Steout, J.
The defendant Hussey was decreed bankrupt on March 8, 1901. March 1, 1893, he obtained a policy of insurance upon his life, which was in force when he became bankrupt and is' still in force. His wife, Lizzie L. Hussey, was the beneficiary named in it. By its terms, the amount insured was to be paid to Charles E. Hussey, or his assigns if he survived twenty years — or if ho survived his wife, then to his legal representatives or assigns. But if he did not survive twenty years, and his wife survived him, then the amount was payable to her. It also contained provision for surrender at certain times according to the “cash surrender values” indorsed thereon. Lizzie L. Hussey was divorced from her husband, and afterwards, on July 10, 1900, executed an assignment of all her interest in the policy to her former husband, Charles. August 10, 1900, Charles assigned to his daughter, Edith G. Gove, one of the [441]*441defendants, provided she be living at the time of his death, all his right to the sum insured “in event of death,” but not assigning the endowment to her if he survived twenty years.
Plaintiff, as trustee in bankruptcy of Charles, claims to hold this policy, or its surrender value at the date of bankruptcy. Whether it is to be regarded as assets in the hands of the plaintiff^ is the question presented.
By It. S., of Maine, c. 75, § 10, “money received for insurance on his life, deducting the premiums paid therefor within three years with interest, does not constitute a part of his estate for payment of debts .... when the intestate leaves a widow or issue,” but descends to the widow and issue, or if no Avidow to the issue. “It may be disposed of by Avill, even if the estate is insolvent.” Charles has a daughter, Mrs. Gove.
By E. S., of Maine, c. 49, § 94, “life and accident policies, and the money due thereon are exempt from attachment, and from all claims of creditors during the life of the insured, when the annual cash premium paid does not exceed one hundred and fifty dollars, etc.”
Under these statutes it is beyond question, that if the policy is Avithin them it could not be reached by creditors under the laAvs of' this State.
By the bankrupt act of 1898, c. 541, § 6, it is provided that “this act shall not affect the allowance to bankrupts of the exemptions Avhich are prescribed by the State laAvs in force at the time of the filing of the petition in the State Avherever they have had their domicile for the six months or the greater portion thereof immediately preceding the filing of the petition.” This provision pervades and qualifies the Avhole act and is to be read into all its subsequent language. It is equivalent to saying that, Avliatever general expressions may appear in other parts of the statute, they must all be taken subject to this unqualified expression.
By section 70 of the same act it is provided that the trustee of the bankrupt shall “be vested by operation of law with the title of the bankrupt .... except in so far as it is to property which is [442]*442exempt/’ to various enumerated kinds of property, and, fifth, to “property which prior to the filing of the petition he could by any means have transferred, or which might have been levied upon and sold under judicial process against him.” If this clause five should be given literal effect, it would destroy all exemptions specially provided for in section six of the act. It must be construed in the light of the term in the earlier part of the same section, which excepts exempted property, manifestly referring to the exemption in section six.'
This construction harmonizes section 6 and that part of section 70 with the evident legislative intention. There immediately follows in section 70 the language “provided that when any bankrupt shall have any insurance policy which has a cash surrender value payable to himself, his estate or personal representatives, he may within thirty days after the cash surrender value has been ascertained and stated to the trustee by the company issuing the policy, pay or secure to the trustee the sum so ascertained and stated, and continue to hold, own and carry such policy free from the claims of the creditors participating in the distribution of his estate under the bankruptcy proceeding, otherwise the policy shall pass to the trustee as assets.”
The policy in this case had a surrender value to Charles, at each successive five years after its date. The plaintiff claims under the recited proviso.
Arbitrary rules for the construction of statutes afford slender aid in their consideration, and not infrequently mislead. To so construe the different provisions of a statute so as to produce a harmonious whole, in accord with the apparent legislative intent, is the object aimed at, and to be accomplished, if it can be done consistently with its terms, although detached sentences or paragraphs may indicate a different view.
In this statute, in section six, there is expressly exempted from the operation of the act, the exemptions given by the State. Later in section 70, which defines the property passing to the trustee, it is prefaced with the statement, “except in so far as it is to property which is exempt”, and then follows, in the same section, all subject to the exemption, the property which he might have conveyed, and the provisions as to life policies. On reading the section, the intention [443]*443appears to be clear, that all its terms apply only to property not exempt by the State laws.
