(PS) Ramirez v. County of El Dorado

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 WILLIAM RAMIREZ AND STACEY No. 2:18-cv-00632-KJM-CKD PS RAMIREZ, 12 Plaintiff, 13 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS v. AND ORDER 14 COUNTY OF EL DORADO, ET AL., 15 Defendant. 16 17 Before the court is defendants’ motion for summary judgment. (ECF No. 39.) Plaintiffs 18 have filed an opposition, (ECF No. 50), and defendants have filed a reply. (ECF No. 53.) Upon 19 review of the documents in support and opposition, the court finds as follows: 20 BACKGROUND 21 This case arises from plaintiffs’ eviction from their home located at 1678 Tionontatu 22 Street, South Lake Tahoe, California 96150. On June 6, 2017, plaintiffs’ landlord filed an 23 unlawful detainer action against them in California Superior Court. (ECF No. 39-3 at 4.) 24 Judgment was entered for the landlord on August 1, 2017, and a notice to vacate with a writ of 25 possession was served on plaintiffs the next day. The writ, however, listed an incorrect lockout 26 date, and so a second writ was issued and served on plaintiffs several days later. Before the 27 scheduled lockout date, plaintiffs filed a motion to stay execution of the writ and vacate the 28 judgment, arguing that the amount of damages awarded to the landlord was incorrect. The court 1 and the landlord agreed there was a miscalculation, and so, on August 22, 2017, the court 2 amended its judgment to reflect the proper damages figure and issued a third writ of possession. 3 This third writ was never served on plaintiffs. 4 On August 30, 2017, plaintiffs claim that they were awoken by a loud knock followed by, 5 “Sheriff’s Department, you need to open the door or we will break it down! We have guns!” 6 (ECF No. 1 ¶ 10(g).) Plaintiffs opened the door and the officers told them that they were being 7 evicted pursuant to the writ of possession. Plaintiffs attempted to explain that they were never 8 served with the third writ, they had no notice a lockout date was scheduled, and, consequently, 9 the officers could not lawfully evict them. The officers proceeded with the eviction. Plaintiffs 10 were given approximately twenty minutes to load their vehicle with whatever belongings they 11 could fit before being ordered to leave the premises. Plaintiffs left behind numerous items, as 12 well as their animals (two dogs, four cats, and a bird). (ECF No. 39-1 at 115:16-23.) Although 13 the details are disputed, plaintiffs left the animals with some understanding that they would be 14 taken by Animal Services and could be claimed later. (ECF No. 39-1 at 113:16-115:12.) 15 An Animal Services officer impounded the animals later that day. (ECF No. 39-1 at 16 112:13-113:22.) The officer posted a notice of seizure on plaintiffs’ door, (ECF No. 39-3), but 17 because plaintiffs had already been evicted, they never received it. Nevertheless, Animal 18 Services were in touch with plaintiffs that same day via telephone and multiple times thereafter. 19 Several weeks passed and plaintiffs never claimed their animals. On September 14, 2017, Animal 20 Services located plaintiffs and personally served them with a letter stating that the deadline to 21 request a post-seizure hearing had lapsed, and that if plaintiffs did not pay the seizure fees and 22 claim their animals within fourteen days, then the animals would be become the property of El 23 Dorado County. (ECF No. 39-3.) It is unclear whether plaintiffs ever recovered their animals. 24 Sometime after the eviction, plaintiffs returned to their former residence to reclaim their 25 left-behind belongings. Plaintiffs contend that the landlord was placing unlawful conditions on 26 the return of plaintiffs’ personal property, such as charging inflated storage fees, and ultimately 27 plaintiffs called the Sheriff’s Department. Two officers arrived at the scene, and after speaking 28 with plaintiffs and the landlord, concluded that the dispute was a civil matter and plaintiffs would 1 need to seek relief in court. (ECF No. 39-3 at 203:4-6.) 