1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ROBERT DAVID HANSON, No. 2:19-CV-1373-WBS-DMC 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 THOMAS A. FERRARA, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, who is proceeding pro se, brings this civil action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 18 § 1983. Pending before the Court is the unopposed motion to dismiss filed by Defendants 19 Ferrrara and County of Solano. See ECF No. 26. 20 / / / 21 / / / 22 / / / 23 / / / 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 I. PLAINTIFF’S ALLEGATIONS 2 This action proceeds on plaintiff’s original complaint. See ECF No. 1. Plaintiff 3 names the following as defendants: (1) Thomas A. Ferrara, The Solano County Sheriff; (2) the 4 City of Fairfield; and (3) the County of Solano. See id. at 2. Defendant City of Fairfield was 5 dismissed on October 21, 2020. See ECF No. 33. 6 Plaintiff alleges that “[t]he Sheriff of Solano County, at the Justice Center 7 Detention Facility, in the City of Fairfield, . . . knowingly violated the constitutional and civil 8 rights of Plaintiff.” Id. at pg. 3 (underlining in original). According to Plaintiff, Defendants 9 implemented a policy or procedure which denied him access to counsel while in pre-trial custody. 10 See id. Plaintiff claims that, the day following his arraignment in state court on felony charges, 11 unnamed sheriff’s deputies directed Plaintiff to accompany them to the attorney room for a visit 12 with his counsel, Michi Yamammoto, Esq., who had been appointed to represent Plaintiff in his 13 criminal case. See id. at ¶¶ 20-21. Plaintiff claims that the attorney room has a monitor hanging 14 on the wall that is “always live.” Id. at ¶¶ 27-28. Plaintiff also asserts that “Attorney Booths” 15 located in the hallways are not soundproof and are inches away from stationed deputies, thereby 16 rendering them inadequate for confidential meetings with counsel. See id. at ¶¶ 37-38 and 48. 17 Plaintiff claims that these conditions violated his rights to counsel and access to 18 the courts. See id. at ¶¶ 42 and 48. 19 20 II. STANDARD FOR MOTION TO DISMISS 21 In considering a motion to dismiss, the court must accept all allegations of material 22 fact in the complaint as true. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93-94 (2007). The court must 23 also construe the alleged facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Scheuer v. Rhodes, 24 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974); see also Hosp. Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hosp. Trustees, 425 U.S. 738, 740 25 (1976); Barnett v. Centoni, 31 F.3d 813, 816 (9th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). All ambiguities or 26 doubts must also be resolved in the plaintiff's favor. See Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 27 421 (1969). However, legally conclusory statements, not supported by actual factual allegations, 28 need not be accepted. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949-50 (2009). In addition, pro se 1 pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. See Haines v. 2 Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972). 3 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only “a short and plain statement 4 of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief” in order to “give the defendant fair 5 notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp v. Twombly, 6 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)). However, in order 7 to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain 8 more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual 9 allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Id. at 555-56. The 10 complaint must contain “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 11 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the 12 court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” 13 Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but 14 it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (quoting 15 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “Where a complaint pleads facts that are ‘merely consistent with’ a 16 defendant’s liability, it ‘stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility for entitlement 17 to relief.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). 18 In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court generally may not consider materials 19 outside the complaint and pleadings. See Cooper v. Pickett, 137 F.3d 616, 622 (9th Cir. 1998); 20 Branch v. Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 453 (9th Cir. 1994). The court may, however, consider: (1) 21 documents whose contents are alleged in or attached to the complaint and whose authenticity no 22 party questions, see Branch, 14 F.3d at 454; (2) documents whose authenticity is not in question, 23 and upon which the complaint necessarily relies, but which are not attached to the complaint, see 24 Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 2001); and (3) documents and materials 25 of which the court may take judicial notice, see Barron v. Reich, 13 F.3d 1370, 1377 (9th Cir. 26 1994). 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Finally, leave to amend must be granted “[u]nless it is absolutely clear that no 2 amendment can cure the defects.” Lucas v. Dep’t of Corr., 66 F.3d 245, 248 (9th Cir. 1995) (per 3 curiam); see also Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). 