Instead of enlarging the rights to property in the trustee, this proviso further qualifies and limits them. But for it, in states where life policies are not-exempted, and no beneficiary is named, the entire interest in the insurance would pass to the trustee. But the proviso limits the amount to .go to the creditors to the “surrender value,” reserving to the bankrupt an interest he would not otherwise retain. The proviso is in the interest of the bankrupt, and not in that of his creditors; for whether payable to his estate at death, or as an endowment to the insured after a definite period of years, only its cash surrender value at the time of bankruptcy is secured to the creditors, and the ultimate fund, if an endowment policy, is retained by the bankrupt, and if an ordinary life policy,- to the beneficiary, if any— if not, to the heirs of the insured.
This construction of the statute will give effect to the apparent intention of Congress, and harmonize all sections of the act, and escape an otherwise unavoidable conflict between sections 6 and 70.
Ve do not find that this question has been passed upon by the Supreme Court of the United States, but there are several decisions of the District and Circuit Courts which are not in harmony. These decisions of learned judges are entitled to great respect, but are not conclusive upon this court.
In re Lange, 91 Fed. Rep. 361, where the insurance was by an endowment policy, which by the laws of Iowa was exempt, the District Court held that the surrender value went to the trustee, but in this case we think sufficient weight was not given to the language of the first part of section 70, or the imperative language of section 6. Section 70 in defining the property passing to the trustee, says the title of the bankrupt passes to the trustee, “except so far as it is to property which is exempt ”, (which exemption is defined in section 6) to all the then following enumerated species of property.
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Steout, J.
The defendant Hussey was decreed bankrupt on March 8, 1901. March 1, 1893, he obtained a policy of insurance upon his life, which was in force when he became bankrupt and is' still in force. His wife, Lizzie L. Hussey, was the beneficiary named in it. By its terms, the amount insured was to be paid to Charles E. Hussey, or his assigns if he survived twenty years — or if ho survived his wife, then to his legal representatives or assigns. But if he did not survive twenty years, and his wife survived him, then the amount was payable to her. It also contained provision for surrender at certain times according to the “cash surrender values” indorsed thereon. Lizzie L. Hussey was divorced from her husband, and afterwards, on July 10, 1900, executed an assignment of all her interest in the policy to her former husband, Charles. August 10, 1900, Charles assigned to his daughter, Edith G. Gove, one of the [441]*441defendants, provided she be living at the time of his death, all his right to the sum insured “in event of death,” but not assigning the endowment to her if he survived twenty years.
Plaintiff, as trustee in bankruptcy of Charles, claims to hold this policy, or its surrender value at the date of bankruptcy. Whether it is to be regarded as assets in the hands of the plaintiff^ is the question presented.
By It. S., of Maine, c. 75, § 10, “money received for insurance on his life, deducting the premiums paid therefor within three years with interest, does not constitute a part of his estate for payment of debts .... when the intestate leaves a widow or issue,” but descends to the widow and issue, or if no Avidow to the issue. “It may be disposed of by Avill, even if the estate is insolvent.” Charles has a daughter, Mrs. Gove.
By E. S., of Maine, c. 49, § 94, “life and accident policies, and the money due thereon are exempt from attachment, and from all claims of creditors during the life of the insured, when the annual cash premium paid does not exceed one hundred and fifty dollars, etc.”
Under these statutes it is beyond question, that if the policy is Avithin them it could not be reached by creditors under the laAvs of' this State.
By the bankrupt act of 1898, c. 541, § 6, it is provided that “this act shall not affect the allowance to bankrupts of the exemptions Avhich are prescribed by the State laAvs in force at the time of the filing of the petition in the State Avherever they have had their domicile for the six months or the greater portion thereof immediately preceding the filing of the petition.” This provision pervades and qualifies the Avhole act and is to be read into all its subsequent language. It is equivalent to saying that, Avliatever general expressions may appear in other parts of the statute, they must all be taken subject to this unqualified expression.