2 Meanwhile, plaintiffs continued to contest the legality of their eviction in the unlawful 3 detainer action. The state trial court denied plaintiffs’ post-trial motions and affirmed its finding 4 that plaintiffs’ eviction was lawful. Plaintiffs filed a notice of appeal and a petition for a writ of 5 mandate with the El Dorado County Superior Court Appeals Division, seeking to reverse the trial 6 court’s decision and reclaim possession of their residence based on allegedly defective service of 7 the third writ. In both cases the appellate courts held that plaintiffs were evicted pursuant to a 8 valid writ of possession. Plaintiffs petitioned the California Supreme Court for a writ of 9 certiorari, which was denied. (ECF No. 39-3.) 10 On March 23, 2018—while the state court appeals were still pending—plaintiffs filed the 11 instant civil rights action against El Dorado County, the El Dorado County Sheriff’s Department, 12 the El Dorado County Animal Services Department, and eleven El Dorado County officers. (ECF 13 No. 1.) The eleven officers are sued both in their official and individual capacities, and they can 14 be grouped into five categories: (1) Deputies Gerhart and Elledge, who were present at the 15 eviction; (2) Sergeant Seligsohn and Deputy Harwood, who were present when plaintiffs 16 attempted to reclaim their personal property from their landlord; (3) Chief Brzezinski, Captain 17 Shaw, and Lieutenant Petri, who were the Animal Services officers that spoke with plaintiffs 18 about their impounded animals; (4) Sheriff’s Civil Clerk Arellano and Civil Manager Saindon, 19 who spoke with plaintiffs about the various writs of possession; and (5) Commissioner Hoffman, 20 who presided over plaintiffs’ unlawful detainer trial.1 Plaintiffs have sued all of the defendants 21 under 42 U.S.C. section 1983, alleging violations of plaintiffs’ Fourth and Fourteenth 22 Amendment rights. Plaintiffs have also asserted claims under 42 U.S.C. sections 1985 and 1986, 23 as well as state law claims for violating the California Constitution and California’s Bane Act. 24 Defendants ask this court to enter summary judgment against all of plaintiffs’ claims. 25 ///// 26

27 1 This court previously dismissed plaintiffs’ causes of action and request for injunctive relief against Commissioner Hoffman because they ran afoul of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. (ECF 28 Nos. 4, 10.) 1 LEGAL STANDARD 2 Summary judgment is appropriate when it is demonstrated that there “is no genuine 3 dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. 4 Civ. P. 56(a). A party asserting that a fact cannot be disputed must support the assertion by 5 “citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents, 6 electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations, stipulations (including those made for 7 purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials. . . .” Fed. R. 8 Civ. P. 56(c)(1)(A). 9 Summary judgment should be entered, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, 10 against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element 11 essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. See 12 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). “[A] complete failure of proof concerning an 13 essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” 14 Id. 15 If the moving party meets its initial responsibility, the burden then shifts to the opposing 16 party to establish that a genuine issue as to any material fact actually does exist. See Matsushita 17 Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). In attempting to establish the 18 existence of this factual dispute, the opposing party may not rely upon the allegations or denials 19 of their pleadings but is required to tender evidence of specific facts in the form of affidavits, 20 and/or admissible discovery material, in support of its contention that the dispute exists or show 21 that the materials cited by the movant do not establish the absence of a genuine dispute. See Fed. 22 R. Civ. P. 56(c); Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586 n.11. The opposing party must demonstrate that the 23 fact in contention is material, i.e., a fact that might affect the outcome of the suit under the 24 governing law, see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986); T.W. Elec. Serv., 25 Inc. v. Pacific Elec. Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir. 1987), and that the dispute is 26 genuine, i.e., the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving 27 party, see Wool v. Tandem Computers, Inc., 818 F.2d 1433, 1436 (9th Cir. 1987). 