Cypher, J.
This interlocutory appeal requires us to determine whether a judge of the Probate and Family Court properly could allow a guardian ad litem (GAL) unrestricted access to some 2,000 pages of medical and mental health records of the plaintiff, P.W. (father).2 The father objects to what he claims is [780]*780the judge’s “wholesale delegation [to the GAL] of [the judge’s] statutory duty under . . . G. L. c. 233, § 20B, ... to conduct an in camera review of the records and balance the competing interests at issue.”
Background. The father and the defendant, M.S. (mother), have been involved in issues centering on custody and visitation since the father filed a complaint for divorce on October 21, 2003. The parties were married in 1985, and have three children whose ages at the time the father filed his complaint for divorce were thirteen, ten, and seven. The children reside with the mother in the marital home in Winchester, which the father vacated in December, 2003.
Both before and after filing his complaint for divorce, the father suffered from severe emotional difficulties; he attempted suicide in April, 2004. He has been hospitalized and treated on an outpatient basis, and has received psychological counselling during the course of this litigation. The mother’s concerns about the impact of the father’s psychiatric history on the children, as well as the father’s reactions to those concerns, have been the steering current throughout this case.
The father’s complaint for divorce alleged an irretrievable breakdown, G. L. c. 208, § IB, and requested that appropriate custody orders be entered. The mother counterclaimed and sought custody of the children. Complaining that his time with the children was “strictly controlled” by the mother, who demanded to be present at all times, the father moved on December 15, 2004, for unsupervised visitation. He also moved to establish a custody and parenting plan that would eliminate the mother’s alleged “interference” with his relationship with the children, and requested joint legal and shared physical custody.
The father moved for the appointment of a GAL to investigate and report to the court on (1) issues of care and custody of the children; (2) an appropriate parenting plan; and (3) his request to “spend unsupervised time” with the children. A probate judge ordered the appointment of a GAL on December 23, 2004.
[781]*781The GAL moved, in March, 2005, for access to the father’s medical and psychiatric records, indicating that the records had been the subject of a discovery dispute.3 The GAL stated that “the medical issues are central to this investigation and until such records are produced, the GAL cannot make meaningful progress.” She concluded, “Since the medical records are likely to be voluminous and the [father] has expressed a desire to maintain some measure of privacy, the GAL is willing to either abide by any Court Order limiting the scope of discovery or participate in the determination of which records are most relevant. It should be noted that initially this GAL will not be reviewing those records, but instead they will be reviewed by [her] organization’s staff psychiatrist who is also willing to participate in any such determination.”4 At a closed hearing before a second probate judge on May 4, 2005, the father represented that he would withdraw all claims for custody and visitation in order to avoid an order to release his medical and psychiatric records. The judge allowed the GAL’s motion for production of the father’s records, but orally stayed the order to permit the parties to submit memoranda of law. In his memorandum, the father opposed the GAL’s request, complaining that her review of the records could result in the mother and her counsel obtaining the records, an outcome that he believed “would be extremely damaging to the children as well as to him.”
On May 9, 2005, the father withdrew all of his custody and visitation claims, that is, his motion to establish a custody and parenting plan and his motion for unsupervised visitation with the children; moved to amend his complaint for divorce by deleting his request for custody and visitation; and sought to revoke the appointment of the GAL, on the ground that “there [782]*782is no longer any contested issue concerning the children.” On May 18, 2005, the same judge allowed the father’s motion to amend his complaint by withdrawing his request for “appropriate custody orders,” but denied the motion to revoke appointment of the GAL.
On June 1, 2005, the GAL submitted a preliminary report, stating that further investigation had been impeded by the controversy over access to the father’s psychiatric records. She concluded her report by stating that it was her “position that the children ... clearly seek an increased and meaningful relationship with their father, and that it would be detrimental to the children if visitation were further decreased.” She recommended that arrangements be made for their weekly visitation with the father “in any suitable setting supervised by an acceptable monitor other than their mother, or supervised by their mother if she is out of earshot of the visit.”
On September 8, 2005, the first judge allowed the mother’s motion for a temporary order for sole legal and physical custody of the children, noting that the “contact between the Father and children shall remain [sjtatus [q]uo.”5At that time, the judge also denied the mother’s request for a restraining order.
