1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 RENE ORTIZ, No. 2:19-cv-2098 TLN DB PS 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 WENDY TORRES, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff Rene Ortiz is proceeding in this action pro se. This matter was referred to the 18 undersigned in accordance with Local Rule 302(c)(21) and 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Pending 19 before the undersigned are plaintiff’s motion for the appointment of counsel and defendant’s 20 motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (ECF Nos. 21 7 & 10.) For the reasons stated below, plaintiff’s motion for the appointment of counsel is denied 22 and the undersigned recommends that defendant’s motion to dismiss be granted. 23 BACKGROUND 24 Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, commenced this action on September 24, 2019, by filing a 25 complaint in the Sacramento County Superior Court. (Compl. (ECF No. 1-1) at 4.1) Therein, 26 plaintiff alleges that defendant, a Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment Officer (“VR&E”), 27 1 Page number citations such as this one are to the page number reflected on the court’s CM/ECF 28 system and not to page numbers assigned by the parties. 1 at the Oakland Regional Office of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, “breached 2 our agreement, breached her fiduciary duty to assist and her Oath of Office; and failure and or 3 refusal to perform his duty(s); the defendant also committed Misprison of a Felony.” (Id. at 5.) 4 Defendant removed the matter to this court on October 17, 2019, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 5 1442(a)(1). (ECF No. 1 at 2.) On October 24, 2019, defendant filed a motion to dismiss pursuant 6 to Rule 12(b)(1) and noticed the motion for hearing before the previously assigned magistrate 7 judge.2 (ECF No. 7.) On October 29, 2019, plaintiff filed a motion seeking the appointment of 8 counsel. (ECF No. 8.) On November 1, 2019, defendant re-noticed the motion to dismiss for 9 hearing before the undersigned. (ECF No. 10.) Plaintiff filed a response to defendant’s motion to 10 dismiss on December 6, 2019. (ECF No. 11.) Defendant filed a reply on December 12, 2019. 11 (ECF No. 11.) Defendant’s motion was taken under submission on December 16, 2019. (ECF 12 No. 13.) 13 STANDARDS 14 I. Legal Standards Applicable to Motions to Dismiss Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) 15 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) allows a defendant to raise the defense, by 16 motion, that the court lacks jurisdiction over the subject matter of an entire action or of specific 17 claims alleged in the action. “A motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction may 18 either attack the allegations of the complaint or may be made as a ‘speaking motion’ attacking the 19 existence of subject matter jurisdiction in fact.” Thornhill Publ’g Co. v. Gen. Tel. & Elecs. Corp., 20 594 F.2d 730, 733 (9th Cir. 1979). 21 When a party brings a facial attack to subject matter jurisdiction, that party contends that 22 the allegations of jurisdiction contained in the complaint are insufficient on their face to 23 demonstrate the existence of jurisdiction. Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 24 (9th Cir. 2004). In a Rule 12(b)(1) motion of this type, the plaintiff is entitled to safeguards 25 similar to those applicable when a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is made. See Sea Vessel Inc. v. Reyes, 26 23 F.3d 345, 347 (11th Cir. 1994); Osborn v. United States, 918 F.2d 724, 729 n. 6 (8th Cir. 27 2 On October 31, 2020, this action was related to previously filed actions and reassigned to the 28 undersigned. (ECF No. 8.) 1 1990). The factual allegations of the complaint are presumed to be true, and the motion is granted 2 only if the plaintiff fails to allege an element necessary for subject matter jurisdiction. Savage v. 3 Glendale Union High Sch. Dist. No. 205, 343 F.3d 1036, 1039 n. 1 (9th Cir. 2003); Miranda v. 4 Reno, 238 F.3d 1156, 1157 n. 1 (9th Cir. 2001). Nonetheless, district courts “may review 5 evidence beyond the complaint without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for 6 summary judgment” when resolving a facial attack. Safe Air for Everyone, 373 F.3d at 1039. 7 When a Rule 12(b)(1) motion attacks the existence of subject matter jurisdiction, no 8 presumption of truthfulness attaches to the plaintiff’s allegations. Thornhill Publ’g Co., 594 F.2d 9 at 733. “[T]he district court is not restricted to the face of the pleadings, but may review any 10 evidence, such as affidavits and testimony, to resolve factual disputes concerning the existence of 11 jurisdiction.” McCarthy v. United States, 850 F.2d 558, 560 (9th Cir. 1988). When a Rule 12 12(b)(1) motion attacks the existence of subject matter jurisdiction in fact, plaintiff has the burden 13 of establishing that such jurisdiction does in fact exist. Thornhill Publ’g Co., 594 F.2d at 733. 14 ANALYSIS 15 I. