Mr. Justice Mulkey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
At the September term, 1887, of the Saline circuit court, John Quinn was tried, convicted, and sentenced to the penitentiary for ten years, on a charge of larceny and embezzlement, and the record of his conviction is now before us for review. The subject of the alleged larceny and embezzlement was a certain horse, the property of Sylvester Whitehead, a resident of Johnson county, which had been taken up as an estray by Stephen Straub, in the adjoining county of Saline. The indictment contains four counts. The first two are for larceny, the other two for embezzlement. The first and third lay the property in Whitehead, the second and fourth lay it in Straub. The defendant was convicted of larceny on the second count.
It appears, from the evidence, that while the horse was in the possession of Straub, as an estray, the accused; and a young man by the name of Monroe, went to Straub’s house, a few miles distant from Harrisburg, the county seat, called for the horse, claimed him as the property of Monroe, and proposed to take him away. Straub would not consent to this, but agreed to meet them next morning, with the horse, at Harrisburg, for the purpose of settling the matter. The parties ■accordingly met next morning in Harrisburg, at the hotel where Quinn and Monroe had stayed over night, Straub being accompanied by his wife, and having the horse with them. After some conversation between the parties, and the payment by Quinn to Straub of $6.75, amount of charges claimed to be ■due on account of the posting of the horse, Quinn and Monroe, without making any proof of their claim, succeeded in ¡getting possession of the horse, and took him over into Franklin county, where they swapped him to William Hindman for another.
As the accused was convicted upon the second count, which •charges the property in Straub, it will only be necessary to notice the evidence so far as it relates to that count, and, as it is confined within very narrow limits, it will be more satisfactory to set it out in its entirety. It consists mainly of the testimony of Straub and witness Warfield. The substance of it is stated in the abstract, as follows:
Stephen Straub—“Live south-east of Harrisburg, and lived there in November, 1884. At that time I took up and posted a roan horse with four white feet. ® * * In the fall of 1885 two men came to my house after the horse. I showed the horse to them. The young man went up to the horse, and said, ‘This is my horse,’ etc. Quinn said they would have to take the horse off. * * * I told them I would bring the horse to town next morning. My wife and I brought him here next morning, and went to Warfield’s house and asked him where the men were. He said they were at the hotel, and we took the horse, to the hotel. The men were eating their breakfasts. We then went to Baker’s corner with the horse, and soon after the two men, Quinn and the young man, came where we were, and asked us what the expenses of posting the horse had been. My wife told him, $6.75. The young man asked Quinn to pay the money, which he did, paying my wife $6.75. The young man asked if the horse had been fed this morning. She said no. He asked if we would object to taking him to the livery stable and having him fed. She said no. They went off towards the livery stable. We went to Warfield’s office, and waited an hour or two for him to come. When Warfield came he said they must file affidavits, and we then went to the livery stable, and the men were gone.” Cross-examination : “The men paid my wife for taking the horse up. The young man requested Quinn to pay the charges for him. They said nothing to me about proving the horse.”
R. N. Warfield—“I remember of old man Straub posting a horse before me. Had conversation with Quinn, who said he had visited Straub, and he (Straub) agreed, as soon as his wife came home, to bring the horse here, and asked me' if Straub would run the horse off. I told him no. He was a Dutchman, and his wife is the boss and wears the breeches, and when she comes home they would bring the horse in. I prepared affidavits that evening. They were never signed or sworn to. I learned from some one Quinn had stopped at the McFarlin House, on the west side of the square. The next morning Straub and his wife came in about sunrise, with the horse. He and his wife capae to my house and wanted affidavits, but I afterwards saw them unhitch the horse from the east side of the square,—I had told them where Quinn was stopping,—■ and go off in the direction of the McFarlin House. I after-wards went to my office, and found Straub and wife there, and told them they must have the fellows swear to the horse. They then went to the livery stable, and returned and reported them gone.”
With the exception of certain facts and circumstances bearing on the question “óf felonious intent,” this is about all the evidence tending to support the second count in the indictment.
We do not understand, as is suggested by counsel for plaintiff in error, that the offence charged in the second count “is an offence different from that of larceny at the common law,” or from that of larceny as defined by the 215th section of the Criminal Code. The indictment in this case is not, strictly speaking, founded upon the 224th section of the Criminal Code, as is supposed by counsel. That section does not attempt to define the crime of larceny. It simply fixes the punishment for horse stealing, and therefore operates as a limitation on section 216, which defines the punishment of larceny. The present indictment is framed under the 215th section of our statute, which defines larceny substantially as it is defined by the common law, and the indictment is clearly for a common law offence. This being so, it follows that the case is to be governed by common law principles.
