MB. JUSTICE SMITH
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action for damages alleged to have been occasioned by the negligent misconduct of the defendant in suffering a defect to exist in one of its streets, whereby plaintiff was injured. The subject matter of the controversy was once before in this court. (See Pullen v. City of Butte, 38 Mont. 194, 21 L. R. A., n. s., 42, 99 Pac. 290.) After that case was remanded, it was retried, and a verdict rendered in favor of the defendant. Counsel for the latter failed for more than six months to demand that judgment be entered or to have judgment entered upon the verdict, whereupon counsel for the plaintiff procured the following judgment to be entered by the court: “This cause came on regularly for trial on the eighteenth day of March, 1909. A jury [52]*52of twelve persons was regularly impaneled and sworn to try the said action. Witnesses on the part of plaintiff and defendant were sworn and examined. After hearing the evidence, the arguments of counsel, and instructions of the court, the jury retired to consider of their verdict, and subsequently returned into court, and, being called, answered to their names, and say, ‘We, the jury in this cause, find a verdict for the defendant and against the plaintiff,’ which verdict was returned and filed on the twentieth day of May, 1909. It appearing to the court herein that more than six months has elapsed since the rendition and filing of said verdict, and that the defendant has neglected to demand and have judgment entered for more than six months, and no judgment having been entered herein and more than six months having elapsed since the rendition and filing of said verdict, the said action was, on motion of counsel for the plaintiff, by the court herein dismissed on the thirteenth day of December, 1909. Wherefore, - by virtue of the law and by reason of the premises aforesaid, it is ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the said action be and the same is dismissed.” This action was subsequently begun by filing a complaint in which it is alleged inter alia that the negligence of the defendant consisted in allowing a certain sidewalk “to be in an unsafe, dangerous, and defective condition, which condition consisted of a dangerous uprise of about six inches, from an old plank sidewalk, to a new cement sidewalk, at which junction of the sidewalks at the said upraise the defendant had carelessly, negligently, and in a manner dangerous to pedestrians placed and fastened an old plank across the entire width of said plank sidewalk, which plank sidewalk was at this place warped, sagged, and uneven, and the said old plank extended up from the plank sidewalk and formed a part of the said upraise at the junction of the plank and cement sidewalk as aforesaid; that, by reason of the carelessness and negligence of the defendant as aforesaid, the plaintiff while walking along said public sidewalk was tripped and thrown violently to the sidewalk,” etc. Plaintiff had judgment for $5,000, and defendant [53]*53appeals from tbe judgment and an order denying its motion for a new trial.
1. The first error of which complaint is made is predicated upon the action of the court in allowing the witness Saltry to answer [1] the following question: “ I will ask you if you know whether or not the old sidewalk was ever, after September 1, 1907, raised up so .that it came level with the cement sidewalk?” The question was objected to as immaterial. The Court: “The objection is overruled. The court doesn’t admit it for the purpose of showing negligence, but for the purpose of showing the condition of affairs at the time, on September 1.” “A. "Why, a few days after some men came over and fixed it; that is, they raised it and made it even with the cement sidewalk, went back about three inches and gave it a little raise, a little pitch, to make it even. I don’t know how long after, some time, a few days after, I think.” It is a general rule that the negligence which renders a person responsible for an accident depends upon what he did and knew before the accident, and such negligence must be established by facts and circumstances which preceded it, and not by acts done after its occurrence. The only objection urged against the question was that it was immaterial. The court was of opinion that it tended to throw some light upon the physical conditions existing at the time of the accident and expressly limited the testimony to that point, stating distinctly that it was not admitted for the purpose of showing negligence. Under the circumstances, we find no reversible error in the ruling. (Dow v. Sunset T. & F. Co., 157 Cal. 182, 106 Pac. 587.) Great care should be exercised, however, in admitting this sort of testimony and in guarding against its effect, lest the jury get the notion that evidence of subsequent changes or repairs is evidence or confession of prior negligence.
2. The witness Griffith was asked whether McCormick, who was an employee of the streets department in Butte, visited the place [2] after September 1. The question was objected to as immaterial, but, as the witness answered in effect that he did not know, the matter is not of any importance.
[54]*543. Over the objection of the defendant, the plaintiff was permitted to show that other persons had stumbled at the point where she was alleged to have received her injuries. There is a conflict of authority as to whether such testimony is admissible; but this court has, in effect, held that it is proper evidence, not [3] only of the dangerous character of the place, but as bearing upon the question of constructive notice to the city. (See Leonard v. City of Butte, 25 Mont. 410, 65 Pac. 425; O’Flynn v. City of Butte, 36 Mont. 493, 93 Pac. 643.) Mr. Justice Field, speaking for the supreme court of the United States, in District of Columbia v. Armes, 107 U. S. 519, 27 L. Ed. 618, 2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 840, said: “The frequency of accidents at a particular place would seem to be good evidence of its dangerous character — at least, it is some evidence to that effect. Persons are not wont to seek such places, and do not willingly fall into them.”