By section 70 of the same act it is provided that the trustee of the bankrupt shall “be vested by operation of law with the title of the bankrupt .... except in so far as it is to property which is [442]*442exempt/’ to various enumerated kinds of property, and, fifth, to “property which prior to the filing of the petition he could by any means have transferred, or which might have been levied upon and sold under judicial process against him.” If this clause five should be given literal effect, it would destroy all exemptions specially provided for in section six of the act. It must be construed in the light of the term in the earlier part of the same section, which excepts exempted property, manifestly referring to the exemption in section six.'
This construction harmonizes section 6 and that part of section 70 with the evident legislative intention. There immediately follows in section 70 the language “provided that when any bankrupt shall have any insurance policy which has a cash surrender value payable to himself, his estate or personal representatives, he may within thirty days after the cash surrender value has been ascertained and stated to the trustee by the company issuing the policy, pay or secure to the trustee the sum so ascertained and stated, and continue to hold, own and carry such policy free from the claims of the creditors participating in the distribution of his estate under the bankruptcy proceeding, otherwise the policy shall pass to the trustee as assets.”
The policy in this case had a surrender value to Charles, at each successive five years after its date. The plaintiff claims under the recited proviso.
Arbitrary rules for the construction of statutes afford slender aid in their consideration, and not infrequently mislead. To so construe the different provisions of a statute so as to produce a harmonious whole, in accord with the apparent legislative intent, is the object aimed at, and to be accomplished, if it can be done consistently with its terms, although detached sentences or paragraphs may indicate a different view.
In this statute, in section six, there is expressly exempted from the operation of the act, the exemptions given by the State. Later in section 70, which defines the property passing to the trustee, it is prefaced with the statement, “except in so far as it is to property which is exempt”, and then follows, in the same section, all subject to the exemption, the property which he might have conveyed, and the provisions as to life policies. On reading the section, the intention [443]*443appears to be clear, that all its terms apply only to property not exempt by the State laws.
Instead of enlarging the rights to property in the trustee, this proviso further qualifies and limits them. But for it, in states where life policies are not-exempted, and no beneficiary is named, the entire interest in the insurance would pass to the trustee. But the proviso limits the amount to .go to the creditors to the “surrender value,” reserving to the bankrupt an interest he would not otherwise retain. The proviso is in the interest of the bankrupt, and not in that of his creditors; for whether payable to his estate at death, or as an endowment to the insured after a definite period of years, only its cash surrender value at the time of bankruptcy is secured to the creditors, and the ultimate fund, if an endowment policy, is retained by the bankrupt, and if an ordinary life policy,- to the beneficiary, if any— if not, to the heirs of the insured.
This construction of the statute will give effect to the apparent intention of Congress, and harmonize all sections of the act, and escape an otherwise unavoidable conflict between sections 6 and 70.
Ve do not find that this question has been passed upon by the Supreme Court of the United States, but there are several decisions of the District and Circuit Courts which are not in harmony. These decisions of learned judges are entitled to great respect, but are not conclusive upon this court.
In re Lange, 91 Fed. Rep. 361, where the insurance was by an endowment policy, which by the laws of Iowa was exempt, the District Court held that the surrender value went to the trustee, but in this case we think sufficient weight was not given to the language of the first part of section 70, or the imperative language of section 6. Section 70 in defining the property passing to the trustee, says the title of the bankrupt passes to the trustee, “except so far as it is to property which is exempt ”, (which exemption is defined in section 6) to all the then following enumerated species of property. The opinion also treats the proviso as to insurance policies, as an independent, positive and controlling enactment, unaffected by the exception which applies to all the after enumerated property. This case, and that of Steele, 98 Fed. Rep. 78, were reversed by the Circuit [444]*444Court in Steele v. Buel, 104 Fed. Rep. 968. In re Boardman, 103 Fed. Rep. 783, the policy was an endowment one. The case arose on petition of the bankrupt for an order upon the trustee who had possession of the policy to deliver it to him. In denying the petition upon the ground that the trustee had some interest in the policy, the district judge cited with approval Diack’s case, 100 Fed. Rep. 770. In that case, the policy was an endowment, payable to the assured, if he survived fifteen years, “or should he die before, then to his wife, if living, if not, then to ” the insured’s personal representatives. For some years Mrs. Diack paid the premiums, and it was held that “as the trustee cannot require Mrs. Diack, either to accept a paid-up policy, or to suffer the policy to lapse and thus obtain immediate payment of the surrender value, the bankrupt should be required, unless Mrs. Diack shall elect to surrender, to execute an assignment to the trustee of his interest in the surrender value of the policy, which “should be made payable out of the proceeds of the policy when it matures, or whenever sooner paid.” The case does not discuss the construction of the bankrupt act which is presented to us.
