Filed 4/15/16 Quinonez v. State Dept. of Motor Vehicles CA4/1 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
JOEL J. QUINONEZ, D068320
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v. (Super. Ct. No. 37-2015-00003540- CU-WM-CTL) STATE OF CALIFORNIA, DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES,
Defendant and Respondent.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Lisa C.
Schall, Judge. Affirmed.
Paul H. Neuharth, Jr., for Plaintiff and Appellant.
Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Chris A. Knudsen, Assistant Attorney
General, Christine Mersten and Theodore S. Drcar, Deputy Attorneys General, for
Joel J. Quinonez appeals from a judgment denying his petition for a writ of
mandate challenging the suspension of his driver's license by the State of California
Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), based on its administrative finding that Quinonez
refused to submit to a chemical test of his blood alcohol content, as required by Vehicle Code section 13353.1 Quinonez contends that the arresting officer improperly gave him
a preliminary alcohol screening (PAS) admonition, which was only required for driving
under the influence (DUI) of alcohol probationers, when he was not on probation for
DUI. He contends that this admonition confused him into thinking that he would not lose
his driver's license if he did not consent to the chemical test. We affirm the trial court's
denial of the writ of mandate based on substantial evidence that Quinonez received a
proper postarrest admonition of his legal obligation to submit to a blood or breath test,
but then refused to submit to chemical testing. We also find that the trial court properly
rejected Quinonez's confusion argument.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. Circumstances leading to Quinonez's arrest for driving under the influence
On the afternoon of September 27, 2014, at 2:40 p.m., United States Customs and
Border Patrol Officer Pero observed Quinonez erratically driving his Jeep as he
approached a border entry booth. Officer Pero noticed Quinonez's eyes were red and
glassy, and his breath smelled of alcohol. When asked how much he had to drink,
Quinonez replied in slurred speech, "None. I'm good dude." Officer Pero asked
Quinonez to step out of the Jeep and walk to the back of the vehicle. Unsteady on his
feet, Quinonez stumbled towards Officer Pero. Officer Pero believed that Quinonez was
intoxicated, handcuffed him and escorted him to the security office for detention pending
the arrival of the California Highway Patrol (CHP).
1 All further statutory references are to the Vehicle Code unless otherwise stated.
2 CHP Officer Espitia contacted Quinonez. He observed that Quinonez exhibited
objective symptoms of intoxication, including the strong odor of alcohol, red, watery
eyes and slurred speech. Quinonez stated that he had had nothing to drink, and refused to
perform field sobriety tests. Officer Espitia read Quinonez the following PAS
admonition:2 "I am requesting that you take a preliminary alcohol screening test to
further assist me in determining whether you are under the influence of alcohol. You
may refuse to take this test; however, this is not an implied consent test and if arrested,
you will be required to give a sample of your blood, breath, or urine for the purpose of
determining the actual alcoholic and drug content of your blood." At 3:28 p.m.,
Quinonez refused to take the PAS test. At 3:30 p.m., Officer Espitia concluded that
Quinonez had been driving under the influence and placed him under arrest.
B. Reading of statutory implied consent admonition
Fifteen minutes after placing Quinonez under arrest, at 3:45 p.m., Officer Espitia
read him the implied consent chemical test admonition pursuant to section 23612,
contained in DMV form DS 367. Officer Espitia stated, "Because I believe you are under
the influence of alcohol, you have a choice of taking a breath or blood test. [¶] If you
refuse to submit to, or fail to complete a test, your driving privilege will be suspended for
one year or revoked for two or three years. [¶] You do not have the right to talk to an
attorney or have an attorney present before stating whether you will submit to a test,
2 The box on DMV form DS-367 PAS Test Refusal (DUI PROBATION) should be checked only if the DUI suspect is on probation for DUI. The administrative hearing officer concluded that checking the box was a "clerical error" because Quinonez was not on probation for DUI. Nevertheless, the administrative hearing officer concluded that Officer Espitia did read the PAS admonition to Quinonez.