4. Objection is made that some leading questions propounded by plaintiff’s counsel were allowed to be answered; but we find no abuse of the court’s discretion in this regard.
5. The witness Saltry was asked by counsel for the defendant in cross-examination: “I will ask you if in your testimony before [4] you said one word about a ragged or jagged plank being down there?” An objection was sustained to the question, but we find on further examination of his testimony that he subsequently answered substantially the same interrogatory.
6. Over the objection of the defendant, plaintiff’s counsel introduced in evidence a certain ordinance 'of the city of Butte [5] defining the duties of the stréet commissioner, city marshal, and all policemen. It is now claimed that, before such ordinance could be introduced, it must have been specially pleaded. The testimony was competent as bearing up on the question of constructive notice to the city (see O’Flynn v. City of Butte, supra); but the particular objection urged here was not made in the trial court.
7.
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MB. JUSTICE SMITH
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an action for damages alleged to have been occasioned by the negligent misconduct of the defendant in suffering a defect to exist in one of its streets, whereby plaintiff was injured. The subject matter of the controversy was once before in this court. (See Pullen v. City of Butte, 38 Mont. 194, 21 L. R. A., n. s., 42, 99 Pac. 290.) After that case was remanded, it was retried, and a verdict rendered in favor of the defendant. Counsel for the latter failed for more than six months to demand that judgment be entered or to have judgment entered upon the verdict, whereupon counsel for the plaintiff procured the following judgment to be entered by the court: “This cause came on regularly for trial on the eighteenth day of March, 1909. A jury [52]*52of twelve persons was regularly impaneled and sworn to try the said action. Witnesses on the part of plaintiff and defendant were sworn and examined. After hearing the evidence, the arguments of counsel, and instructions of the court, the jury retired to consider of their verdict, and subsequently returned into court, and, being called, answered to their names, and say, ‘We, the jury in this cause, find a verdict for the defendant and against the plaintiff,’ which verdict was returned and filed on the twentieth day of May, 1909. It appearing to the court herein that more than six months has elapsed since the rendition and filing of said verdict, and that the defendant has neglected to demand and have judgment entered for more than six months, and no judgment having been entered herein and more than six months having elapsed since the rendition and filing of said verdict, the said action was, on motion of counsel for the plaintiff, by the court herein dismissed on the thirteenth day of December, 1909. Wherefore, - by virtue of the law and by reason of the premises aforesaid, it is ordered, adjudged, and decreed that the said action be and the same is dismissed.” This action was subsequently begun by filing a complaint in which it is alleged inter alia that the negligence of the defendant consisted in allowing a certain sidewalk “to be in an unsafe, dangerous, and defective condition, which condition consisted of a dangerous uprise of about six inches, from an old plank sidewalk, to a new cement sidewalk, at which junction of the sidewalks at the said upraise the defendant had carelessly, negligently, and in a manner dangerous to pedestrians placed and fastened an old plank across the entire width of said plank sidewalk, which plank sidewalk was at this place warped, sagged, and uneven, and the said old plank extended up from the plank sidewalk and formed a part of the said upraise at the junction of the plank and cement sidewalk as aforesaid; that, by reason of the carelessness and negligence of the defendant as aforesaid, the plaintiff while walking along said public sidewalk was tripped and thrown violently to the sidewalk,” etc. Plaintiff had judgment for $5,000, and defendant [53]*53appeals from tbe judgment and an order denying its motion for a new trial.
1. The first error of which complaint is made is predicated upon the action of the court in allowing the witness Saltry to answer [1] the following question: “ I will ask you if you know whether or not the old sidewalk was ever, after September 1, 1907, raised up so .that it came level with the cement sidewalk?” The question was objected to as immaterial. The Court: “The objection is overruled. The court doesn’t admit it for the purpose of showing negligence, but for the purpose of showing the condition of affairs at the time, on September 1.” “A. "Why, a few days after some men came over and fixed it; that is, they raised it and made it even with the cement sidewalk, went back about three inches and gave it a little raise, a little pitch, to make it even. I don’t know how long after, some time, a few days after, I think.” It is a general rule that the negligence which renders a person responsible for an accident depends upon what he did and knew before the accident, and such negligence must be established by facts and circumstances which preceded it, and not by acts done after its occurrence. The only objection urged against the question was that it was immaterial. The court was of opinion that it tended to throw some light upon the physical conditions existing at the time of the accident and expressly limited the testimony to that point, stating distinctly that it was not admitted for the purpose of showing negligence. Under the circumstances, we find no reversible error in the ruling. (Dow v. Sunset T. & F. Co., 157 Cal. 182, 106 Pac. 587.) Great care should be exercised, however, in admitting this sort of testimony and in guarding against its effect, lest the jury get the notion that evidence of subsequent changes or repairs is evidence or confession of prior negligence.
