[Cite as Quinlan-Hall v. Sts. Peter & Paul Cemetery Assn., Inc., 2026-Ohio-2849.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
CAROL QUINLAN-HALL, : APPEAL NO. C-250280 TRIAL NO. A-2400102 Plaintiff-Appellant, :
and :
TOM HALL, : JUDGMENT ENTRY
Plaintiff, :
vs. :
STS. PETER AND PAUL CEMETERY : ASSOCIATION, INC., : and : CARL SLUSHER, : Defendants-Appellees. :
This cause was heard upon the appeal, the record, the briefs, and arguments. For the reasons set forth in the Opinion filed this date, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Further, the court holds that there were reasonable grounds for this appeal, allows no penalty, and orders that costs be taxed under App.R. 24. The court further orders that (1) a copy of this Judgment with a copy of the Opinion attached constitutes the mandate, and (2) the mandate be sent to the trial court for execution under App.R. 27.
To the clerk: Enter upon the journal of the court on 7/24/2026 per order of the court. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
By:_______________________ Administrative Judge [Cite as Quinlan-Hall v. Sts. Peter & Paul Cemetery Assn., Inc., 2026-Ohio-2849.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
CAROL QUINLAN-HALL, : APPEAL NO. C-250280 TRIAL NO. A-2400102 Plaintiff-Appellant, :
TOM HALL, : OPINION
STS. PETER AND PAUL CEMETERY : ASSOCIATION, INC., : and : CARL SLUSHER, : Defendants-Appellees. :
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: July 24, 2026
Repper-Pagan Law, Ltd., and Christopher J. Pagan, for Plaintiff-Appellant,
Reminger Co., LPA, Timothy B. Spille, and Brianna M. Prislipsky for Defendants- Appellees. [Cite as Quinlan-Hall v. Sts. Peter & Paul Cemetery Assn., Inc., 2026-Ohio-2849.]
MOORE, Judge.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Carol Quinlan-Hall (“Hall”) appeals from the
Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor
of defendants-appellees Sts. Peter and Paul Cemetery Association, Inc., (“SPPCA”) and
Carl Slusher (collectively “defendants”). SPPCA manages a cemetery, and Slusher
served as the cemetery’s sexton. In her sole assignment of error, Hall argues that
genuine issues of material fact rendered the court’s grant of summary judgment
improper. We disagree and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
I. Factual and Procedural History
{¶2} While Hall and her husband were visiting the gravesite of her late father,
she was injured when the gravestone marking the grave fell on her. Hall filed a lawsuit
against SPPCA and Slusher, who worked for SPPCA at the time as the sexton.1 Hall
asserted claims for negligence, vicarious liability via express or implied agency, and
vicarious liability via apparent agency, and her husband asserted a claim for loss of
consortium.
{¶3} During her deposition, Hall testified that on April 15, 2022, she and her
husband were decorating her father’s gravestone. While her husband was handing
Hall flowers over the top of the gravestone, the stone fell forward, crushed Hall’s left
foot, and caused her to fall. Hall sustained injuries to her foot and wrist as a result.
{¶4} Hall testified that in 2019 or 2020, she had complained to Slusher about
an issue with the tilt of the gravestone. Hall claimed that she and her husband found
Slusher in the cemetery, and that her husband exited from the car to speak with
Slusher while Hall remained in the car. Hall explained that when her husband
1 The position of sexton is akin to that of a groundskeeper for the cemetery. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
returned, he told her that he had given Slusher $20, and Slusher had agreed to correct
the gravestone’s tilt.
{¶5} In his affidavit, Hall’s husband stated that he spoke with Slusher about
fixing the gravestone in 2017, and that Slusher accepted payment and corrected the
tilt. Her husband also explained in his affidavit that on the date of the incident, he may
have brushed against the headstone prior to it falling over.
{¶6} During his deposition, Slusher insisted that he only completed work
that was assigned to him by the SPPCA board, and that his assigned work entailed
grading the burial plots to ensure that the graves were level with the surrounding
ground and landscaping. Slusher testified that in his 22 years as the cemetery’s sexton,
he was never made aware of any issues with any of the gravestones or their foundations
and that he never completed repair work for an individual plot holder. Slusher clarified
that plot holders were obligated to purchase gravestones and use third-party vendors
to facilitate their installation of the headstone or monument. As it related to Hall’s
lawsuit, Slusher denied ever speaking with the Halls, accepting money from them, or
completing any remedial work on their family’s headstone.