3 before deciding which test to take, or during the test. [¶] If you cannot, or state you
cannot, complete the chemical test you choose, you must submit to and complete a
remaining test." When Quinonez was asked whether he would take a breath test, he
replied, "No." He was then asked whether he would take a blood test, Quinonez also
replied, "No." Lastly, when asked why he would not submit to a blood test or a breath
test, Quinonez stated, "I just want to go home— It'll be incriminating."
Because Quinonez refused to consent to a blood or breath test after his arrest,
Officer Espitia obtained a search warrant to draw Quinonez's blood. The subsequent
blood draw and chemical analysis resulted in a reported blood alcohol reading of
0.21g/100ml.
C. Administrative hearing to determine whether Quinonez's driver's license should be suspended
In October 2014, the DMV held an administrative hearing on suspension of
Quinonez's driving privileges for refusal to consent to chemical testing for blood alcohol.
After overruling Quinonez's objections on grounds of hearsay and lack of foundation, the
hearing officer admitted documentary evidence, including DMV form DS 367, Officer
Pero's observation report and Officer Espitia's arrest report and sworn statement. The
hearing officer also admitted into evidence Quinonez's driving record.
Quinonez provided the only live testimony at the hearing. He testified that he
drove up to the booth at the San Ysidro border crossing and was detained by the border
patrol. He admitted that he refused to take the field sobriety test, but denied receiving a
chemical test admonition, i.e., he denied being told that if he failed to submit to a blood
or breath test that he would lose his driver's license and denied refusing to take a blood
4 test. Quinonez admitted that he was asked to take a breath or blood test about 45 minutes
to an hour after being transported to the CHP station. According to Quinonez, "[I]t all
happened so fast and I was so scared. I said is that something I have to do. He goes you
have to do one or the other. And then I believe I just said, well let's do—let's draw the
blood. But I believe . . . he had a subpoena or a court order in his hand by then."
Quinonez acknowledged that the officer had a warrant signed by a judge.
Quinonez admitted he lied to the officers when he said he had not been drinking in
Mexico because he was "scared" and "nervous." He also admitted that he was nervous in
testifying at the hearing. When asked by the hearing officer whether his nervousness at
the hearing could also produce untruthful testimony, Quinonez testified that he could not
answer that question.
In the November 2014 decision, the hearing officer found that Quinonez's driver's
license suspension was proper. The hearing officer determined that Officer Espitia made
a "clerical error" when he checked the DUI probation admonishment on the sworn report
because Quinonez was not on DUI probation. The hearing officer determined that at 3:28
p.m., Officer Espitia admonished Quinonez regarding the PAS test, as listed on page 2 of
the arrest report, which stated, "I am requesting that you take a preliminary alcohol
screening test to further assist me in determining whether you are under the influence of
alcohol. You may refuse to take this test; however, this is not an implied consent test and
if arrested, you will be required to give a sample of your blood, breath, or urine for the
purpose of determining the actual alcoholic . . . content of your blood." The hearing
officer further determined that after Quinonez's arrest, at 3:45 p.m., Officer Espitia
5 admonished Quinonez regarding the consequences of refusal to submit to a chemical test
as set forth in DMV form DS-367. After receiving the proper implied consent
admonition, Quinonez refused to submit to a chemical test.
The hearing officer determined that Quinonez's testimony that he was never
properly admonished was not credible because Quinonez admitted he lied to the officer.
The hearing officer accepted Officer Espitia's sworn statement that Quinonez received the
proper chemical test admonition but refused to provide a chemical sample.
The hearing officer also determined, based on Officer Espitia's sworn statement
and reports, and based on the fact that Officer Espitia had to obtain a search warrant for
forced withdrawal of Quinonez's blood, that Quinonez refused to consent to chemical
testing to determine intoxication.