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss 16 Defendant’s motion argues that “[d]ismissal is required because Plaintiff’s lawsuit 17 challenges the denial of Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment benefits administered by the 18 United States Department of Veterans Affairs, and judicial review is barred by the Veterans’ 19 Judicial Review Act.” (Def.’s MTD (ECF No. 10) at 2.) Defendant is correct. Pursuant to the 20 Veterans’ Judicial Review Act, (“VJRA”), “review of decisions made in the context of an 21 individual veteran’s VA benefits proceedings are beyond the jurisdiction of federal courts outside 22 the review scheme established by the VJRA.” Veterans for Common Sense v. Shinseki, 678 F.3d 23 1013, 1023 (9th Cir. 2012). 24 In this regard, “the VJRA placed responsibility for reviewing decisions made by VA 25 Regional Offices and the Board of Veterans’ Appeals in a new Article I court, the United States 26 Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims,” (“Veterans Court”). VCS, 678 F.3d at 1021. And 27 “[d]ecisions by the Veterans Court are ‘reviewed exclusively’ by the United States Court of 28 Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which ‘shall decide all relevant questions of law, including 1 interpreting constitutional and statutory provisions.’” Tunac v. United States, 897 F.3d 1197, 2 1202 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting VCS, 678 F.3d at 1022)). Moreover, “[t]he Secretary shall decide 3 all questions of law and fact necessary to a decision by the Secretary under a law that affects the 4 provision of benefits . . . . [and] the decision of the Secretary as to any such question shall be final 5 and conclusive and may not be reviewed by any other official or by any court[.]” 38 U.S.C. § 6 511.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 RENE ORTIZ, No. 2:19-cv-2098 TLN DB PS 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 WENDY TORRES, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff Rene Ortiz is proceeding in this action pro se. This matter was referred to the 18 undersigned in accordance with Local Rule 302(c)(21) and 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Pending 19 before the undersigned are plaintiff’s motion for the appointment of counsel and defendant’s 20 motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. (ECF Nos. 21 7 & 10.) For the reasons stated below, plaintiff’s motion for the appointment of counsel is denied 22 and the undersigned recommends that defendant’s motion to dismiss be granted. 23 BACKGROUND 24 Plaintiff, proceeding pro se, commenced this action on September 24, 2019, by filing a 25 complaint in the Sacramento County Superior Court. (Compl. (ECF No. 1-1) at 4.1) Therein, 26 plaintiff alleges that defendant, a Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment Officer (“VR&E”), 27 1 Page number citations such as this one are to the page number reflected on the court’s CM/ECF 28 system and not to page numbers assigned by the parties. 1 at the Oakland Regional Office of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, “breached 2 our agreement, breached her fiduciary duty to assist and her Oath of Office; and failure and or 3 refusal to perform his duty(s); the defendant also committed Misprison of a Felony.” (Id. at 5.) 4 Defendant removed the matter to this court on October 17, 2019, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 5 1442(a)(1). (ECF No. 1 at 2.) On October 24, 2019, defendant filed a motion to dismiss pursuant 6 to Rule 12(b)(1) and noticed the motion for hearing before the previously assigned magistrate 7 judge.2 (ECF No. 7.) On October 29, 2019, plaintiff filed a motion seeking the appointment of 8 counsel. (ECF No. 8.) On November 1, 2019, defendant re-noticed the motion to dismiss for 9 hearing before the undersigned. (ECF No. 10.) Plaintiff filed a response to defendant’s motion to 10 dismiss on December 6, 2019. (ECF No. 11.) Defendant filed a reply on December 12, 2019. 11 (ECF No. 11.) Defendant’s motion was taken under submission on December 16, 2019. (ECF 12 No. 13.) 13 STANDARDS 14 I. Legal Standards Applicable to Motions to Dismiss Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) 15 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) allows a defendant to raise the defense, by 16 motion, that the court lacks jurisdiction over the subject matter of an entire action or of specific 17 claims alleged in the action. “A motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction may 18 either attack the allegations of the complaint or may be made as a ‘speaking motion’ attacking the 19 existence of subject matter jurisdiction in fact.” Thornhill Publ’g Co. v. Gen. Tel. & Elecs. Corp., 20 594 F.2d 730, 733 (9th Cir. 1979). 21 When a party brings a facial attack to subject matter jurisdiction, that party contends that 22 the allegations of jurisdiction contained in the complaint are insufficient on their face to 23 demonstrate the existence of jurisdiction. Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 24 (9th Cir. 2004). In a Rule 12(b)(1) motion of this type, the plaintiff is entitled to safeguards 25 similar to those applicable when a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is made. See Sea Vessel Inc. v. Reyes, 26 23 F.3d 345, 347 (11th Cir. 1994); Osborn v. United States, 918 F.2d 724, 729 n. 6 (8th Cir. 27 2 On October 31, 2020, this action was related to previously filed actions and reassigned to the 28 undersigned. (ECF No. 8.) 1 1990). The factual allegations of the complaint are presumed to be true, and the motion is granted 2 only if the plaintiff fails to allege an element necessary for subject matter jurisdiction. Savage v. 3 Glendale Union High Sch. Dist. No. 205, 343 F.3d 1036, 1039 n. 1 (9th Cir. 2003); Miranda v. 4 Reno, 238 F.3d 1156, 1157 n. 1 (9th Cir. 2001). Nonetheless, district courts “may review 5 evidence beyond the complaint without converting the motion to dismiss into a motion for 6 summary judgment” when resolving a facial attack. Safe Air for Everyone, 373 F.3d at 1039. 7 When a Rule 12(b)(1) motion attacks the existence of subject matter jurisdiction, no 8 presumption of truthfulness attaches to the plaintiff’s allegations. Thornhill Publ’g Co., 594 F.2d 9 at 733. “[T]he district court is not restricted to the face of the pleadings, but may review any 10 evidence, such as affidavits and testimony, to resolve factual disputes concerning the existence of 11 jurisdiction.” McCarthy v. United States, 850 F.2d 558, 560 (9th Cir. 1988). When a Rule 12 12(b)(1) motion attacks the existence of subject matter jurisdiction in fact, plaintiff has the burden 13 of establishing that such jurisdiction does in fact exist. Thornhill Publ’g Co., 594 F.2d at 733. 14 ANALYSIS 15 I. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss 16 Defendant’s motion argues that “[d]ismissal is required because Plaintiff’s lawsuit 17 challenges the denial of Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment benefits administered by the 18 United States Department of Veterans Affairs, and judicial review is barred by the Veterans’ 19 Judicial Review Act.” (Def.’s MTD (ECF No. 10) at 2.) Defendant is correct. Pursuant to the 20 Veterans’ Judicial Review Act, (“VJRA”), “review of decisions made in the context of an 21 individual veteran’s VA benefits proceedings are beyond the jurisdiction of federal courts outside 22 the review scheme established by the VJRA.” Veterans for Common Sense v. Shinseki, 678 F.3d 23 1013, 1023 (9th Cir. 2012). 24 In this regard, “the VJRA placed responsibility for reviewing decisions made by VA 25 Regional Offices and the Board of Veterans’ Appeals in a new Article I court, the United States 26 Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims,” (“Veterans Court”). VCS, 678 F.3d at 1021. And 27 “[d]ecisions by the Veterans Court are ‘reviewed exclusively’ by the United States Court of 28 Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which ‘shall decide all relevant questions of law, including 1 interpreting constitutional and statutory provisions.’” Tunac v. United States, 897 F.3d 1197, 2 1202 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting VCS, 678 F.3d at 1022)). Moreover, “[t]he Secretary shall decide 3 all questions of law and fact necessary to a decision by the Secretary under a law that affects the 4 provision of benefits . . . . [and] the decision of the Secretary as to any such question shall be final 5 and conclusive and may not be reviewed by any other official or by any court[.]” 38 U.S.C. § 6 511. 7 Defendant’s motion asserts that on October 11, 2019, counsel for defendant contacted 8 plaintiff “to determine the basis for his claims,” and was informed that this action “arose from the 9 denial of VR&E benefits,” specifically “the failure to reimburse [plaintiff] for expenses related to 10 his law school coursework.” (Def.’s MTD (ECF No. 10-1) at 2.) Defendant’s motion is 11 supported by a declaration from defense counsel.3 (Frueh Decl. (ECF No. 10-2) at 2.) Plaintiff’s 12 response to defendant’s motion to dismiss simply asserts that the court “does have subject matter 13 jurisdiction over” this action because plaintiff is “still a Sensitive Seven[.]” (Pl.’s Resp. (ECF 14 No. 11) at 3.) 15 In reply, defendant has submitted a copy of “PLAINTIFF’S ACCEPTANCE OF 16 SETTLEMENT,” which plaintiff submitted to defendant. (Reply, Ex. 2 (ECF No. 12-2) at 5.) 17 The document explains that plaintiff “will Accept for Value” that “any United States office . . . . 18 contact . . . Empire Law School . . . and inform . . . that VA will pay [plaintiff’s] tuition[.]” (Id.) 19 In this regard, it appears that this action concerns plaintiff’s denial of benefits, specifically the 20 refusal to pay plaintiff’s tuition. 21 Under these circumstances, the undersigned finds that plaintiff has failed to satisfy the 22 burden of establishing the court’s jurisdiction over this action. See Johnson v. Oishi, 362 23 F.Supp.3d 843, 847 (E.D. Cal. 2019) (“The party opposing the motion has the burden of proving 24 ////