Upon the evidence before us, we think the jury were justified in reaching the conclusion, as they must have done, that the accused and the young man who accompanied him to Straub’s house were acting in concert, and that the claim there set up to the horse was a mere pretense to cover a deliberate purpose to steal him. Assuming this to be so, it follows that if they had taken the horse without Straub’s consent they would have been guilty of larceny, and the property in the horse might well have been laid either in Straub or Whitehead. That the former parted with the temporary custody of the horse, is conceded; but counsel for plaintiff in error insist that there was a change of possession, as contradistinguished from mere custody. Still, this would not be sufficient to exonerate the accused, for the reason the claim to the horse, as found by the jury, was a fraud and pretense, and there was a present purpose to steal him. On the facts, the only plausible ground of defence is, that Straub, in accepting the $6.75, (the amount of charges on the horse,) and permitting the accused to take him from the hotel, thereby intended to" part, absolutely, not only with the possession, but with all title and interest whatever in the property,—and such we understand to be the claim of counsel.
If the facts were simply that the horse was brought to the hotel, the money paid over to Straub, the horse unconditionally delivered by him to the accused, and that the latter took him away, there would be much force in the claim that Straub thereby intended to part with all title and claim to the horse. But the case suggested is not the one before us.
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Mr. Justice Mulkey
delivered the opinion of the Court:
At the September term, 1887, of the Saline circuit court, John Quinn was tried, convicted, and sentenced to the penitentiary for ten years, on a charge of larceny and embezzlement, and the record of his conviction is now before us for review. The subject of the alleged larceny and embezzlement was a certain horse, the property of Sylvester Whitehead, a resident of Johnson county, which had been taken up as an estray by Stephen Straub, in the adjoining county of Saline. The indictment contains four counts. The first two are for larceny, the other two for embezzlement. The first and third lay the property in Whitehead, the second and fourth lay it in Straub. The defendant was convicted of larceny on the second count.
It appears, from the evidence, that while the horse was in the possession of Straub, as an estray, the accused; and a young man by the name of Monroe, went to Straub’s house, a few miles distant from Harrisburg, the county seat, called for the horse, claimed him as the property of Monroe, and proposed to take him away. Straub would not consent to this, but agreed to meet them next morning, with the horse, at Harrisburg, for the purpose of settling the matter. The parties ■accordingly met next morning in Harrisburg, at the hotel where Quinn and Monroe had stayed over night, Straub being accompanied by his wife, and having the horse with them. After some conversation between the parties, and the payment by Quinn to Straub of $6.75, amount of charges claimed to be ■due on account of the posting of the horse, Quinn and Monroe, without making any proof of their claim, succeeded in ¡getting possession of the horse, and took him over into Franklin county, where they swapped him to William Hindman for another.
As the accused was convicted upon the second count, which •charges the property in Straub, it will only be necessary to notice the evidence so far as it relates to that count, and, as it is confined within very narrow limits, it will be more satisfactory to set it out in its entirety. It consists mainly of the testimony of Straub and witness Warfield. The substance of it is stated in the abstract, as follows:
Stephen Straub—“Live south-east of Harrisburg, and lived there in November, 1884. At that time I took up and posted a roan horse with four white feet. ® * * In the fall of 1885 two men came to my house after the horse. I showed the horse to them. The young man went up to the horse, and said, ‘This is my horse,’ etc. Quinn said they would have to take the horse off. * * * I told them I would bring the horse to town next morning. My wife and I brought him here next morning, and went to Warfield’s house and asked him where the men were. He said they were at the hotel, and we took the horse, to the hotel. The men were eating their breakfasts. We then went to Baker’s corner with the horse, and soon after the two men, Quinn and the young man, came where we were, and asked us what the expenses of posting the horse had been. My wife told him, $6.75. The young man asked Quinn to pay the money, which he did, paying my wife $6.75. The young man asked if the horse had been fed this morning. She said no. He asked if we would object to taking him to the livery stable and having him fed. She said no. They went off towards the livery stable. We went to Warfield’s office, and waited an hour or two for him to come. When Warfield came he said they must file affidavits, and we then went to the livery stable, and the men were gone.” Cross-examination : “The men paid my wife for taking the horse up. The young man requested Quinn to pay the charges for him. They said nothing to me about proving the horse.”