28 In the endeavor to establish the existence of a factual dispute, the opposing party need not 1 establish a material issue of fact conclusively in its favor. It is sufficient that “the claimed factual 2 dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties’ differing versions of the truth at 3 trial.” T.W. Elec. Serv., 809 F.2d at 631. Thus, the “purpose of summary judgment is to ‘pierce 4 the pleadings and to assess the proof in order to see whether there is a genuine need for trial.’” 5 Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e) advisory committee’s note on 1963 6 amendments). 7 In resolving the summary judgment motion, the evidence of the opposing party is to be 8 believed. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. All reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the 9 facts placed before the court must be drawn in favor of the opposing party. See Matsushita, 475 10 U.S. at 587. Nevertheless, inferences are not drawn out of the air, and it is the opposing party’s 11 obligation to produce a factual predicate from which the inference may be drawn. See Richards 12 v. Nielsen Freight Lines, 602 F. Supp. 1224, 1244-45 (E.D. Cal. 1985), aff’d, 810 F.2d 898, 902 13 (9th Cir. 1987). Finally, to demonstrate a genuine issue, the opposing party “must do more than 14 simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts . . . . Where the record 15 taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no 16 ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (citation omitted). 17 DISCUSSION 18 Plaintiffs assert seven causes of action: (1) violations of their Fourth and Fourteenth 19 Amendment rights under 42 U.S.C. section 1983; (2) unlawful practice or custom under 42 20 U.S.C. section 1983; (3) conspiracy to deny plaintiffs due process and subject them to unlawful 21 seizures under 42 U.S.C. section 1985(2); (4) conspiracy to deny plaintiffs’ equal protection of 22 the law under 42 U.S.C. section 1985(3); (5) failure to prevent a conspiracy under 42 U.S.C. 23 section 1986; (6) violations of the California Constitution; and (5) violations of California’s 24 “Bane Act.” (ECF No. 1.) Plaintiffs base their causes of action on four instances of allegedly 25 wrongful conduct: (1) the unlawful eviction; (2) the officers’ threats of firearms during the 26 eviction; (3) the officers’ failure to order the landlord to follow the law after the eviction; and (4) 27 the improper seizure of plaintiffs’ animals. 28 As discussed below, the court lacks jurisdiction to consider plaintiffs’ causes of action to 1 the extent they are based on the allegedly unlawful eviction. The court does, however, have 2 jurisdiction to consider plaintiffs’ causes of action to the extent they are based on the other three 3 instances of wrongful conduct. Nevertheless, all of plaintiffs’ causes of action should be 4 dismissed because the evidence fails to raise any genuine dispute of material fact. 5 A. To the extent plaintiffs’ causes of action are based on an unlawful eviction, their 6 causes of action are barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. 7 Under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine, a federal district court lacks jurisdiction to hear de 8 facto appeals of state court judgments and issues inextricably intertwined with those judgments. 9 A de facto appeal exists when “a federal plaintiff asserts as a legal wrong an allegedly erroneous 10 decision by a state court, and seeks relief from a state court judgment based on that decision.” 11 Noel v. Hall, 341 F.3d 1148, 1164 (9th Cir. 2003). When a de facto appeal exists, the district 12 court “must also refuse to decide any issue raised in the suit that is inextricably intertwined with 13 an issue resolved by the state court in its judicial decision.” Id. at 1158. An issue is “inextricably 14 intertwined” where “the relief requested in the federal action would effectively reverse the state 15 court decision or void its ruling.” Cooper v. Ramos, 704 F.3d 772, 779 (9th Cir. 2012); see also 16 Doe & Assocs. Law Offices v. Napolitano, 252 F.3d 1026, 1030 (9th Cir. 2001) (“Where the 17 district court must hold that the state court was wrong in order to find in favor of the plaintiff, the 18 issues presented to both courts are inextricably intertwined.”). 