1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 10 RAMON L. ESPINOZA, Case No. 2:23-cv-00228-TLN-JDP (PS) 11 Plaintiff, ORDER 12 v. DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO STRIKE 13 RICK MROCZECK, et al., ECF No. 11 14 Defendants. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15 THAT DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO 16 DISMISS BE GRANTED AND THE FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT BE DISMISSED 17 WITH LEAVE TO AMEND 18 ECF No. 13 19 OBJECTIONS DUE WITHIN FOURTEEN DAYS 20
21 22 In this wrongful foreclosure action, defendants Rick Mroczek; ZBS Law, LLP; and 23 LoanCare, LLC, move to dismiss plaintiff’s first amended complaint (“FAC”) under Federal Rule 24 of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim.1 ECF No. 13. Defendant Geoffrey Neal 25 joins the other defendants’ motion. ECF No. 18. Because plaintiff fails to state any plausible 26 27 1 Defendant ZBS Law, LLP, was erroneously sued as ZBS Law LLP. Defendant 28 LoanCare, LLC, was erroneously sued as LoanCare LLC. See ECF No. 13 at 2. 1 claim for relief, I recommend that the motion to dismiss be granted.2 2 Plaintiff’s Allegations in the FAC 3 While the FAC contains mostly disjointed and conclusory contentions that lack factual 4 support, the court discerns the following allegations that appear to challenge the legitimacy of the 5 non-judicial foreclosure sale of plaintiff’s former property: in November 2012, plaintiff 6 purchased a home in Stockton, California, and obtained a mortgage loan. ECF No. 7 at 1, 10. He 7 asserts that “the original debt was actually zero because [his] financial asset was exchanged” for a 8 promissory note “in an even exchange.” Id. at 10. The promissory note “never became a 9 registered security.” Id. at 11. From January 2013 until November 2015, plaintiff made timely 10 mortgage payments. Id. at 13. In May 2016, July 2018, and September 2019, defendant 11 LoanCare, LLC, initiated foreclosure proceedings when plaintiff fell behind on his mortgage 12 payments. On each occasion, plaintiff avoided foreclosure by paying for reinstatement. Id. On 13 August 19, 2022, a notice of default was issued and signed by defendant Rick Mroczek, an 14 attorney who works for defendant ZBS Law, LLP. On January 9, 2023, plaintiff received a notice 15 of trustee sale. Also on January 9, 2023, plaintiff’s property was sold at a foreclosure sale. Id. at 16 14. The foreclosure sale, however, is void because defendant Mroczek did not have legal 17 authority to sign the notice of default letter on behalf of the trustee, or to execute the sale. Id. at 18 1-2. After the foreclosure sale, defendants LoanCare, LLC, and ZBS Law, LLP, along with an 19 attorney who “operat[ed] the Foreclosure Services,” sent false information about plaintiff to 20 various credit reporting agencies, causing his credit to be “impaired.” Id. at 14. 21 Legal Standard 22 A complaint may be dismissed for “failure to state a claim upon which relief may be 23 granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) may be based on either: 24 25 26 27 2 Pursuant to Local Rule 230(g), the hearing date, originally set for June 8, 2023, was 28 vacated and the motion was ordered submitted without oral argument. See ECF No. 19. 1 (1) lack of a cognizable legal theory, or (2) insufficient facts under a cognizable legal theory. 2 Chubb Custom Ins. Co. v. Space Sys./Loral, Inc., 710 F.3d 946, 956 (9th Cir. 2013). 3 To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to 4 relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A 5 claim has “facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to 6 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. 7 Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). The plausibility standard is 8 not akin to a “probability requirement,” but it requires more than a sheer possibility that a 9 defendant has acted unlawfully. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 10 When determining a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must accept all well-pleaded material 11 factual allegations as true, but not legal conclusions. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. The Supreme Court 12 has explained that complaints consisting only of “labels and conclusions” or “formulaic 13 recitation[s] of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. 