2. The witness Griffith was asked whether McCormick, who was an employee of the streets department in Butte, visited the place [2] after September 1. The question was objected to as immaterial, but, as the witness answered in effect that he did not know, the matter is not of any importance.
[54]*543. Over the objection of the defendant, the plaintiff was permitted to show that other persons had stumbled at the point where she was alleged to have received her injuries. There is a conflict of authority as to whether such testimony is admissible; but this court has, in effect, held that it is proper evidence, not [3] only of the dangerous character of the place, but as bearing upon the question of constructive notice to the city. (See Leonard v. City of Butte, 25 Mont. 410, 65 Pac. 425; O’Flynn v. City of Butte, 36 Mont. 493, 93 Pac. 643.) Mr. Justice Field, speaking for the supreme court of the United States, in District of Columbia v. Armes, 107 U. S. 519, 27 L. Ed. 618, 2 Sup. Ct. Rep. 840, said: “The frequency of accidents at a particular place would seem to be good evidence of its dangerous character — at least, it is some evidence to that effect. Persons are not wont to seek such places, and do not willingly fall into them.”
4. Objection is made that some leading questions propounded by plaintiff’s counsel were allowed to be answered; but we find no abuse of the court’s discretion in this regard.
5. The witness Saltry was asked by counsel for the defendant in cross-examination: “I will ask you if in your testimony before [4] you said one word about a ragged or jagged plank being down there?” An objection was sustained to the question, but we find on further examination of his testimony that he subsequently answered substantially the same interrogatory.
6. Over the objection of the defendant, plaintiff’s counsel introduced in evidence a certain ordinance 'of the city of Butte [5] defining the duties of the stréet commissioner, city marshal, and all policemen. It is now claimed that, before such ordinance could be introduced, it must have been specially pleaded. The testimony was competent as bearing up on the question of constructive notice to the city (see O’Flynn v. City of Butte, supra); but the particular objection urged here was not made in the trial court.
7. It is claimed that the complaint does not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, for the reason that “the [6] admitted inequality of from four to six inches in the abut[55]*55ting ends of the cement and plank walks does not constitute such a defect in itself dangerous as would subject the city to liability.” The following cases are cited in support of counsel’s position, viz.: Weisse v. City of Detroit, 105 Mich. 482, 63 N. W. 423; Yotter v. City of Detroit, 107 Mich. 4, 64 N. W. 743; Morgan v. City of Lewiston, 91 Me. 566, 40 Atl. 545; Raymond v. City of Lowell, 6 Cush. (Mass.) 524, 53 Am. Dec. 57. In these cases the courts held as a matter of law that the walks in question were “reasonably safe,” although in each ease the plaintiff was injured by falling over a rise in the walk. We have not followed this line of authorities in Montana. The case of Leonard v. City of Butte, supra, is, in principle, analogous to the one at bar. There the court held that whether there is in fact a defect in the walk is a question for the jury—citing City of Centralia v. Baker, 36 Ill. App. 46; Cromarty v. City of Boston, 127 Mass. 329, 34 Am. Rep. 381; Sullivan v. City of Oshkosh, 55 Wis. 508, 13 N. W. 468; McClosky v. Moies, 19 R. I. 297, 33 Atl. 225; Sams v. Inhabitants of Great Barrington, 169 Mass. 271, 47 N. E. 881; Todd v. City of Troy, 61 N. Y. 506. In the case of Metz v. City of Butte, 27 Mont. 506, 71 Pac. 761, this court, by Mr. Justice Holloway, said: “All the facts and circumstances being before them, it was a question for the jury to determine whether or not the step or offset in the sidewalk constituted such a defect as the city, in the exercise of ordinary care and prudence, should have remedied.”
8. During the course of the trial, plaintiff offered in evidence a certain notice of injury theretofore given to the city. It was objected to for the reason “that it does not advise the city council of the time when and the place where the accident occurred. ’ ’ The notice is not open to this objection; but it is now urged [7] that there was not any evidence “to prove who signed the notice and no evidence that it was signed in behalf of Mrs. Pul-len.” The notice is signed, “Lewis A. Smith, Attorney for Mrs. Henrietta Pullen.” The statute provides that “the person so alleged to be injured, or some one in his behalf, shall give notice to the city.” (Rev. Codes, sec. 3289.) We think this notice is [56]*56sufficient, as having been given in behalf of the plaintiff by her attorney. We take judicial notice that Mr. Smith is an attorney [8] and officer of the court in good standing and the presumption attaches that his acts are regular and by authority, especially in the absence of an objection specifically calling attention to the point sought to be raised.