{¶7} SPPCA’s bylaws, which were entered into the record, set forth the duties
of the cemetery’s sexton. These duties included attending to all improvements in the
cemetery “such as grading, planting, trimming, around markers, and keeping the same
in proper order.” Under the section concerning headstones, the bylaws provided that
only the sexton may place the foundations of headstones, but were silent on the
installation of headstones.
{¶8} Following the close of discovery, defendants filed a motion for summary
judgment. The motion was premised on three arguments: (1) that the defendants did
not own or control the headstone, (2) that they did not owe a duty to Hall because they
5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
lacked notice of the alleged hazard, and (3) the lack of prior incidents made the harm
unforeseeable. Hall opposed summary judgment.
{¶9} The court granted defendants’ summary-judgment motion on the bases
that the hazard was open and obvious, defendants did not have notice of the alleged
hazard, and defendants had no duty to maintain the premises in a safe condition.
{¶10} This appeal followed.
II. Analysis
{¶11} Hall raises one assignment of error, arguing that the court erred in
granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment. For the reasons explained below,
we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of both defendants.
A. Summary Judgment
{¶12} We review a trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Environment Solutions & Innovations, Inc. v. Edge Engineering & Science, LLC,
2023-Ohio-2605, ¶ 6 (1st Dist.), citing Mid-Century Ins. Co. v. Stites, 2021-Ohio-
3839, ¶ 10 (1st Dist.). Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), “summary judgment shall be granted
when the filings in the action, including depositions and affidavits, show that there is
no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Finn v. Seiser, 2024-Ohio-5288, ¶ 23 (1st Dist.), quoting
Bonacorsi v. Wheeling & Lake Erie Ry. Co., 2002-Ohio-2220, ¶ 24. During our review,
we must construe all evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. QFS
Transp., LLC v. Wall St. Sys., 2021-Ohio-1323, ¶ 7 (1st Dist.); Walker v. Albers Ins.
Agency, 2019-Ohio-1316, ¶ 9 (1st Dist.).
B. SPPCA is not Vicariously Liable for Slusher’s Alleged Negligence
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[Cite as Quinlan-Hall v. Sts. Peter & Paul Cemetery Assn., Inc., 2026-Ohio-2849.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
CAROL QUINLAN-HALL, : APPEAL NO. C-250280 TRIAL NO. A-2400102 Plaintiff-Appellant, :
and :
TOM HALL, : JUDGMENT ENTRY
Plaintiff, :
vs. :
STS. PETER AND PAUL CEMETERY : ASSOCIATION, INC., : and : CARL SLUSHER, : Defendants-Appellees. :
This cause was heard upon the appeal, the record, the briefs, and arguments. For the reasons set forth in the Opinion filed this date, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Further, the court holds that there were reasonable grounds for this appeal, allows no penalty, and orders that costs be taxed under App.R. 24. The court further orders that (1) a copy of this Judgment with a copy of the Opinion attached constitutes the mandate, and (2) the mandate be sent to the trial court for execution under App.R. 27.
To the clerk: Enter upon the journal of the court on 7/24/2026 per order of the court. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
By:_______________________ Administrative Judge [Cite as Quinlan-Hall v. Sts. Peter & Paul Cemetery Assn., Inc., 2026-Ohio-2849.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
CAROL QUINLAN-HALL, : APPEAL NO. C-250280 TRIAL NO. A-2400102 Plaintiff-Appellant, :
TOM HALL, : OPINION
STS. PETER AND PAUL CEMETERY : ASSOCIATION, INC., : and : CARL SLUSHER, : Defendants-Appellees. :
Civil Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: July 24, 2026
Repper-Pagan Law, Ltd., and Christopher J. Pagan, for Plaintiff-Appellant,
Reminger Co., LPA, Timothy B. Spille, and Brianna M. Prislipsky for Defendants- Appellees. [Cite as Quinlan-Hall v. Sts. Peter & Paul Cemetery Assn., Inc., 2026-Ohio-2849.]