19 Here, plaintiffs’ suit constitutes a de facto appeal to the extent it is based on an allegedly 20 unlawful eviction. Plaintiffs repeatedly argue that “an illegal lockout [was] performed without 21 the benefit of a valid writ of possession,” (ECF No. 50 at 10:12.), and specifically ask this court 22 to “correct” the state court’s ruling that the eviction was lawful. (ECF No. 1 ¶ 16.) This court 23 has no jurisdiction to review the state court’s ruling on the writ of possession, and thus plaintiffs’ 24 causes of action are barred to the extent they require a finding that the eviction was unlawful.2 25 See Busch v. Torres, 905 F. Supp. 766, 771–72 (C.D. Cal. 1995) (holding that due process and 26 2 Defendants separately contend that the doctrines of collateral estoppel and res judicata preclude 27 plaintiffs from arguing that the lockout was illegal. Defendants may be correct. But because the court finds that it lacks jurisdiction to consider such allegations under the Rooker-Feldman 28 doctrine, it does not decide whether collateral estoppel or res judicata also apply. 1 unlawful seizure claims against sheriff’s officials for enforcing writ of possession constituted a 2 “challenge to the state court judgment” and were barred by Rooker-Feldman); Cupp v. Straley, 3 No. 15-CV-01565-JD, 2015 WL 4735212, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 10, 2015) (holding that due 4 process and unlawful seizure claims against Sonoma County were inextricably intertwined with 5 the state court’s issuance of the writ of possession); Duenas v. Freitas, No. C:13–0836 SBA, 2013 6 WL 3298249, at *3–4 (N.D. Cal. Jun. 28, 2013) (holding that the court lacked jurisdiction where 7 federal claims depended on finding state court’s writ of possession was invalid). 8 To be clear, this conclusion does not dispense with any of plaintiffs’ causes of action; it 9 merely dispenses with one of the factual theories plaintiffs rely on to support their causes of 10 action.3 Plaintiffs’ other factual theories—i.e., that the officers threatened them with guns during 11 the eviction, that the officers refused to order the landlord to follow the law, and that Animal 12 Services improperly seized plaintiffs’ animals—are not barred by Rooker-Feldman, because they 13 may state a claim for relief regardless of whether the eviction was carried out pursuant to a valid 14 writ. Thus, the court will not consider plaintiffs’ allegations concerning the validity of the writ or 15 the lawfulness of the eviction when analyzing the merits of plaintiffs’ causes of action. 16 B. Plaintiffs’ section 1983 claims 17 Plaintiffs assert 42 U.S.C. section 1983 claims against both the municipal officers and the 18 municipal entities for allegedly violating plaintiffs’ constitutional rights under the Fourth and 19 Fourteenth Amendments. Section 1983 allows plaintiffs to sue “persons” who violate federal 20 constitutional or statutory rights while acting under color of state law. Devereaux v. Abbey, 263 21 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001); Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989). For the 22 reasons below, plaintiffs’ section 1983 claims should be dismissed. 23 1. Plaintiffs’ section 1983 claims against the municipal officers 24 Plaintiffs have sued the municipal officers in both their official and personal capacities. 25

3 This true for all of plaintiffs’ causes of action except the actions against Civil Clerk Arellano 26 and Civil Manager Saindon. Plaintiffs’ causes of action against these defendants are based 27 entirely on their role in “helping to set in play the actions which saw [plaintiffs] removed from their home illegally.” (ECF No. 50-1 at 8-9.) Thus, plaintiffs’ causes of action against these two 28 officers are barred under the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. 