In re Scheld, 104 Fed. Rep. 870, 52 L. R. A. 188, in the ninth circuit, it was held that policies payable to the bankrupt or his personal representatives, passed to the trustee under section 70, but that policies payable to wife or children did not pass.
In re Slingluff, 106 Fed. Rep. 154, a case in Maryland, in which State a policy like that before the court was not exempt by the State law — it was rightly held that it passed to the trustee.
In re Holden, 113 Fed. Rep. 142, the court held to the doctrine of the Scheld case.
In re Welling, 113 Fed. Rep. 189, policies of insurance were not exempt by the laws of the State. The case^ therefore is not an authority upon the question under consideration.
In Steele v. Buel, 104 Fed. Rep. 968, three Circuit'judges sitting, Caldwell, Circuit judge, delivered an able and well considered opinion in which is adopted the same construction of the statute we have given it. We do not see how any other construction can obtain, without doing violence to the language of the act and the evident intention of Congress.
[445]*445Plaintiff claims that the assignment to Mrs. Gove is invalid, as a fraud against creditors. This contention cannot be sustained. The policy is a combination life and endowment. When issued the amount insured was payable to Hussey, the insured, if he survived twenty years; but if not, then it was payable to his then wife Lizzie. When she assigned her interest to Mr. Hussey, the policy then became payable to him, if he survived the endowment period, otherwise to his personal representatives or assigns. The policy authorized an assignment, and the company’s promise to pay was to the parties named, or assigns. The assignment to Mrs. Gove is not of the whole policy, as it might have been, but only of the right to the fund, if the assured shall die before the endowment period of twenty years. If he survives that, he receives the money, and Mrs. Gove gets nothing. The right thus assigned had no surrender value— that remained to the assured for the endowment period, — it had no value as to creditors, for it was absolutely exempt from their claims, under the bankrupt act and the State statute. It was entirely competent for Mr. Hussey to make that assignment, practically a designation of a new beneficiary — his creditors are not harmed and cannot complain — but after the assignment to Mrs. Gove, and filing with the company a copy, as required by it, she became the rightful and legal owner of the insurance, if Mr. Hussey shall, not survive the endowment period. If he does, she takes nothing. Even as heir the result would be the same, or it could have been accomplished by will of Mr. Hussey.
The contract of the insurance company was “at the end of the fifth and every subsequent fifth year from date of issue, the cash value specified in table of cash surrender values indorsed hereon will be paid for this policy, provided it shall be in force under its original conditions, and is legally surrendered thereafter to the home office within thirty days from the close of such period.” The date of the policy was March 1, 1893. The first surrender period was on March 1, 1898, but the policy was not then surrendered, and that right to surrender was lost. The next period will arrive March 1, 1903, but the bankruptcy occurred March 8, 1901. At that date the policy had no surrender value which the company was bound to [446]*446recognize. The parties have agreed that notwithstanding this, it has been the- custom of the company to allow a surrender at any time. The surrender value referred to in section 70 of the bankrupt act refers only to the contract right of surrender, and not to the result of a negotiation, or act of- grace. If the company has been in the habit of accepting a surrender at other than the contract periods, it is not bound to continue the practice. What it may have done as an act of grace, it is under no obligation to continue. It may at any time fall back upon its contract. Under that the policy had no surrender value at the date of the bankruptcy. In re Welling, 113 Fed. Rep. 192.
But if this were not so, the transfer to Mrs. Gove of the insurance, in the event of the death of the assured before the expiration of the endowment period, invested her with the right of an assignee, and entitled her, under the terms of the policy, to receive the amount insured, if the death of the assured occurred before the end of the endowment period. All the cases hold that section 70 does not include policies payable to a wife or kindred of the assured, but only applies to policies payable to the assured or his personal representatives. After the assignment to Mrs. Gove, the policy, in the event of death within the endowment period, was payable to her, the daughter. The bill must be dismissed.
So ordered.