4 5 III. DISCUSSION 6 In their motion to dismiss, Defendants Ferrara and the County of Solano argue: 7 (1) Plaintiff fails to allege sufficient facts to show a violation of his constitutional rights; and 8 (2) even if Plaintiff sufficiently alleges a constitutional violation, Plaintiff fails to allege 9 sufficient facts to state a claim against Defendant County of Solano. See ECF No. 26-1. 10 A. Violation of a Constitutional Right 11 At a minimum, to state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the plaintiff must allege a 12 violation of rights protected by the constitution or created by federal statute. See Crumpton v. 13 Gates, 947 F.2d 1418, 1420 (9th Cir. 1991); see also Pistor v. Garcia, 791 F.3d 1104, 1114 (9th 14 Cir. 2015). The threshold question in any § 1983 action is whether the plaintiff has alleged a 15 constitutional or statutory violation. See Estate of Imrie v. Golden Gate Bridge Highway and 16 Transp. Dist., 282 F. Supp.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 ROBERT DAVID HANSON, No. 2:19-CV-1373-WBS-DMC 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 THOMAS A. FERRARA, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, who is proceeding pro se, brings this civil action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. 18 § 1983. Pending before the Court is the unopposed motion to dismiss filed by Defendants 19 Ferrrara and County of Solano. See ECF No. 26. 20 / / / 21 / / / 22 / / / 23 / / / 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 I. PLAINTIFF’S ALLEGATIONS 2 This action proceeds on plaintiff’s original complaint. See ECF No. 1. Plaintiff 3 names the following as defendants: (1) Thomas A. Ferrara, The Solano County Sheriff; (2) the 4 City of Fairfield; and (3) the County of Solano. See id. at 2. Defendant City of Fairfield was 5 dismissed on October 21, 2020. See ECF No. 33. 6 Plaintiff alleges that “[t]he Sheriff of Solano County, at the Justice Center 7 Detention Facility, in the City of Fairfield, . . . knowingly violated the constitutional and civil 8 rights of Plaintiff.” Id. at pg. 3 (underlining in original). According to Plaintiff, Defendants 9 implemented a policy or procedure which denied him access to counsel while in pre-trial custody. 10 See id. Plaintiff claims that, the day following his arraignment in state court on felony charges, 11 unnamed sheriff’s deputies directed Plaintiff to accompany them to the attorney room for a visit 12 with his counsel, Michi Yamammoto, Esq., who had been appointed to represent Plaintiff in his 13 criminal case. See id. at ¶¶ 20-21. Plaintiff claims that the attorney room has a monitor hanging 14 on the wall that is “always live.” Id. at ¶¶ 27-28. Plaintiff also asserts that “Attorney Booths” 15 located in the hallways are not soundproof and are inches away from stationed deputies, thereby 16 rendering them inadequate for confidential meetings with counsel. See id. at ¶¶ 37-38 and 48. 17 Plaintiff claims that these conditions violated his rights to counsel and access to 18 the courts. See id. at ¶¶ 42 and 48. 19 20 II. STANDARD FOR MOTION TO DISMISS 21 In considering a motion to dismiss, the court must accept all allegations of material 22 fact in the complaint as true. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93-94 (2007). The court must 23 also construe the alleged facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Scheuer v. Rhodes, 24 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974); see also Hosp. Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hosp. Trustees, 425 U.S. 738, 740 25 (1976); Barnett v. Centoni, 31 F.3d 813, 816 (9th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). All ambiguities or 26 doubts must also be resolved in the plaintiff's favor. See Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 27 421 (1969). However, legally conclusory statements, not supported by actual factual allegations, 28 need not be accepted. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949-50 (2009). In addition, pro se 1 pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. See Haines v. 2 Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972). 3 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only “a short and plain statement 4 of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief” in order to “give the defendant fair 5 notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp v. Twombly, 6 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)). However, in order 7 to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain 8 more than “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual 9 allegations sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Id. at 555-56. The 10 complaint must contain “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Id. at 11 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the 12 court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” 13 Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. “The plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but 14 it asks for more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (quoting 15 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “Where a complaint pleads facts that are ‘merely consistent with’ a 16 defendant’s liability, it ‘stops short of the line between possibility and plausibility for entitlement 17 to relief.” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557). 18 In deciding a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court generally may not consider materials 19 outside the complaint and pleadings. See Cooper v. Pickett, 137 F.3d 616, 622 (9th Cir. 1998); 20 Branch v. Tunnell, 14 F.3d 449, 453 (9th Cir. 1994). The court may, however, consider: (1) 21 documents whose contents are alleged in or attached to the complaint and whose authenticity no 22 party questions, see Branch, 14 F.3d at 454; (2) documents whose authenticity is not in question, 23 and upon which the complaint necessarily relies, but which are not attached to the complaint, see 24 Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 2001); and (3) documents and materials 25 of which the court may take judicial notice, see Barron v. Reich, 13 F.3d 1370, 1377 (9th Cir. 26 1994). 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Finally, leave to amend must be granted “[u]nless it is absolutely clear that no 2 amendment can cure the defects.” Lucas v. Dep’t of Corr., 66 F.3d 245, 248 (9th Cir. 1995) (per 3 curiam); see also Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc). 4 5 III. DISCUSSION 6 In their motion to dismiss, Defendants Ferrara and the County of Solano argue: 7 (1) Plaintiff fails to allege sufficient facts to show a violation of his constitutional rights; and 8 (2) even if Plaintiff sufficiently alleges a constitutional violation, Plaintiff fails to allege 9 sufficient facts to state a claim against Defendant County of Solano. See ECF No. 26-1. 10 A. Violation of a Constitutional Right 11 At a minimum, to state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the plaintiff must allege a 12 violation of rights protected by the constitution or created by federal statute. See Crumpton v. 13 Gates, 947 F.2d 1418, 1420 (9th Cir. 1991); see also Pistor v. Garcia, 791 F.3d 1104, 1114 (9th 14 Cir. 2015). The threshold question in any § 1983 action is whether the plaintiff has alleged a 15 constitutional or statutory violation. See Estate of Imrie v. Golden Gate Bridge Highway and 16 Transp. Dist., 282 F. Supp. 2d 1145, 1148 (N. Dist. Cal. 2003); see also County of Sacramento 17 v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 841 n.5 (1998). Defendants argue Plaintiff fails to allege facts 18 sufficient to show either a violation of his right to counsel or access to the courts. 19 1. Right to Counsel 20 Defendants in criminal actions have the right to private consultation with counsel 21 under the Sixth Amendment. See Nordstrom v. Ryan, 856 F.3d 1265 (9th Cir. 2017). To 22 adequately plead a violation of the rights to counsel, the plaintiff must allege that a person acting 23 under color of law deliberately interfered with the confidential relationship with counsel and that 24 such interference resulted in substantial prejudice. See id. at 1271. Government intrusion alone 25 is insufficient because the right to counsel is only violated when substantial prejudice also 26 occurs. See id.; see also Navarro v. Adams, 419 F. Supp. 2d 1196, 1201 (D. Dist. Cal. 2006). 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 Defendants argue:
2 Here, HANSON's allegations fail to satisfy either of these requirements. First, HANSON has failed to allege that Solano County 3 Defendants deliberately interfered with his confidential relationship with his counsel. Instead, at most, the allegations suggest that the technology 4 implemented in the Attorney Room and physical nature of the Attorney Booths may have incidentally interfered with the private nature of 5 HANSON's communications with his attorney. HANSON has failed to set forth allegations demonstrating that there was a deliberate interference by 6 Solano County Defendants with HANSON's confidential relationship with his counsel. Conclusory allegations are simply not enough to survive a 7 motion to dismiss. Further, HANSON has not adequately alleged how the alleged intrusions by Solano County Defendants have substantially 8 prejudiced him. HANSON only repeats in broad and conclusory fashion throughout the Complaint that his constitutional civil rights were violated, 9 without detailing whatsoever how the alleged wrongdoings have actually impacted him. (ECF No. 1, ¶¶26, 50) In fact, the record indicates that at 10 least at some point, HANSON was no longer even in jail custody. (See ECF No. 5). 11 ECF No. 26-1, pg. 5. 12 13 Defendants’ argument, which Plaintiff does not oppose, is persuasive. Plaintiff 14 has not alleged any facts to show that Defendant Ferrrara or any deputy under his direction 15 deliberately interfered with Plaintiff’s ability to confidentially communicate with defense 16 counsel. Moreover, Plaintiff has not alleged that he was prejudiced, let alone substantially 17 prejudiced. Because it is possible that Plaintiff can allege facts to show deliberate interference 18 which resulted in substantial prejudice, Plaintiff should be provided an opportunity to amend. 