1 As a threshold matter, plaintiffs’ official-capacity claims are redundant with plaintiffs’ claims 2 against the municipal entities. “[W]hen both a municipal officer and a local government entity 3 are named, and the officer is named only in an official capacity, the court may dismiss the officer 4 as a redundant defendant.” Ctr. for Bio-Ethical Reform, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cty. Sheriff Dep’t, 5 533 F.3d 780, 799 (9th Cir. 2008); see Vance v. Cty. of Santa Clara, 928 F. Supp. 993, 996 (N.D. 6 Cal. 1996) (“[I]f individuals are being sued in their official capacity as municipal officials and the 7 municipal entity itself is also being sued, then the claims against the individuals are duplicative 8 and should be dismissed.”). Because plaintiffs have sued the municipal entities and the municipal 9 officers in their official capacities, plaintiffs’ official-capacity claims are redundant and should be 10 dismissed. See Vance, 928 F. Supp. at 996 (dismissing redundant official-capacity claims sua 11 sponte pursuant to the in forma pauperis statute). 12 Plaintiffs’ personal-capacity claims against the officers can be grouped into three 13 categories: (1) a claim against Gerhart and Elledge for allegedly threatening plaintiffs with guns 14 during the eviction; (2) a claim against Seligsohn and Harwood for allegedly failing to take action 15 against plaintiffs’ former landlord during the post-eviction property dispute; and (3) a claim 16 against the Animal Services officers for allegedly failing to serve plaintiffs with a proper notice of 17 seizure of their animals. Each of these claims fail because either the officers are protected by 18 qualified immunity or the evidence fails to raise a genuine dispute of material fact. 19 i. The section 1983 claim against Gerhart and Elledge 20 Plaintiffs allege that Gerhart and Elledge violated plaintiffs’ rights under the Fourth 21 Amendment by announcing that they “had guns” during the eviction. (ECF No. 1 ¶ 13.) 22 Plaintiffs’ allegations may be construed to assert a claim for use of excessive force in enforcing 23 the writ of possession. 24 The court does not need to decide whether Gerhart’s and Elledge’s conduct actually 25 constituted excessive force, because it finds that the deputies are entitled to qualified immunity. 26 Police officers are entitled to qualified immunity if either (1) the facts taken in the light most 27 favorable to the party asserting the injury show that the officers’ conduct did not violate a 28 constitutional right, or (2) the right was not clearly established at the time of the alleged violation. 1 Thompson v. Rahr, 885 F.3d 582, 586 (9th Cir. 2018). In Gerhart’s and Elledge’s case, the 2 constitutional right at issue was not clearly established. 3 For a right to be “clearly established,” existing “precedent must have placed the statutory 4 or constitutional question beyond debate,” such that “every” reasonable official, not just “a” 5 reasonable official, would have understood that he was violating a clearly established right. Id. at 6 587 (emphasis original). “Thus, the ‘dispositive question’ is “whether the violative nature of 7 particular conduct is clearly established.” Id. 8 The court cannot conclude that every reasonable officer in Gerhart and Elledge’s position 9 would have known that announcing they possess guns while ordering an individual to open the 10 door during an eviction violated the constitution. Existing precedent does not establish “beyond 11 debate” that an officer may use excessive force by announcing he possesses a firearm. To the 12 contrary, the court has not identified any precedent suggesting that reference to a holstered 13 weapon can amount to excessive force under the Fourth Amendment. 14 To be sure, the Ninth Circuit has clearly established the right of civilians who pose no 15 danger not to have guns pointed at them by police officers. Id. (“[P]ointing guns at persons who 16 are compliant and present no danger is a constitutional violation.”); see also Robinson v. Solano 17 Cty., 278 F.3d 1007, 1015 (9th Cir. 2002) (en banc) (“[B]randishing a cocked gun in front of 18 [plaintiff’s] face” and threatening to kill him was unreasonable under these particular 19 circumstances.). But pointing a gun at someone and announcing possession of a holstered gun are 20 different. The former constitutes a more imminent and escalated threat of deadly force. 