On October 4, 2005, the first judge ordered the father to produce “all medical and mental health records to the Court for an in camera review pursuant to [G. L. c. 233, § 20B], regarding [the father’s] visitation with the minor children.” Production of the records was required “on or before November 1, 2005.” In a motion for clarification filed on October 31, together with a “Motion to Extend Time for the Production of Documents” to December 1, 2005, the father requested that the judge clarify her October 4 order “by identifying the time period for which [the father’s] medical and mental health records are to be produced” and by “providing [the father] with advance notice of any documents to be released to the [GAL] or the [mother].” In support of the motion, the father stated:
[783]*783“1. Without a specific time frame for the production of his records, [the father] will be unable to make certain that he is in compliance with the Court’s Order unless he produces records for his entire lifetime. This not only would be an unintended but an unreasonable result of the Court’s Order.
“2. Advance notice is reasonably required in order to preserve [the father’s] appellate rights.”
The motion to extend time was allowed on November 9, 2005, but the court did not respond to the father’s motion for clarification.
On four days in December, 2005, the father submitted a total of 2,046 pages of records.6,7 On January 11, 2006, the judge issued a further order stating that, “[pjending a hearing on the merits and until further order of the court. . .
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
Cypher, J.
This interlocutory appeal requires us to determine whether a judge of the Probate and Family Court properly could allow a guardian ad litem (GAL) unrestricted access to some 2,000 pages of medical and mental health records of the plaintiff, P.W. (father).2 The father objects to what he claims is [780]*780the judge’s “wholesale delegation [to the GAL] of [the judge’s] statutory duty under . . . G. L. c. 233, § 20B, ... to conduct an in camera review of the records and balance the competing interests at issue.”
Background. The father and the defendant, M.S. (mother), have been involved in issues centering on custody and visitation since the father filed a complaint for divorce on October 21, 2003. The parties were married in 1985, and have three children whose ages at the time the father filed his complaint for divorce were thirteen, ten, and seven. The children reside with the mother in the marital home in Winchester, which the father vacated in December, 2003.
Both before and after filing his complaint for divorce, the father suffered from severe emotional difficulties; he attempted suicide in April, 2004. He has been hospitalized and treated on an outpatient basis, and has received psychological counselling during the course of this litigation. The mother’s concerns about the impact of the father’s psychiatric history on the children, as well as the father’s reactions to those concerns, have been the steering current throughout this case.
The father’s complaint for divorce alleged an irretrievable breakdown, G. L. c. 208, § IB, and requested that appropriate custody orders be entered. The mother counterclaimed and sought custody of the children. Complaining that his time with the children was “strictly controlled” by the mother, who demanded to be present at all times, the father moved on December 15, 2004, for unsupervised visitation. He also moved to establish a custody and parenting plan that would eliminate the mother’s alleged “interference” with his relationship with the children, and requested joint legal and shared physical custody.
The father moved for the appointment of a GAL to investigate and report to the court on (1) issues of care and custody of the children; (2) an appropriate parenting plan; and (3) his request to “spend unsupervised time” with the children. A probate judge ordered the appointment of a GAL on December 23, 2004.
[781]*781The GAL moved, in March, 2005, for access to the father’s medical and psychiatric records, indicating that the records had been the subject of a discovery dispute.3 The GAL stated that “the medical issues are central to this investigation and until such records are produced, the GAL cannot make meaningful progress.” She concluded, “Since the medical records are likely to be voluminous and the [father] has expressed a desire to maintain some measure of privacy, the GAL is willing to either abide by any Court Order limiting the scope of discovery or participate in the determination of which records are most relevant. It should be noted that initially this GAL will not be reviewing those records, but instead they will be reviewed by [her] organization’s staff psychiatrist who is also willing to participate in any such determination.”4 At a closed hearing before a second probate judge on May 4, 2005, the father represented that he would withdraw all claims for custody and visitation in order to avoid an order to release his medical and psychiatric records. The judge allowed the GAL’s motion for production of the father’s records, but orally stayed the order to permit the parties to submit memoranda of law. In his memorandum, the father opposed the GAL’s request, complaining that her review of the records could result in the mother and her counsel obtaining the records, an outcome that he believed “would be extremely damaging to the children as well as to him.”
On May 9, 2005, the father withdrew all of his custody and visitation claims, that is, his motion to establish a custody and parenting plan and his motion for unsupervised visitation with the children; moved to amend his complaint for divorce by deleting his request for custody and visitation; and sought to revoke the appointment of the GAL, on the ground that “there [782]*782is no longer any contested issue concerning the children.” On May 18, 2005, the same judge allowed the father’s motion to amend his complaint by withdrawing his request for “appropriate custody orders,” but denied the motion to revoke appointment of the GAL.