14 Likewise, a complaint is deficient if it presents nothing more than “naked assertion[s]” without 15 “further factual enhancement.” Id. at 557. 16 The court construes a pro se litigant’s complaint liberally. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 17 519, 520 (1972) (per curiam). The court may dismiss a pro se litigant’s complaint “if it appears 18 beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would 19 entitle him to relief.” Hayes v. Idaho Corr. Ctr., 849 F.3d 1204, 1208 (9th Cir. 2017). However, 20 “‘a liberal interpretation of a civil rights complaint may not supply essential elements of the claim 21 that were not initially pled.’” Bruns v. Nat’l Credit Union Admin., 122 F.3d 1251, 1257 (9th Cir. 22 1997) (quoting Ivey v. Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982)). 23 Discussion 24 The FAC contains conclusory assertions and statements referencing legal terms and 25 authorities that, even when liberally construed, fail to establish a plausible claim for relief against 26 any defendant. As shown in the following excerpts from the FAC, plaintiff repeatedly alleges 27 legal conclusions without any factual support: “The deed of trust, and the promissory note must 28 always be together, and without the note and the loan accounting entries, the attorney has failed to 1 prove there was any debt, a second fatal flaw to the wrongful foreclosure,” ECF No. 7 at 8; 2 “[T]he defendant is guilty of violating Federal Laws when he signed the default letter on behalf of 3 the trustee without legal documentation to verify legal authority,” id. at 5; “The defendants 4 further complicated the fraudulent process by selling their payables to another entity to remove it 5 from their balance sheet,” id. at 11; and “The contract should be rescinded because the defendant 6 LoanCare LLC, did not provide full disclosure, the contract is extremely deceptive and 7 unconscionable,” id. at 12. 8 Other allegations in the FAC are nonsensical, such as: “The Supreme Court ruled lawyers 9 and attorneys are NOT licensed to practice law, the nature of lawyer-craft in America as per the 10 United States Supreme Court,” ECF No. 7 at 4; and “[C]ontracts requiring lawful money are 11 illegal,” id. at 11. Additionally, the FAC contains contradictory allegations concerning plaintiff’s 12 mortgage: plaintiff alleges that he obtained a mortgage loan in 2012, but subsequently claims that 13 he “was never provided a loan.” Id. at 10.
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 9 10 RAMON L. ESPINOZA, Case No. 2:23-cv-00228-TLN-JDP (PS) 11 Plaintiff, ORDER 12 v. DENYING PLAINTIFF’S MOTION TO STRIKE 13 RICK MROCZECK, et al., ECF No. 11 14 Defendants. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 15 THAT DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO 16 DISMISS BE GRANTED AND THE FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT BE DISMISSED 17 WITH LEAVE TO AMEND 18 ECF No. 13 19 OBJECTIONS DUE WITHIN FOURTEEN DAYS 20
21 22 In this wrongful foreclosure action, defendants Rick Mroczek; ZBS Law, LLP; and 23 LoanCare, LLC, move to dismiss plaintiff’s first amended complaint (“FAC”) under Federal Rule 24 of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim.1 ECF No. 13. Defendant Geoffrey Neal 25 joins the other defendants’ motion. ECF No. 18. Because plaintiff fails to state any plausible 26 27 1 Defendant ZBS Law, LLP, was erroneously sued as ZBS Law LLP. Defendant 28 LoanCare, LLC, was erroneously sued as LoanCare LLC. See ECF No. 13 at 2. 1 claim for relief, I recommend that the motion to dismiss be granted.2 2 Plaintiff’s Allegations in the FAC 3 While the FAC contains mostly disjointed and conclusory contentions that lack factual 4 support, the court discerns the following allegations that appear to challenge the legitimacy of the 5 non-judicial foreclosure sale of plaintiff’s former property: in November 2012, plaintiff 6 purchased a home in Stockton, California, and obtained a mortgage loan. ECF No. 7 at 1, 10. He 7 asserts that “the original debt was actually zero because [his] financial asset was exchanged” for a 8 promissory note “in an even exchange.” Id. at 10. The promissory note “never became a 9 registered