19 2. Access to the Courts 20 Prisoners and pre-trial detainees have a First Amendment right of access to the 21 courts. See Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 346 (1996); Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 821 22 (1977); Bradley v. Hall, 64 F.3d 1276, 1279 (9th Cir. 1995) (discussing the right in the context of 23 prison grievance procedures); see also O’Neal v. San Bernardino Cty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 2014 WL 24 2938508, at *1 (C. Dist. Cal. 2014) (discussing pre-trial detainees). This right includes 25 petitioning the government through the prison grievance process. See id. Prison officials are 26 required to “assist inmates in the preparation and filing of meaningful legal papers by providing 27 prisoners with adequate law libraries or adequate assistance from persons trained in the law.” 28 Bounds, 430 U.S. at 828. The right of access to the courts, however, only requires that prisoners 1 have the capability of bringing challenges to sentences or conditions of confinement. See Lewis, 2 518 U.S. at 356-57. Moreover, the right is limited to non-frivolous criminal appeals, habeas 3 corpus actions, and § 1983 suits. See id. at 353 n.3 & 354-55. Therefore, the right of access to 4 the courts is only a right to present these kinds of claims to the court, and not a right to discover 5 claims or to litigate them effectively once filed. See id. at 354-55. 6 As a jurisdictional requirement flowing from the standing doctrine, the prisoner 7 must allege an actual injury. See id. at 349. “Actual injury” is prejudice with respect to 8 contemplated or existing litigation, such as the inability to meet a filing deadline or present a non- 9 frivolous claim. See id.; see also Phillips v. Hust, 477 F.3d 1070, 1075 (9th Cir. 2007). Delays in 10 providing legal materials or assistance which result in prejudice are “not of constitutional 11 significance” if the delay is reasonably related to legitimate penological purposes. Lewis, 518 12 U.S. at 362. 13 Defendants argue:
14 In his Complaint, HANSON has not alleged any non-frivolous legal attack of his upon a conviction, sentence, or condition of 15 confinement that was frustrated or impeded. Moreover, HANSON has not adequately pled any actual injury that resulted from such frustration or 16 impediment. In fact, as mentioned previously, the Court's records indicate that HANSON is no longer even in jail custody. (See ECF No. 5) 17 HANSON also has not identified a specific underlying cause of action that he lost or was not able to litigate due to being shut out of court. 18 ECF No. 26-1, pg. 6. 19 20 Again, the Court finds Defendants’ unopposed argument to be persuasive. As 21 Defendants correctly observe, Plaintiff’s complaint is devoid of any allegations to establish he 22 suffered an actual injury. Because it is possible this defect can be cured, Plaintiff should be 23 provided an opportunity to amend. 24 B. Municipal Liability 25 Municipalities and other local government units are among those “persons” to 26 whom § 1983 liability applies. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690 (1978). 27 Counties and municipal government officials are also “persons” for purposes of § 1983. See id. 28 at 691; see also Thompson v. City of Los Angeles, 885 F.2d 1439, 1443 (9th Cir. 1989). A local 1 government unit, however, may not be held responsible for the acts of its employees or officials 2 under a respondeat superior theory of liability. See Bd. of County Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 3 397, 403 (1997). Thus, municipal liability must rest on the actions of the municipality, and not 4 of the actions of its employees or officers. See id. To assert municipal liability, therefore, the 5 plaintiff must allege that the constitutional deprivation complained of resulted from a policy or 6 custom of the municipality. See id. A claim of municipal liability under § 1983 is sufficient to 7 withstand dismissal even if it is based on nothing more than bare allegations that an individual 8 defendant’s conduct conformed to official policy, custom, or practice. See Karim-Panahi v. Los 9 Angeles Police Dep’t, 839 F.2d 621, 624 (9th Cir. 1988). 10 Defendants argue:
11 Where "there is no constitutional violation, there can be no municipal liability." Villegas v. Gilroy Garlic Festival Ass'n, 541 F.3d 12 950, 957 (9th Cir. 2008). Given HANSON's failure to state a valid constitutional violation against FERRARA, HANSON cannot maintain a 13 claim against SOLANO COUNTY.
14 ECF No. 26-1, pg. 6. 15 The Court agrees. For the reasons discussed above, Plaintiff has failed to allege facts 16 sufficient to establish that a constitutional violation occurred. Therefore, he cannot assert liability 17 against Defendant County of Solano. Because it is possible Plaintiff may be able to amend to allege 18 sufficient facts to show an underling constitutional violation, Plaintiff should be provided leave to 19 amend. 20 / / / 21 / / / 22 / / / 23 / / / 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 Based on the foregoing, the undersigned recommends that Defendants’ unopposed 3 | motion to dismiss, ECF No. 26, be granted and that Plaintiff's complaint be dismissed with leave 4 | to amend. 5 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District 6 | Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(). Within 14 days 7 | after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written objections 8 | with the court. Responses to objections shall be filed within 14 days after service of objections. 9 | Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal. See Martinez v. 10 | Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 11 12 13 | Dated: January 7, 2021 Ssvcqo_ DENNIS M. COTA 15 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28