21 Here, the officers never drew their weapons or pointed them at plaintiffs. The evidence 22 affirmatively shows that, apart from the initial “we have guns” statement, there were no other 23 threats of firearms during the encounter. (ECF No. 39-3 at 90:3–10.) Thus, this case is 24 distinguishable from the Ninth Circuit cases concerning the pointing of guns. 25 Under these circumstances, plaintiffs did not have a clearly established right to be free 26 from the officers’ announcement that they “have guns.” Thus, Gerhart and Elledge are protected 27 by qualified immunity, and plaintiffs’ section 1983 claim against them should be dismissed. 28 ///// 1 ii. The section 1983 claim against Seligsohn and Harwood 2 Plaintiffs also assert a section 1983 claim against Seligsohn and Harwood for refusing “to 3 direct plaintiffs’ former landlord to operate within the bounds of California statutes dealing with 4 personal property left at a residence post-lockout.” (ECF No. 50-1 at 8.) Following the eviction, 5 plaintiffs returned to the property to reclaim their left-behind belongings, but found that their 6 former landlord had placed certain conditions on the return of the property—such as charging 7 “inflated” storage fees and requiring plaintiffs to remove certain property from the premises 8 before granting plaintiffs access to their other property. (ECF No. 1 ¶ 10(o).) Plaintiffs called the 9 police and Seligsohn and Harwood responded. After investigating the situation, the officers told 10 plaintiffs that the dispute was a civil matter and plaintiffs would need to seek relief in court. 11 (ECF No. 1 ¶ 10(o).) 12 “The general rule is that a state is not liable for its omissions.”4 Patel v. Kent Sch. Dist., 13 648 F.3d 965, 971 (9th Cir. 2011). There are two exceptions to this rule: “(1) when a ‘special 14 relationship’ exists between the plaintiff and the state (the special-relationship exception); and (2) 15 when the state affirmatively places the plaintiff in danger by acting with ‘deliberate indifference’ 16 to a ‘known or obvious danger’ (the state-created danger exception).” Id. at 971–72. The 17 “special relationship” exception applies when a state “takes a person into its custody and holds 18 him there against his will.” Id. at 972. 19 Here, there is no evidence that either of these exceptions apply. Seligsohn and Harwood 20 neither placed plaintiffs in custody, nor did they affirmatively place plaintiffs in danger. 21 Plaintiffs have therefore failed to raise a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether Seligsohn 22 and Harwood violated their federal rights by refusing to take action against the landlord. 23 Plaintiffs section 1983 claim against these officers should be dismissed. 24 iii. The section 1983 claim against Brzezinski, Shaw, and Petri 25 Finally, plaintiffs assert a section 1983 claim against Animal Services officers Brzezinski, 26

27 4 Although this rule refers to the “state,” in Patel, the Ninth Circuit applied the rule to a plaintiff’s section 1983 claim against an individual acting under color of state law. See Patel, 648 F.3d at 28 971–72. 1 Shaw, and Petri. Plaintiffs allege that these defendants violated their Fourth and Fourteenth 2 Amendment rights by seizing their animals without providing proper notice. Specifically, 3 plaintiffs allege that the officers posted the original notice of seizure to the door of plaintiffs’ 4 residence after the lockout, and thus they failed to serve plaintiffs with a notice of seizure in 5 accordance with California Penal Code section 597.1. 6 Even assuming plaintiffs were improperly served with the notice in violation of their 7 constitutional rights, neither Brzezinski, Shaw, nor Petri are the culprits. The evidence is 8 undisputed that Dawn Wood—a nonparty—was the Animal Services officer who impounded 9 plaintiffs’ pets and posted the notice of seizure on plaintiffs’ door. Brzezinski, Shaw, and Petri 10 were merely the officers who communicated with plaintiffs after the seizure. Plaintiffs’ 11 allegations are therefore inapplicable to these officers. 12 In their opposition, plaintiffs attempt to raise a different theory of liability that applies to 13 Brzezinski, Shaw, and Petri. Plaintiffs argue that these officers were “not attempting to return 14 [plaintiffs’] service animals” and “actively barring [plaintiffs] from having the original Notice of 15 Seizure . . . .” (ECF No. 50-1 at 10.) Plaintiffs, however, submit no evidence to support these 16 allegations. On the contrary, the evidence shows that these officers successfully contacted 17 plaintiffs on several occasions regarding the return of their animals. (ECF No. 39-3 at 112:13- 18 113:7, 124:22-126:12.) Thus, plaintiffs have failed to raise a genuine dispute of material fact as 19 to whether Brzezinski, Shaw, or Petri violated their constitutional rights. Plaintiffs’ section 1983 20 claim against these officers should be dismissed. 