9. It is contended that there is a fatal variance between the allegations of the complaint and the plaintiff’s testimony touching the manner of the accident. To illustrate the point, we have [9] heretofore quoted that portion of the complaint in which plaintiff alleged that “while walking along said sidewalk she was tripped and thrown violently down. ” It is now argued that her testimony shows that she was not tripped by the upraise, but that her foot was caught in a hole, and thereby held fast. We do not so construe her testimony. She said: “I came down the old plank walk to the cement walk. That’s where I fell, when I came to that. The cement walk was higher. Walking fast, I ran my foot under that board. I couldn’t see whether the board was lying on the ground. It had. my foot fast and throwed me right on my right side. My foot caught under the plank. ” We think this testimony substantiates the allegation that she was tripped. It does not show, as counsel suggest, that she stepped into a hole. If she had done so, that, perhaps, would disclose a different ground of negligence from the one pleaded. We think it may fairly be said that she was tripped and thrown to the ground by reason of getting her foot caught under the plank alleged in the complaint to have been negligently placed at the junction of the two sidewalks. The old plank or board under which she caught her foot and by which she was tripped, formed a part of the upraise.
10. Another contention of the appellant is that the first action commenced by the plaintiff was decided against her on the merits, and therefore she cannot prosecute this cause, for the reason that the matter is res adjudicata between the parties. The statute [10] by virtue of which the first action was dismissed provides that “an action may be dismissed; * * * by the court, [57]*57wben after verdict * * * the party entitled to judgment neglects to demand and have the same entered for more than six months.” (Rev. Codes, sec. 6714.) Because this statute applies to both plaintiffs and defendants, its entire purpose is not plain. It is not difficult to see why an action should be dismissed when the plaintiff neglects for more than six months to have judgment entered on a verdict in his favor. The reason is that it is the policy of the law to put a speedy end to litigation, and, under such circumstances, a plaintiff may fairly be deemed to have abandoned the fruits of his victory. But why should an action be dismissed on account of the fact that a defendant neglects to enter judgment on a verdict 1 The only legitimate reason which occurs to us is that the legislature intended to punish the defendant for sleeping on his rights by making it possible for the plaintiff to begin a new action. In either case the action of the court is in the nature of a penalty. Judgment of dismissal so entered is in no sense a judgment upon the merits. The judgment pleaded in the answer shows on its face that it is not a judgment on the verdict, as such, and the fact that the plaintiff caused the same to be entered, as she had a right to do under the statute, is no evidence that she intended thereby to voluntarily abandon her claim against the city. On the contrary, her course in that regard manifests an intention to take advantage of her statutory right to begin a new action. The court could not enlarge her rights by inserting in the judgment a notation that the cause was dismissed without prejudice. (See Glass v. Basin & Bay State Min. Co., 34 Mont. 88, 85 Pac. 746.)
11. We think the verdict is excessive. Plaintiff is now sixty-three [11] years of age. As a result of her fall, her arm was broken, and she was considerably hurt and bruised. For eight or ten months she was unable to use her hand. During this time she suffered pain, and still suffers occasionally. When her "arm gets tired, she is unable to use it. It gets numb, and she is obliged to bathe it with hot water. Dr. Moore testified: “The injury is permanent. She will never entirely regain the use of her arm. In old people an injury of that kind would be likely to cause [58]*58pain and suffering for a period of four or five years, and it is very likely that pain would continue as the result of such an injury as this to a person of Mrs. Pullen’s age. The suffering might be the result of both rheumatism and the broken bones. The result of the setting of the bones was very satisfactory. The bones knit slowly but véry satisfactorily — perfect union. There is an atrophy of the muscles. While the bones knit perfectly, the muscles have not returned to their former condition,- otherwise the hand is in perfect condition. It is very common in elderly people to suffer from rheumatism in broken bone joints.”
The cause is remanded to the district court of Silver Bow county, with directions to grant a new trial unless within thirty days after the remittitur is filed with the clerk of that court the respondent shall file her written consent that the judgment for damages may be reduced to $3,000. If such consent is given, the judgment shall be modified accordingly as of the date of its original entry, and, together with the order denying a new trial, will stand affirmed. That part of the judgment relating to costs in the court below is not to be disturbed. Despondent to recover costs on appeal.
MR. Chief Justice Brantly and Mr. Justice Holloway concur.