D. Mandamus proceedings and ruling
The trial court denied the petition for writ of mandate. The court upheld the
hearing officer's determinations that the arresting officer properly admonished Quinonez
that failure to provide a blood or breath sample would result in a one-year license
suspension, and that after proper admonishment, Quinonez refused to take a blood or
breath test.
Quinonez's counsel argued that Quinonez was confused by the PAS admonition
into believing that failure to consent to chemical testing would not lead to automatic
suspension of his license. However, Quinonez's testimony did not support the confusion
argument because Quinonez never testified that he was confused by the PAS admonition.
He testified that he had never received any admonition that he would (or would not) lose
6 his driver's license for failure to submit to a chemical test. He testified that had he been
admonished that he would lose his driver's license for failure to submit to chemical
testing, he would have consented to providing a chemical sample.
The trial court agreed with the hearing officer's conclusions that mention of the
PAS test was erroneously given but determined that there was no officer-induced
confusion. Instead, the trial court concluded that Quinonez received a proper postarrest
admonition regarding his obligation to submit to chemical testing, and that his refusal
stemmed from a desire to avoid providing incriminating evidence, i.e., the refusal was
based on a "hard realization of where [the chemical testing] is likely to lead." The court
agreed with the hearing officer's determination that Quinonez's testimony lacked
credibility.
The trial court also observed the fact that the CHP officer went to the trouble of
obtaining a search warrant for the forced withdrawal of blood strongly indicated that
Quinonez refused to voluntarily provide a sample of breath or blood. The court
recognized that it is highly unlikely that an officer would chose to deal with the delay and
paperwork required to obtain a search warrant, unless the suspect refused to voluntarily
accede to chemical testing.
DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
"In ruling on an application for a writ of mandate following an order of suspension
or revocation, a trial court is required to determine, based on its independent judgment,
' "whether the weight of the evidence supported the administrative decision." '
7 [Citations.] . . . On appeal, we 'need only review the record to determine whether the trial
court's findings are supported by substantial evidence.' [Citation.] ' "We must resolve all
evidentiary conflicts and draw all legitimate and reasonable inferences in favor of the
trial court's decision. [Citations.] Where the evidence supports more than one inference,
we may not substitute our deductions for the trial court's. [Citation.] We may overturn
the trial court's factual findings only if the evidence before the trial court is insufficient as
a matter of law to sustain those findings." ' " (Lake v. Reed (1997) 16 Cal.4th 448, 456-
457 (Lake).)
Under the independent judgment test, the trial court determines whether the
administrative hearing officer abused his or her discretion because the findings are not
supported by the weight of the evidence. (Fukuda v. City of Angels (1999) 20 Cal.4th
805, 816-817.) On appellate review of the trial court's exercise of its independent
judgment, this court will sustain the trial court's findings if they are supported by
substantial evidence. (Id. at p. 824.) We resolve all conflicts in favor of the DMV, as the
party prevailing in the trial court, and give it the benefit of all reasonable inferences in
support of the judgment. (Pasadena Unified Sch. Dist. v. Commission on Professional
Competence (1977) 20 Cal.3d 309, 314.) We do not substitute our deductions regarding
the record for those of the trial court. (Ibid.) " ' "We may overturn the trial court's factual
findings only if the evidence before the trial court is insufficient as a matter of law to
sustain those findings." ' " (Lake, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 457.)
Where the facts are undisputed and the issue involves the correct application of a
statute or administrative regulation, we consider that question of law de novo and are not
8 bound by the trial court's legal determination. (Roze v. Department of Motor Vehicles
(2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1176, 1184; Payne v. Dep't of Motor Vehicles (1991) 235
Cal.App.3d 1514, 1517; Carrey v. Department of Motor Vehicles (1986) 183 Cal.App.3d
1265, 1270.) Where the trial court analyzed the record, made credibility determinations,
and applied the law to the facts as established in that manner, we should give the trial
court appropriate deference with respect to its views on whether the administrative
findings were supported by the weight of the evidence. (Fukuda, supra, 20 Cal.4th at
pp. 816-817.)