25 3 “In determining whether it has jurisdiction, a court is not restricted to the face of the pleadings, but may instead review evidence and resolve factual disputes concerning the existence of 26 jurisdiction without converting the motion into one for summary judgment.” Friends of Panamint 27 Valley v. Kempthorne, 499 F.Supp.2d 1165, 1171 (E.D. Cal. 2007); see also Gordon v. United States, 739 Fed. Appx. 408, 411 (9th Cir. 2018) (“The district court properly considered evidence 28 outside the pleadings in ruling on the Government’s Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss.”). 1 that subject matter jurisdiction does exist, and must present any necessary evidence to satisfy this 2 burden.”). 3 Accordingly, the undersigned will recommend that defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack 4 of subject matter jurisdiction be granted. See Ortiz v. Hackney, No. 2:19-cv-2089 TLN DB PS, 5 2020 WL 2319869, at *3 (E.D. Cal. May 11, 2020). 6 II. Leave To Amend 7 The undersigned has carefully considered whether plaintiff could amend the complaint to 8 state a claim over which the court would have subject matter jurisdiction. Valid reasons for 9 denying leave to amend include undue delay, bad faith, prejudice, and futility.” California 10 Architectural Bldg. Prod. v. Franciscan Ceramics, 818 F.2d 1466, 1472 (9th Cir. 1988); see also 11 Klamath-Lake Pharm. Ass’n v. Klamath Med. Serv. Bureau, 701 F.2d 1276, 1293 (9th Cir. 1983) 12 (holding that while leave to amend shall be freely given, the court does not have to allow futile 13 amendments). 14 In light of the deficiencies noted above, and the nature of plaintiff’s communications and 15 filings, the undersigned finds that it would be futile to grant plaintiff leave to amend. Therefore, 16 the undersigned will not recommend that plaintiff be granted leave to amend. 17 III. Plaintiff’s Motion to Appoint Counsel 18 As noted above, on October 29, 2019, plaintiff filed a document styled as a motion to 19 appoint counsel. (ECF No. 7.) The document seeks to “appoint -Name Withheld for Privacy-as 20 [plaintiff’s] legal representative who is also an attorney-authorized under the law to practice law 21 in the United States of America.” (Id. at 2.) Without providing the identity of the attorney 22 plaintiff wishes to represent plaintiff the court cannot evaluate plaintiff’s request. 23 Moreover, to the extent plaintiff is generally seeking the appointment of counsel plaintiff 24 is informed that federal district courts lack authority to require counsel to represent indigent 25 plaintiffs in civil cases. See Mallard v. United States Dist. Court, 490 U.S. 296, 298 (1989). The 26 court may request the voluntary assistance of counsel under the federal in forma pauperis statute, 27 but only under exceptional circumstances. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1); Terrell v. Brewer, 935 28 F.2d 1015, 1017 (9th Cir. 1991); Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1335-36 (9th Cir. 1990). wOOe 2A VV VEU YOU TERING MVVUPEPOCTI tw POO VOLE POY VV
1 | The test for exceptional circumstances requires the court to evaluate the plaintiff's likelihood of 2 || success on the merits and the plaintiff's ability to articulate his or her claims. See Wilborn v. 3 | Escalderon, 789 F.2d 1328, 1331 (9th Cir. 1986); Weygandt v. Look, 718 F.2d 952, 954 (9th Cir. 4 1983). 5 Here, because the undersigned will recommend that defendant’s motion to dismiss be 6 | granted, plaintiff's likelihood of success on the merits does not satisfy the test for exceptional 7 | circumstances. Accordingly, plaintiff's request for the appointment of counsel will be denied. 8 CONCLUSION 9 Accordingly, IT IS ORDERED that plaintiff's October 29, 2019 motion for the 10 || appointment of counsel (ECF No. 7) is denied. 11 Also, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 12 1. Defendant’s October 24, 2019 motion to dismiss (ECF No. 6), re-noticed on November 13 1, 2019, (ECF No. 10) be granted; 14 2. The complaint be dismissed without prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction; 15 | and 16 3. This action be closed. 17 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 18 | assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(). Within thirty days after 19 | being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written objections with 20 | the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned “Objections to 21 | Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any reply to the objections shall be served 22 | and filed within fourteen days after service of the objections. The parties are advised that failure 23 | to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s 24 | order. Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 25 | Dated: August 11, 2020
27 | DLB:6 DB\orders\orders.pro se\ortiz2098.mtd.f&rs ORAH BARNES oN ITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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