On June 1, 2005, the GAL submitted a preliminary report, stating that further investigation had been impeded by the controversy over access to the father’s psychiatric records. She concluded her report by stating that it was her “position that the children ... clearly seek an increased and meaningful relationship with their father, and that it would be detrimental to the children if visitation were further decreased.” She recommended that arrangements be made for their weekly visitation with the father “in any suitable setting supervised by an acceptable monitor other than their mother, or supervised by their mother if she is out of earshot of the visit.”
On September 8, 2005, the first judge allowed the mother’s motion for a temporary order for sole legal and physical custody of the children, noting that the “contact between the Father and children shall remain [sjtatus [q]uo.”5At that time, the judge also denied the mother’s request for a restraining order.
On October 4, 2005, the first judge ordered the father to produce “all medical and mental health records to the Court for an in camera review pursuant to [G. L. c. 233, § 20B], regarding [the father’s] visitation with the minor children.” Production of the records was required “on or before November 1, 2005.” In a motion for clarification filed on October 31, together with a “Motion to Extend Time for the Production of Documents” to December 1, 2005, the father requested that the judge clarify her October 4 order “by identifying the time period for which [the father’s] medical and mental health records are to be produced” and by “providing [the father] with advance notice of any documents to be released to the [GAL] or the [mother].” In support of the motion, the father stated:
[783]*783“1. Without a specific time frame for the production of his records, [the father] will be unable to make certain that he is in compliance with the Court’s Order unless he produces records for his entire lifetime. This not only would be an unintended but an unreasonable result of the Court’s Order.
“2. Advance notice is reasonably required in order to preserve [the father’s] appellate rights.”
The motion to extend time was allowed on November 9, 2005, but the court did not respond to the father’s motion for clarification.
On four days in December, 2005, the father submitted a total of 2,046 pages of records.6,7 On January 11, 2006, the judge issued a further order stating that, “[pjending a hearing on the merits and until further order of the court. . . [the GAL] shall be entitled to access and inspect the medical records of [the father] in the course of her investigation regarding visitation.” The judge also ordered that “neither counsel [n]or the parties shall have independent access to [the] records,” and that upon completion of the GAL’s report, “either party may move that the court release records for the purpose of preparation for trial.” The father appeals from that order.
Discussion. 1. The nature of this interlocutory appeal. The father asks that the judge’s order of January 11, 2006, be vacated. He complains that the order allows complete disclosure of his medical records to the GAL, in violation of his various privileges, such as that of the patient-psychotherapist, G. L. c. 233, § 20B. As there is no indication that the judge’s order [784]*784has been carried out8 and, therefore, no indication that the father has been harmed, we must consider whether it is appropriate to review that order. While the order does not appear clearly “final,” and therefore appealable, we nevertheless think that review will avoid further interruption of the litigation and avoid waste of judicial effort. Compare Borman v. Borman, 378 Mass. 775, 779 (1979). For these reasons, we decide that review is appropriate, and we consider the father’s challenge of the judge’s order in the context of the central issue in this case, the father’s visitation with the children.
The father argued below that there was no longer any triable issue of custody or visitation after he withdrew those claims, and that, therefore, no access to his records was necessary, and there was no longer a ne,ed for a GAL. On appeal, he has modified that argument, apparently acknowledging that he still wishes to retain visitation rights. For example, in his reply brief, the father argues that “[bjecause the only relevant issue is [the mother’s] allegation of dangerousness in connection with visitation rather than competing claims for legal or physical custody, fewer of [the father’s] medical records would be relevant and material.” See, e.g., McMahon v. McMahon, 1 Mass. App. Ct. 647, 650 (1973) (where father sought modification of visitation, but not custody, GAL investigator appointed pursuant to G. L. c. 215, § 56A; provisions of G. L. c. 233, § 20B[e], applicable).
We think that the case must be remanded to clarify the status of the father’s visitation. If the father pursues visitation, it will be open to the judge to determine the limits, if any, to be placed on the father’s visitation. Rolde v. Rolde, 12 Mass. App. Ct. 398, 406 (1981). At that time, “[discretion allows the judge, when determining the best interests of children, to consider the widest range of permissible evidence, including the reports and testimony of a court appointed investigator or G.A.L., evidence of the history of the relationship between [each] child and each [785]*785parent, evidence of each parent’s present home environment and over-all fitness to further the child’s best interests,” as well as other factors. Ardizoni v. Raymond, 40 Mass. App. Ct. 734, 738 (1996).
2. Access to the father’s medical and psychiatric records. In the interest of judicial economy, we consider the father’s claim that the judge improperly delegated the task of examining his medical and psychiatric records to the GAL.