B. Substantial evidence supported the court's determination that Quinonez was properly admonished regarding his obligation to submit to chemical testing.
Quinonez testified that he never was informed that if he refused to submit to a
blood or breath test, he would lose his license. On appeal, Quinonez contends that he
was confused about the consequences of not submitting a PAS test because he was told
that if he did not submit to this preliminary screening, he would not lose is license. We
reject these contentions. Substantial evidence supported the court's determination that
Officer Espitia properly admonished Quinonez regarding loss of his license if he did not
consent and that afterwards Quinonez refused to consent to chemical testing. Substantial
evidence also supported the court's determination that Quinonez failed to submit to
chemical testing due to his fear of incrimination and was not based on confusion.
Although Quinonez testified that he never received any admonition on the adverse
consequences of refusal to provide a chemical sample, both the administrative hearing
officer and the trial court found his entire testimony not credible. Thus, the trial court
properly rejected his contention that he was confused by an admonition regarding
9 consequences of failing to provide a chemical sample. Substantial evidence supported
the trial court's determination that Quinonez's refusal to submit to chemical testing was
engendered by Quinonez's well-founded fear that the chemical testing would provide
proof of his intoxication.
If a person is lawfully arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol, he or she
is deemed to have given his or her consent to chemical testing of his or her blood or
breath to determine blood alcohol content. (§ 23612, subd. (a)(1)(A); Garcia v.
Department of Motor Vehicles (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 73, 81.) A driver lawfully
arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol has the choice of a breath or blood test,
and the arresting officer shall inform the driver of that choice. (§ 23612, subd. (a)(2)(A).)
"If the person arrested either is incapable, or states that he or she is incapable of
completing the chosen test, the person shall submit to the remaining test." (Ibid.) A
person who refuses to submit to, or fails to complete, a chemical test under section 23612
is subject to suspension of his or her driving privileges, among other sanctions.
(§ 13353.) The officer shall tell the arrestee that his or her failure to submit to, or failure
to complete, the required chemical testing will result in a fine and suspension or
revocation of driving privileges. (§ 23612, subd. (a)(1)(D). If the lawfully arrested
motorist refuses to submit to a chemical test as requested by a peace officer, the DMV is
required to suspend his or her driving privilege. (§ 13353; Garcia, at p. 81.)
Under Evidence code section 1280, Officer Espitia's sworn statement and arrest
report are both admissible to prove the elements of the DMV's case for suspension.
(Hildebrand v. Department of Motor Vehicles (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 1562, 1570.)
10 Substantial evidence from Officer Espitia's sworn statement and reports support
the trial court's determination that Officer Espitia properly admonished Quinonez that he
was required to submit to chemical testing. Officer Espitia's sworn statement establishes
that at 3:45 p.m., after he placed Quinonez under arrest, he read him the standard
chemical test admission in DMV form 367. Officer Espitia told Quinonez, "Because I
believe you are under the influence of alcohol, you have the choice of taking a breath or
blood test. [¶] If you refuse to submit to, or fail to complete a test, your driving privilege
will be suspended for one year or revoked for two or three years." After receiving this
admonition, Quinonez refused to submit to either a blood or breath test.
Based on this evidence, the trial court agreed with the findings of the DMV
hearing officer that after placing Quinonez under arrest, using DMV form 367, he
correctly admonished Quinonez that he was required to take a breath or blood test,
otherwise his license would be suspended. And, that after receiving this admonition,
Quinonez refused to submit to either a blood or breath test.
Quinonez testified that he did not understand that if he refused to submit to a
chemical test he could lose his driver's license. However, under the substantial evidence
test, the trier of fact is free to reject the testimony of a witness that she did not find
believable. Because Quinonez admitted at the hearing that he lied to the arresting officer
when he stated that he had nothing to drink, the administrative hearing officer found all
of Quinonez's testimony not credible, including his testimony that he was not properly
admonished. The trial court judge concurred with this analysis.