MOORE, Judge.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Carol Quinlan-Hall (“Hall”) appeals from the
Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor
of defendants-appellees Sts. Peter and Paul Cemetery Association, Inc., (“SPPCA”) and
Carl Slusher (collectively “defendants”). SPPCA manages a cemetery, and Slusher
served as the cemetery’s sexton. In her sole assignment of error, Hall argues that
genuine issues of material fact rendered the court’s grant of summary judgment
improper. We disagree and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
I. Factual and Procedural History
{¶2} While Hall and her husband were visiting the gravesite of her late father,
she was injured when the gravestone marking the grave fell on her. Hall filed a lawsuit
against SPPCA and Slusher, who worked for SPPCA at the time as the sexton.1 Hall
asserted claims for negligence, vicarious liability via express or implied agency, and
vicarious liability via apparent agency, and her husband asserted a claim for loss of
consortium.
{¶3} During her deposition, Hall testified that on April 15, 2022, she and her
husband were decorating her father’s gravestone. While her husband was handing
Hall flowers over the top of the gravestone, the stone fell forward, crushed Hall’s left
foot, and caused her to fall. Hall sustained injuries to her foot and wrist as a result.
{¶4} Hall testified that in 2019 or 2020, she had complained to Slusher about
an issue with the tilt of the gravestone. Hall claimed that she and her husband found
Slusher in the cemetery, and that her husband exited from the car to speak with
Slusher while Hall remained in the car. Hall explained that when her husband
1 The position of sexton is akin to that of a groundskeeper for the cemetery. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
returned, he told her that he had given Slusher $20, and Slusher had agreed to correct
the gravestone’s tilt.
{¶5} In his affidavit, Hall’s husband stated that he spoke with Slusher about
fixing the gravestone in 2017, and that Slusher accepted payment and corrected the
tilt. Her husband also explained in his affidavit that on the date of the incident, he may
have brushed against the headstone prior to it falling over.
{¶6} During his deposition, Slusher insisted that he only completed work
that was assigned to him by the SPPCA board, and that his assigned work entailed
grading the burial plots to ensure that the graves were level with the surrounding
ground and landscaping. Slusher testified that in his 22 years as the cemetery’s sexton,
he was never made aware of any issues with any of the gravestones or their foundations
and that he never completed repair work for an individual plot holder. Slusher clarified
that plot holders were obligated to purchase gravestones and use third-party vendors
to facilitate their installation of the headstone or monument. As it related to Hall’s
lawsuit, Slusher denied ever speaking with the Halls, accepting money from them, or
completing any remedial work on their family’s headstone.
{¶7} SPPCA’s bylaws, which were entered into the record, set forth the duties
of the cemetery’s sexton. These duties included attending to all improvements in the
cemetery “such as grading, planting, trimming, around markers, and keeping the same
in proper order.” Under the section concerning headstones, the bylaws provided that
only the sexton may place the foundations of headstones, but were silent on the
installation of headstones.
{¶8} Following the close of discovery, defendants filed a motion for summary
judgment. The motion was premised on three arguments: (1) that the defendants did
not own or control the headstone, (2) that they did not owe a duty to Hall because they
5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
lacked notice of the alleged hazard, and (3) the lack of prior incidents made the harm
unforeseeable. Hall opposed summary judgment.
{¶9} The court granted defendants’ summary-judgment motion on the bases
that the hazard was open and obvious, defendants did not have notice of the alleged
hazard, and defendants had no duty to maintain the premises in a safe condition.
{¶10} This appeal followed.
II. Analysis
{¶11} Hall raises one assignment of error, arguing that the court erred in
granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment. For the reasons explained below,
we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of both defendants.
A. Summary Judgment
{¶12} We review a trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Environment Solutions & Innovations, Inc. v. Edge Engineering & Science, LLC,
2023-Ohio-2605, ¶ 6 (1st Dist.), citing Mid-Century Ins. Co. v. Stites, 2021-Ohio-
3839, ¶ 10 (1st Dist.). Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), “summary judgment shall be granted
when the filings in the action, including depositions and affidavits, show that there is
no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Finn v. Seiser, 2024-Ohio-5288, ¶ 23 (1st Dist.), quoting
Bonacorsi v. Wheeling & Lake Erie Ry. Co., 2002-Ohio-2220, ¶ 24. During our review,
we must construe all evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. QFS
Transp., LLC v. Wall St. Sys., 2021-Ohio-1323, ¶ 7 (1st Dist.); Walker v. Albers Ins.