security.” Id. at 11. From January 2013 until November 2015, plaintiff made timely 10 mortgage payments. Id. at 13. In May 2016, July 2018, and September 2019, defendant 11 LoanCare, LLC, initiated foreclosure proceedings when plaintiff fell behind on his mortgage 12 payments. On each occasion, plaintiff avoided foreclosure by paying for reinstatement. Id. On 13 August 19, 2022, a notice of default was issued and signed by defendant Rick Mroczek, an 14 attorney who works for defendant ZBS Law, LLP. On January 9, 2023, plaintiff received a notice 15 of trustee sale. Also on January 9, 2023, plaintiff’s property was sold at a foreclosure sale. Id. at 16 14. The foreclosure sale, however, is void because defendant Mroczek did not have legal 17 authority to sign the notice of default letter on behalf of the trustee, or to execute the sale. Id. at 18 1-2. After the foreclosure sale, defendants LoanCare, LLC, and ZBS Law, LLP, along with an 19 attorney who “operat[ed] the Foreclosure Services,” sent false information about plaintiff to 20 various credit reporting agencies, causing his credit to be “impaired.” Id. at 14. 21 Legal Standard 22 A complaint may be dismissed for “failure to state a claim upon which relief may be 23 granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) may be based on either: 24 25 26 27 2 Pursuant to Local Rule 230(g), the hearing date, originally set for June 8, 2023, was 28 vacated and the motion was ordered submitted without oral argument. See ECF No. 19. 1 (1) lack of a cognizable legal theory, or (2) insufficient facts under a cognizable legal theory. 2 Chubb Custom Ins. Co. v. Space Sys./Loral, Inc., 710 F.3d 946, 956 (9th Cir. 2013). 3 To survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to 4 relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A 5 claim has “facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to 6 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. 7 Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). The plausibility standard is 8 not akin to a “probability requirement,” but it requires more than a sheer possibility that a 9 defendant has acted unlawfully. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 10 When determining a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must accept all well-pleaded material 11 factual allegations as true, but not legal conclusions. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. The Supreme Court 12 has explained that complaints consisting only of “labels and conclusions” or “formulaic 13 recitation[s] of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. 14 Likewise, a complaint is deficient if it presents nothing more than “naked assertion[s]” without 15 “further factual enhancement.” Id. at 557. 16 The court construes a pro se litigant’s complaint liberally. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 17 519, 520 (1972) (per curiam). The court may dismiss a pro se litigant’s complaint “if it appears 18 beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would 19 entitle him to relief.” Hayes v. Idaho Corr. Ctr., 849 F.3d 1204, 1208 (9th Cir. 2017). However, 20 “‘a liberal interpretation of a civil rights complaint may not supply essential elements of the claim 21 that were not initially pled.’” Bruns v. Nat’l Credit Union Admin., 122 F.3d 1251, 1257 (9th Cir. 22 1997) (quoting Ivey v. Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982)). 23 Discussion 24 The FAC contains conclusory assertions and statements referencing legal terms and 25 authorities that, even when liberally construed, fail to establish a plausible claim for relief against 26 any defendant. As shown in the following excerpts from the FAC, plaintiff repeatedly alleges 27 legal conclusions without any factual support: “The deed of trust, and the promissory note must 28 always be together, and without the note and the loan accounting entries, the attorney has failed to 1 prove there was any debt, a second fatal flaw to the wrongful foreclosure,” ECF No. 7 at 8; 2 “[T]he defendant is guilty of violating Federal Laws when he signed the default letter on behalf of 3 the trustee without legal documentation to verify legal authority,” id. at 5; “The defendants 4 further complicated the fraudulent process by selling their payables to another entity to remove it 5 from their balance sheet,” id. at 11; and “The contract should be rescinded because the defendant 6 LoanCare LLC, did not provide full disclosure, the contract is extremely deceptive and 7 unconscionable,” id. at 12. 