R. N. Warfield—“I remember of old man Straub posting a horse before me. Had conversation with Quinn, who said he had visited Straub, and he (Straub) agreed, as soon as his wife came home, to bring the horse here, and asked me' if Straub would run the horse off. I told him no. He was a Dutchman, and his wife is the boss and wears the breeches, and when she comes home they would bring the horse in. I prepared affidavits that evening. They were never signed or sworn to. I learned from some one Quinn had stopped at the McFarlin House, on the west side of the square. The next morning Straub and his wife came in about sunrise, with the horse. He and his wife capae to my house and wanted affidavits, but I afterwards saw them unhitch the horse from the east side of the square,—I had told them where Quinn was stopping,—■ and go off in the direction of the McFarlin House. I after-wards went to my office, and found Straub and wife there, and told them they must have the fellows swear to the horse. They then went to the livery stable, and returned and reported them gone.”
With the exception of certain facts and circumstances bearing on the question “óf felonious intent,” this is about all the evidence tending to support the second count in the indictment.
We do not understand, as is suggested by counsel for plaintiff in error, that the offence charged in the second count “is an offence different from that of larceny at the common law,” or from that of larceny as defined by the 215th section of the Criminal Code. The indictment in this case is not, strictly speaking, founded upon the 224th section of the Criminal Code, as is supposed by counsel. That section does not attempt to define the crime of larceny. It simply fixes the punishment for horse stealing, and therefore operates as a limitation on section 216, which defines the punishment of larceny. The present indictment is framed under the 215th section of our statute, which defines larceny substantially as it is defined by the common law, and the indictment is clearly for a common law offence. This being so, it follows that the case is to be governed by common law principles.
Upon the evidence before us, we think the jury were justified in reaching the conclusion, as they must have done, that the accused and the young man who accompanied him to Straub’s house were acting in concert, and that the claim there set up to the horse was a mere pretense to cover a deliberate purpose to steal him. Assuming this to be so, it follows that if they had taken the horse without Straub’s consent they would have been guilty of larceny, and the property in the horse might well have been laid either in Straub or Whitehead. That the former parted with the temporary custody of the horse, is conceded; but counsel for plaintiff in error insist that there was a change of possession, as contradistinguished from mere custody. Still, this would not be sufficient to exonerate the accused, for the reason the claim to the horse, as found by the jury, was a fraud and pretense, and there was a present purpose to steal him. On the facts, the only plausible ground of defence is, that Straub, in accepting the $6.75, (the amount of charges on the horse,) and permitting the accused to take him from the hotel, thereby intended to" part, absolutely, not only with the possession, but with all title and interest whatever in the property,—and such we understand to be the claim of counsel.
If the facts were simply that the horse was brought to the hotel, the money paid over to Straub, the horse unconditionally delivered by him to the accused, and that the latter took him away, there would be much force in the claim that Straub thereby intended to part with all title and claim to the horse. But the case suggested is not the one before us. It is evident Straub knew that no one had the right to take the horse from him without making proof of ownership. He had previously been told by Warfield, the justice, that if any one came after the horse, he would have to be brought to town before he could properly be surrendered, and on this ground, doubtless, Straub refused to let the parties take him, when at his house. The justice states: “The next morning Straub and his wife came in about sunrise, with the horse. He and his wife came to my house, and wanted affidavits” etc. It is very clear that notwithstanding they had received the posting fees, and had consented that the horse might be taken to the stable for the purpose of being fed, they did not intend that the accused and his confederate should take the horse away until they had made the necessary affidavits of ownership. This is conclusively shown by the fact, that after all this had occurred Straub and wife went to the justice’s office, and waited an hour or so for him to come, not knowing the accused had already gone with the horse. The latter, also, must have understood that Straub did not intend to part with the horse till the necessary proofs were made, otherwise they would not have asked permission, as they did, to take him to the stable to have him fed. Why did they propose paying the charges on the horse before the proofs were made ? Was it to lull Straub and his wife into security, while they, under the pretense of going to the stable to feed the horse, might get away with him ? It would have been time enough to pay charges after establishing their claim to him. It is more than likely that Straub and wife regarded this promptness on their part to pay the charges as an evidence of their good faith and purpose to fully comply with the law before taking off the property.
Taking all these circumstances into consideration, we think the jury were warranted in reaching the conclusion, as they must have done, that there was no intention on the part of Straub to part with the horse altogether until after the necessary proofs were made. It is very clear that permission to take the horse to the stable to be fed, which alone was given, conferred no authority to take him anywhere else. The jury must have found he was taken off without Straub’s permis-. sion or consent, and with the intent to steal him, and we are unable to say that the evidence is insufficient to support this hypothesis.
We do not agree with counsel in assuming that the only interest Straub had in the horse was the posting fees. That would be true as against Whitehead, the real owner, but as against Quinn and his accomplice his interest was the full value of the horse.