Agency, 2019-Ohio-1316, ¶ 9 (1st Dist.).
B. SPPCA is not Vicariously Liable for Slusher’s Alleged Negligence
{¶13} It has long been established in Ohio that an employer may be vicariously
liable for the negligence of an employee under the tort doctrine of respondeat superior.
6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Clawson v. Hts. Chiropractic Physicians, LLC, 2022-Ohio-4154, ¶ 12, citing Clark v.
Southview Hosp. & Family Health Ctr., 68 Ohio St.3d 435, 444-445 (1994). However,
liability under the doctrine of respondeat superior is limited to the instances in which
the tort committed by an employee was committed while in the scope of their
employment. Groob v. Keybank, 2006-Ohio-1189, ¶ 42.
{¶14} Hall cannot put forth a meritorious claim against SPPCA. SPPCA did
not owe a duty to Hall because it did not own or control the headstone. While SPPCA’s
bylaws reflect that it had a duty to grade the hill and maintain the foundation, Hall has
failed to link any dereliction of these duties to the headstone’s fall. See Rieger v. Giant
Eagle, Inc. 2019-Ohio-3745, ¶ 10 (a party’s failure to prove any one of duty, breach,
causation, or damages dooms their negligence claim).
{¶15} While Hall alleges that Slusher accepted payment and repaired the
headstone, this is insufficient to attach liability to SPPCA. Any work that Slusher
allegedly completed in restoring the headstone was done outside the scope of his
employment with SPPCA. Slusher testified that all headstone mounting was
completed by third-party vendors, and that the work he completed on the headstone
was limited to the laying of the grave’s foundation. Hall’s allegation that Slusher
accepted payment and agreed to repair the headstone, even if construed in a light most
favorable to Hall, reflects that Slusher acted outside the scope of his employment.
{¶16} Therefore, the trial court did not err when it granted defendants’
motion for summary judgment as it relates to Hall’s claims against SPPCA.
C. Plaintiff’s Claim Against Slusher Fails Because She Failed to Demonstrate a Material Question of Fact Regarding Causation
{¶17} A negligence claim fails if the party bringing the claim fails to prove any
one of the elements of the claim, i.e., duty, breach, causation, or damages. Rieger,
7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
2019-Ohio-3745, at ¶ 10. Here, Hall’s claims against Slusher fail due to the dearth of
evidence establishing causation.
{¶18} “Generally, causation is a question of fact for the jury; however, before
the question may be submitted to the jury, the plaintiff must present some evidence.”
Id. at ¶ 11. Speculation alone is insufficient to establish causation. Milatz v. City of
Cincinnati, 2019-Ohio-3938, ¶ 13 (1st Dist.), citing McLain v. Equitable Life Assur.
Co. of U.S., 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 926, *7 (1st Dist. March 13, 1996) (holding
summary judgment was proper when plaintiff stated “she had no idea” how she fell);
Id., citing Rosenbrook v. Lucas Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 2015-Ohio-1793, ¶ 50 (6th Dist.)
(holding summary judgment was appropriate when the plaintiff could not state that
the curled rug caused her fall and only saw it after she fell); Id., citing Bozsik v. Aldi,
Inc., 2006-Ohio-5880, ¶ 9 (9th Dist.) (“Without more than conjecture about what
caused her fall at the Aldi store, [the appellant] is precluded from establishing a
negligence claim.”).
{¶19} Here, while Hall alleges that Slusher is responsible for the headstone’s
fall, she testified that the headstone’s tilt was corrected after Slusher repaired it, and
that it remained corrected for anywhere between two and five years. Neither Hall nor
her husband alleged that during their frequent visits to the cemetery they observed
any tilt or other defects in the headstone between the date Slusher allegedly repaired
the tilt and the date of the accident some five years later. Hall’s allegation that Slusher’s
negligence caused the headstone to fall is simply too speculative based on the record
before this court to establish a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Slusher’s
negligence was the cause of Hall’s injury.
{¶20} We hold that Hall has failed to raise a genuine dispute of material fact
as to whether Slusher’s negligence caused her injuries.
8 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶21} Accordingly, Hall’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
III. Conclusion
{¶22} Having overruled Hall’s sole assignment of error, we affirm the
judgment of the trial court.
Judgment affirmed.
KINSLEY, P.J., and ZAYAS, J., concur.