11 On appeal, Quinonez argues that he was confused by PAS admonition, yet he
provided no testimony to support this contention that he was led to believe that failure to
submit to a chemical test would not result in loss of his driver's license.3 In fact, he did
not recall ever receiving any admonishment involving providing a chemical sample.
Notably, Quinonez never raised the confusion argument at the administrative hearing.
Further, when Quinonez's attorney raised it in the trial court for the first time, the judge
properly rejected this argument on the merits based on substantial evidence, stating:
"[W]hen you listen to [the] testimony he provided, you really don't get a sense that he
was confused here. What we get is that he was untruthful at the time of the arrest, [the
hearing officer] believes [Quinonez] continued to be less than forthcoming in some of the
things he said." Substantial evidence supports the court's rejection of the confusion
theory. (See White v. Department of Motor Vehicles (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 794, 798.)
The DMV "is not required to show it was right." (Elizabeth D. v. Zolin (1993) 21
Cal.App.4th 347, 355.) Rather, Quinonez has the affirmative obligation to demonstrate
error and must overcome a "strong presumption of . . . correctness," which is intrinsic to
appellate review of trial court mandamus decisions. (Fukuda v. City of Angels, supra, 20
Cal.4th at p. 812.) Based on this record, Quinonez failed to carry his burden to
demonstrate error. To the contrary, substantial evidence supports the DMV's
3 It is also difficult to understand Quinonez's confusion argument because the PAS admonition is not confusing. It states that although you may refuse to take the test, "this is not an implied consent test and if arrested, you will be required to give a sample of your blood, breath, or urine for the purpose of determining the actual alcoholic and drug content of your blood." (Emphasis added.)
12 determination that Quinonez was properly informed of his obligation to consent to
chemical testing but did not consent to chemical testing.4
C. Arguments raised for the first time in the reply brief cannot be considered.
On reply, for the first time, Quinonez argues that the hearing officer should have
granted a continuance to allow the hearing officer to summon Officer Espitia to provide
additional information on giving the PAS warning for probationers. Absent good cause,
we do not consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief because the
opposing party has no opportunity to respond. (Reichardt v. Hoffman (1997) 52
Cal.App.4th 754, 764.) Furthermore, there are no grounds for a continuance of the
administrative hearing because Quinonez did not even raise the confusion argument at the
administrative level and his attorney made this argument for the first time in the trial
court. Also, Quinonez could have subpoenaed Officer Espitia to testify at the hearing but
did not do so and did not request a continuance at the administrative hearing for that
purpose. Under well-established procedures, the officer's sworn statement and reports
were perfectly admissible to establish lack of consent. Under all these circumstances,
Quinonez cannot fault the hearing officer for failure to grant a continuance.
Quinonez also complains for the first time in a reply brief that DMV hearings are
inherently unfair because DMV hearing officers are DMV employees who lack legal
training. This new argument not raised at the administrative level or at the trial court
(and also raised for the first time in a reply brief), may not be made for the first time on
4 The ultimate taking of a blood sample after an initial refusal is not significant. It is the initial refusal that supports the suspension of the driver's license under section 13353. (Barrie v. Alexis (1984) 151 Cal.App.3d 1157, 1162.)
13 appeal from a denial of a writ of administrative mandamus. (Shor v. Dep't of Social
Services (1990) 223 Cal.App.3d 70, 75; Reichardt v. Hoffman, supra, 52 Cal.App.4th at
p. 764.) We also note that the entire DMV administrative procedure used here for
suspension of suspected drunk drivers' licenses for failure to submit to chemical testing
has been exhaustively scrutinized and upheld by the Supreme Court. (See Lake, supra,
16 Cal.4th at pp. 451-468.)
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Costs on appeal are awarded to the DMV.
PRAGER, J.* WE CONCUR:
HALLER, Acting P. J.
IRION, J.
* Judge of the San Diego Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.