The second instruction given in behalf of the People is complained of. It is as follows:
“If you believe, from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that in the fall of 1884 Sylvester Whitehead was owner of a certain roan horse mentioned in the indictment, and about the month of November in said year said horse strayed away from its owner, and was afterwards, in said month and year, taken up as an estray by one Stephen Straub, a resident of Saline county, Illinois; and if you further so believe, in the month of September, 1885, while said horse was in the legal possession of said Straub, the defendant and another, in Saline county, Illinois, obtained possession of said horse from said Straub by falsely and fraudulently representing to said Straub that said horse was the property of one of them, with the felonious intent * * * to feloniously convert the horse to his own use, but that said Straub did not intend to part with his title to said horse; and if you further believe, that defendant and such other party took said horse from said Saline county to Franklin county, and then and there disposed' of said horse as his own property, to one Hindman, with a felonious intention to convert said horse, etc., then such taking would be larceny, as charged in the second count in the indictment.”
It is objected that this instruction is erroneous, in referring to the horse charged to have been stolen, as a “certain roan horse,” when he is not so described in the indictment. We perceive no force in this objection. It is true the indictment does not state the color of the horse, nor was it necessary to do so. The evidence, however, does show him to have been a “roan” horse, and as instructions should always be based on the evidence rather than the pleadings, there was. no impropriety in referring to the horse as described in the evidence.
It is further objected., that the instruction “assumes that Straub was in possession of the horse.” We do not so read the instruction. But even if this were so, it would afford no ground of complaint, because his possession was an undisputed fact, and the evidence was conclusive and all one way on that subject; hence the defendant could not have been prejudiced oh the ground suggested. Courts never reverse for an error that works no injury. Besides, this complaint is inconsistent with the main defence relied on. The accused urges, with great persistence, that Straub voluntarily surrendered to him the possession of the horse, together with all interest in him. This, of course, he could not have done unless the possession of the horse had been in Straub. Under these circumstances the court might well have treated the possession of the horse by Straub as a matter about which both parties were agreed.
It is finally objected, that this instruction told the jury, in effect, that they might find the defendant guilty under the second count in the indictment, upon satisfactory proof of the conversion of the property in Franklin county. A careful reading of the instruction, we do not think, justifies the construction which counsel have placed on it, though it is not as perspicuous, in this respect, as it might have been. There is embodied in it a general summary of the material facts relied on for a conviction, and the court, in conclusion, is asked to pronounce the law upon this summary of the facts as set forth in the instruction. While there is always more or less danger of committing a mistake in preparing instructions of this kind, yet when properly framed they have often received the approval of this court. It was proper to show, as bearing upon the question of felonious intent, what the parties did after getting possession of the horse, where they went, and what disposition they made of the horse. This was done, and we see no impropriety of referring to the fact and place of the sale,,—whether it occurred in Franklin, Saline, or any other county. It will be seen, by carefully examining the instruetion, that it does not tell the jury that the conversion or transfer of the horse in Franklin would be larceny, but that “such taking” would be larceny,—that is, the taking of him from Straub, under all the circumstances recited in the instruction, including the swapping of the horse in Franklin, “would be larceny.”
Believing, as we do, the inartificial manner in which this instruction is drawn could not have misled the jury, the objections to it should not prevail to the extent of requiring a reversal.
Exceptions are also taken to the fourth instruction. It is as follows:
“The court instructs the jury, if you find the defendant guilty, you should specify, in your verdict, upon what count of the indictment, and the form of your verdict may be, ‘We, the jury, find the defendant guilty as charged in the-count of the indictment, and we fix his punishment at imprisonment in the State penitentiary for the term of -years,’ (not less than three nor more than twenty years,) or, if you find the defendant not guilty, the form of your verdict may be, ‘We, the jury, find the defendant not guilty.’”