21 2. Plaintiffs section 1983 claims against the municipal entities 22 In addition to the claims against the individual officers, plaintiffs also attempt to hold El 23 Dorado County, the Sheriff’s Department, and the Animal Services Department liable under 24 section 1983.5 (ECF No. 1 ¶ 18.) A municipal entity may be held liable under section 1983 if

25 5 The law is unclear as to whether municipal departments—such as the El Dorado County Sheriff’s Department—may be properly named in a section 1983 action. Some courts have held 26 that municipal departments are not “persons” subject to section 1983 liability, while others have 27 disagreed. Compare Garcia v. City of Merced, 637 F. Supp. 2d 731, 760 (E.D. Cal. 2008) (“‘[P]ersons’ do not include municipal departments”) with Hurth v. Cty. of Los Angeles, No. CV- 28 095423-SVW-PJWX, 2009 WL 10696491, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 28, 2009) (“[T]he Sheriff’s 1 “execution of a government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those 2 whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflict[ed] the injury.” 3 Rodriguez v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 891 F.3d 776, 802–03 (9th Cir. 2018); Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. 4 Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). 5 Construing plaintiffs’ opposition liberally, they make two separate allegations of injurious 6 policies or customs. First, they appear to allege that El Dorado County (or its Sheriff’s 7 Department) had a policy or custom of either instructing or permitting deputies to make “clear 8 threats of firearm use” when enforcing writs of possession. (ECF No. 50-1 at 12:2–7.) Second, 9 they appear to allege that El Dorado County (or its Animal Services Department) had a policy or 10 custom of not properly serving animal owners with notice that their animals have been seized. 11 (ECF No. 50-1 at 12:2–7.) 12 Plaintiffs submit no evidence to support the existence of either of these policies or 13 customs. At best, the evidence shows isolated incidents of (1) deputies announcing they possess 14 guns while evicting a resident pursuant to a writ of possession, (ECF No. 39-3 at 90:3–10), and 15 (2) an Animal Services officer leaving a notice of seizure at a location where the owner never 16 received it. (ECF No. 39-3 at 112:13-113:7.) But a single unlawful act by non-policymaking 17 employees, such as those at issue here, is not sufficient to impose liability on a municipal entity 18 under section 1983. Busch v. Torres, 905 F. Supp. 766, 772 (C.D. Cal. 1995); see also Davis v. 19 City of Ellensburg, 869 F.2d 1230, 1233–34 (9th Cir.1989) (“a plaintiff cannot prove the 20 existence of a municipal policy or custom based solely on the occurrence of a single incident of 21 unconstitutional action by a non-policymaking employee”). Thus, there is no genuine factual 22 dispute as to the existence of an injurious policy or custom. Plaintiffs’ section 1983 claims 23 against the municipal entities should be dismissed. 24 C. Plaintiffs’ section 1985 and 1986 claims 25 Plaintiffs also sue the individual officers under 42 U.S.C. sections 1985(2), 1985(3), and 26 1986. Section 1985(2) prohibits conspiracies to obstruct justice, and section 1985(3) prohibits 27 Department is a suable ‘person’ under [section] 1983.”). The court does not weigh in on this 28 debate because plaintiffs’ section 1983 claims fail in either case. 1 conspiracies to deprive individuals of their rights. 42 U.S.C. § 1985. Liability under both 2 subsections requires proof of “some racial, or perhaps otherwise class-based, invidiously 3 discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ action.” See Griffin v. Brekenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 4 102 (1971). 