The father principally seeks the protection afforded by the psychotherapist-patient privilege, G. L. c. 233, § 20B.9 The statute provides that, “in any court proceeding and in any proceeding preliminary thereto . . . , a patient shall have the privilege of refusing to disclose, and of preventing a witness from disclosing, any communication, wherever made, between said patient and a psychotherapist relative to the diagnosis or treatment of the patient’s mental or emotional condition. This privilege shall apply to patients engaged with a psychotherapist in marital therapy, family therapy, or consultation in contemplation of such therapy.” G. L. c. 233, § 20B, as amended through St. 1990, c. 177, § 361.
Section 20B contains an exception that is relevant here: “The privilege granted hereunder shall not apply to any of the following communications: ...(e) In any case involving child custody ... in which, upon a hearing in chambers, the judge, in the exercise of his discretion, determines that the psychotherapist has evidence bearing significantly on the patient’s ability to provide suitable care or custody, and that it is more important to the welfare of the child that the communication be disclosed than that the relationship between patient and psychotherapist be protected.” See McMahon v. McMahon, 1 Mass. App. Ct. at 649-650 (applying G. L. c. 233, § 20B[e], to issue of visitation).
Relying on the wording of that exception, the father argues that after he produced all the records previously ordered by the judge, the judge improperly allowed the GAL access, thereby delegating the judge’s statutory duty to conduct an in camera review of those records. We agree. General Laws c. 233, § 20B, [786]*786specifically states that the judge must exercise his or her discretion in making the privilege determination. See Custody of a Minor (No. 3), 16 Mass. App. Ct. 998, 1002 (1983). If the volume of material produced in discovery is overly burdensome, the judge may appoint a separate GAL or a discovery master to aid in the process.10 See generally G. L. c. 215, § 56A; Mass.R.Dom.Rel.P. 26(f) (2000); Mass.R.Dom.Rel.P. 53 (1997).
However, before the judge undertakes such an endeavor, the father has an obligation to assert the privilege. Petitions of the Dept, of Social Servs. to Dispense with Consent to Adoption, 399 Mass. 279, 290 n.21 (1987), and cases cited. “[Sjome action by the patient or client is necessary to ‘exercise’ the privilege therein created. The privilege is not self-executing.” Commonwealth v. Oliveira, 438 Mass. 325, 331 (2002). “The actual assertion of the privilege is a requirement of the statute, not a meaningless formality or a foregone conclusion.” Id. at 335. “Absent an affirmative assertion of the privileges established by G. L. c. 233, § 20B, ... the court must treat such records as if they were unprivileged.” Id. at 337. Upon the assertion of a privilege, the judge should inspect the records in camera to determine the applicability of the privilege. See Commonwealth v. Clancy, 402 Mass. 664, 666 n.2 (1988).
Requiring the father and his counsel to designate those records that may contain privileged information is not an onerous task. It is obvious that many of the documents will not contain protected information. “While the scope of this privilege is broad, it does not cover all hospital records concerning nonpsychiatric admissions simply because some psychiatric information appears in the hospital record.[11] The records are privileged if they contain the communications or notes of communications [787]*787between the patient and a psychotherapist.” Petitions of the Dept. of Social Servs. to Dispense with Consent to Adoption, 399 Mass. at 287. Ultimately, “[t]he exercise of the privilege established by ... § 20B . . . does not preclude admission of such parts of a psychiatric record as are ‘conclusions based on objective indicia rather than on communications from the [patient].’ Adoption of Abigail, 23 Mass. App. Ct. 191, 198-199 (1986).” Adoption of Seth, 29 Mass. App. Ct. 343, 353 (1990). See Adoption of Saul, 60 Mass. App. Ct. 546, 551-553 (2004) (diagnostic terms, without more, are not privileged).
Conclusion. The status of the father’s claim for visitation should be clarified. If there is no genuine issue of visitation, then there is no basis for an order requiring disclosure of the father’s medical or psychiatric records. If there is a genuine issue regarding visitation, then the judge must make a determination whether the medical and psychiatric records are relevant to the resolution of the terms of visitation. The judge should issue an order, reasonably tailored in time, for the father to produce the records.12 The father may then segregate the records he alleges are privileged and make an appropriate claim of privilege supported by affidavit. It is the judge’s responsibility then to determine whether the records are privileged and, if so, whether their relevance and importance to the welfare of the children outweigh the privilege. If the judge determines that privileged material should be disclosed to the GAL, he or she may enter such an order with appropriate limitations on its disclosure and orders of confidentiality.
The order dated January 11, 2006, is vacated, and the matter is remanded to the Probate and Family Court for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
So ordered.