By the 115th section of the Criminal Code it is provided, that “whoever embezzles or fraudulently converts to his own use * * * money, goods or property delivered to him which may be the subject of larceny, or any part thereof, shall be deemed guilty of larceny,” and the punishment for larceny, where the value of the property taken is over $15, is fixed by the 216th section at confinement in the penitentiary not less than one nor more than ten years. But the punishment for stealing a horse is fixed by the 224th section at confinement in the penitentiary not less than three nor more than twenty years. Now, it is urged against the instruction, that assuming the jury had been of the opinion the defendant was guilty, under one of the counts, for embezzlement, and had desired to fix the punishment at something less than three years, as counsel claim they might have done under a proper construction of the above sections of the statute, yet, by the instruction, they were not permitted to do so. This objection is evidently based upon the hypothesis that there is a difference in the punishment for the larceny of a horse and the embezzlement of one. It is not necessary to express any opinion on this question, as it is evident the instruction could have worked no injury to the accused, as the jury found the defendant guilty of larceny, and it conclusively shows they could not legally have found him guilty of embezzlement, for the reason that nothing which is larceny at the common law can be embezzlement under the statute. (Kits v. The People, 81 Ill. 599.) Again, as the only objection to the instruction is, that it did not permit the jury to fix the punishment at less than three years, it is manifest the accused was not prejudiced by it, for the additional reason that the punishment is much greater than that limited by the instruction. If the punishment had been fixed by the jury at three years, the lowest they could have imposed, under the instruction, then, assuming the construction contended for is correct, there would be much force in the objection ; but since the punishment, as fixed by the jury, is more than three times greater than the minimum fixed by the instruction, we perceive no force in the objection.
So far no serious difficulty has been encountered in the consideration of this case. It remains, however; to consider an objection of a more serious character. It is claimed by the prisoner, that in the conduct of the trial, his rights, under the constitution and laws of the State, were violated and disregarded. It is clear that whenever a trial is so conducted as to deprive the accused of any substantial right, he has not had a fair trial, within the meaning of the constitution, and a trial which is not fair is not only violative of common right, but is contrary to the spirit and genius of our free institutions. It is also a reproach to the courts that permit it, and a blot upon the jurisprudence of the State.
An uncontradicted affidavit in the bill of exceptions contains the following statement: “That W. H. Parish, Jr., who was associated with the State’s attorney in the prosecution of defendant in this cause, did, on the argument made by him for the People in said cause, after the evidence was closed, refer to and comment on the fact that the defendant had not testified in his own behalf on the trial of said cause; and after enumerating several material facts which he claimed the People had proven, and which he said were true, he then said, in his argument, ‘If this is not true, what did they have John Quinn here for ?—why did he not go on the witness stand and deny it?’—which was objected to,” etc.
The 486th section of the Criminal Code, which gives the accused the right to testify on his own behalf, contains this proviso: “Provided, however, that a defendant in any criminal case or proceeding, shall only, at his own request, be deemed a competent witness, and his neglect to testify shall not create any presumption against him, nor shall the court permit any reference or comment to he made to or upon such neglect.” In giving a construction to this section of the statute, and earnestly endeavoring to enforce it in its true spirit and intent, this court has spoken in no uncertain tones. The cases of Baker v. The People, 105 Ill. 452, Austin v. The People, 102 id. 261, and Angelo v. The People, 96 id. 209, (the only ones we have been able-to find where the subject has been before us,) were all reversed for a violation of this provision of the statute. In the Austin case, it is true, two of the members of the court dissented, but on the distinct ground that they regarded the reference made by the State’s attorney to the fact that the accused had failed to testify as a witness in his own behalf, as a legitimate reply to the argument of counsel for defence. The case was a prosecution for rape, and the defendant’s attorney had alluded to the remarks of Lord Hale about the difficulty of defending against a charge so easily made, and it was in reply to this that the People’s counsel said that this difficulty did not exist in that case, because the defendant had the right to go on the stand as a witness, if he desired to avail himself of it, or words to that effect. Notwithstanding this was really a pertinent reply to the opposing argument, outside of the fact the statute prohibited it, a majority of the members of the court, believing it would be dangerous to permit the subject to be referred to at all, voted to reverse the case, and it was accordingly reversed. The court was unanimous in reversing the other two cases. There is not a mitigating circumstance in this case,—if, indeed, there could be such a thing,—that was not in the others. It is true the court, upon the objection being made, stopped counsel, and told the jury that his remarks were improper; and this, together with the claim that the remarks were unthoughtedly made in the heat of discussion, is all that is urged in palliation of the positive violation of the statute. How much did it avail for the court to tell the jury that the remarks of counsel were improper ? His words had found' a lodgment in the minds of the jury, spent their force and subserved the purpose for which they were uttered, and it were idle to talk about removing their effect upon the jury by a mere declaration from the court that they were improper. As well might one attempt to brush off with the hand a stain of ink from a piece of white linen. One, in the very nature of things, is just as impossible as the other. The present cáse, in this respect, is “on all fours” with that of Angelo v. The People, supra, and everything urged here by way of extenuation is 'fully met by what is said in that case, and it is therefore unnecessary to repeat it again. In respect to the general principles of law applicable to this case, upon the facts, we refer to Johnson v. The People, 113 Ill. 99.
For the error last discussed, the judgment of the court below is reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.
Judgment reversed,.