5 Plaintiffs do not allege—and the evidence does not show—that they were targeted as a 6 member of any class, let alone a suspect class. Plaintiffs have therefore failed to raise a genuine 7 factual dispute as to this element of their section 1985 claims. See Bennett v. Cty. of Shasta, No. 8 215CV01764MCECMK, 2016 WL 3743151, at *9 (E.D. Cal. July 13, 2016) (dismissing 9 plaintiff’s section 1985(3) action because plaintiff failed to allege membership of a suspect class). 10 Additionally, because an action under section 1986 cannot survive without a valid claim 11 for relief under section 1985, plaintiffs’ section 1986 claim also fails. Trerice v. Pedersen, 769 12 F.2d 1398, 1403 (9th Cir. 1985) (“[The Ninth Circuit has] adopted the broadly accepted principle 13 that a cause of action is not provided under 42 U.S.C. § 1986 absent a valid claim for relief under 14 section 1985.”). Plaintiffs section 1985 and 1986 claims should therefore be dismissed. 15 D. Plaintiffs’ state law causes of action 16 Finally, plaintiffs assert two state law causes of action. First, they allege that the 17 individual officers violated the California Constitution Article I, sections 7 and 13 by 18 unreasonably seizing their property and depriving them of due process. As relief, plaintiffs seek 19 only monetary damages. (ECF No. 1 ¶ 36.) But sections 7 and 13 do not permit a private right of 20 action to recover monetary damages. See Cabral v. Cty. of Glenn, 624 F. Supp. 2d 1184, 1196 21 (E.D. Cal. 2009) (dismissing plaintiff’s claims because article I, sections 7 and 13 do not create 22 an action to recover money damages); Roy v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 114 F. Supp. 3d 1030, 1043 23 (C.D. Cal. 2015) (holding that article I, section 13 does not permit an action for money damages). 24 Plaintiffs’ claims under the California Constitution should therefore be dismissed. 25 Second, plaintiffs allege that the municipal entities, through their agents, violated 26 California Civil Code sections 52 and 52.1 (the “Bane Act”), which imposes liability on a person 27 who “interferes by threat, intimidation, or coercion, or attempts to interfere by threat, 28 intimidation, or coercion, with the exercise” of an individual’s constitutional rights. Cal. Civ. 1 | Code § 52.1(b). To prevail on their Bane Act claims, plaintiffs must establish not only that 2 | defendants violated their constitutional rights, but that defendants had a “specific intent” to do so. 3 | Reese v. Cty. of Sacramento, 888 F.3d 1030, 1043 (9th Cir. 2018). As discussed above, plaintiffs 4 | have not established a violation of their constitutional rights, and even if they had, plaintiffs have 5 | not submitted any evidence to support a finding of defendants’ specific intent. Thus, plaintiffs’ 6 | Bane Act claims should be dismissed as well. 7 | CONCLUSION 8 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 9 1. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment be GRANTED. 10 2. The action be DISMISSED with prejudice as to all defendants. 11 3. The Clerk of Court be directed to close this case. 12 In light of these recommendations, IT IS ALSO HEREBY ORDERED that all pleading, 13 || discovery, and motion practice in this action are STAYED pending resolution of the findings and 14 | recommendations. With the exception of objections to the findings and recommendations and 15 any non-frivolous motions for emergency relief, the court will not entertain or respond to any 16 || motions and other filings until the findings and recommendations are resolved. 17 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 18 | assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)d). Within fourteen (14) 19 || days after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 20 | objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 21 | “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any reply to the objections 22 | shall be served on all parties and filed with the court within fourteen (14) days after service of the 23 | objections. Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the 24 | District Court’s order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. □□□□□ 25 | 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 26 | Dated: April 3, 2020 i; dp. | bie 7 CAROLYN K DELANEY 28 | 17.00632.msj UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 14