8 Other allegations in the FAC are nonsensical, such as: “The Supreme Court ruled lawyers 9 and attorneys are NOT licensed to practice law, the nature of lawyer-craft in America as per the 10 United States Supreme Court,” ECF No. 7 at 4; and “[C]ontracts requiring lawful money are 11 illegal,” id. at 11. Additionally, the FAC contains contradictory allegations concerning plaintiff’s 12 mortgage: plaintiff alleges that he obtained a mortgage loan in 2012, but subsequently claims that 13 he “was never provided a loan.” Id. at 10. 14 In light of plaintiff’s unsupported and somewhat confusing assertions, the court concludes 15 that he fails to state any plausible claim for relief with respect to the following causes of action 16 asserted in the FAC: (1) wrongful foreclosure; (2) violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices 17 Act (“FDCPA”); (3) violation of the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”); (4) breach of contract; 18 (5) violation of “Federal Trust and Lien Laws”; (6) slander of title; (7) slander of credit; and 19 (8) infliction of emotional distress. See ECF No. 7 at 18-19. 20 In particular, the FAC fails to plead sufficient facts showing that any defendant is liable 21 for wrongful foreclosure. Under California law, a claim of wrongful foreclosure must allege that: 22 (1) the trustee or mortgagee caused an illegal, fraudulent, or willfully oppressive sale of real 23 property pursuant to a power of sale in a mortgage or deed of trust; (2) the party contesting the 24 sale was prejudiced or harmed; and (3) in cases where the trustor or mortgagor challenges the 25 sale, the trustor or mortgagor tendered the amount of the secured indebtedness or was excused 26 from doing so. Miles v. Deutsche Bank Nat’l Tr. Co., 236 Cal. App. 4th 394, 408 (2015). A 27 litigant may also challenge a foreclosure by alleging that the foreclosing party did not have the 28 authority to foreclose due to a void assignment of a loan. See Cardenas v. Caliber Home Loans, 1 Inc., 281 F. Supp. 3d 862, 872 (N.D. Cal. 2017) (citing Yvanova v. New Century Mortg. Corp., 62 2 Cal. 4th 919, 942-43 (2016)). While plaintiff contends in the FAC that the foreclosure is “void” 3 because defendant Mroczek had no authority to “execute the power of sale clause,” ECF No. 7 at 4 1-2, this assertion lacks sufficient factual details to support a plausible claim for relief. The FAC 5 also fails to allege that plaintiff suffered additional prejudice beyond the foreclosure itself. See 6 Cardenas, 281 F. Supp. 3d at 872-74 (concluding that the “weight of published California Court 7 of Appeal decisions [] holds that . . . prejudice beyond the foreclosure itself” must be alleged in 8 wrongful foreclosure action based on void loan assignment). To the extent that the FAC 9 challenges the foreclosure proceeding on other grounds, plaintiff’s unsupported allegations do not 10 state a plausible claim. See Miles, 236 Cal. App. 4th at 408. 11 The allegations in the FAC also fail to state a breach of contract claim, which requires 12 facts showing: (1) the existence of a contract; (2) plaintiff’s performance; (3) defendant’s breach 13 of the contract; and (4) damages flowing from the breach. See CDF Firefighters v. Maldonado, 14 158 Cal. App. 4th 1226, 1239 (2008). Additionally, “[t]he complaint must identify the specific 15 provision of the contract allegedly breached by the defendant.” Donohue v. Apple, Inc., 871 F. 16 Supp. 2d 913, 930 (N.D. Cal.2012) (citation omitted). The FAC is deficient to the extent it does 17 not allege that a contract existed between plaintiff and defendants, and does not identify the 18 specific contract terms that defendants purportedly breached. The FAC also fails to allege that 19 plaintiff performed his contractual obligations. 20 Next, the FAC fails to state a claim under the FDCPA, which imposes liability for an 21 entity’s abusive debt collection practices. See 15 U.S.C. § 1692(e). The Supreme Court has held 22 that a business that “engage[s] in only nonjudicial foreclosure proceedings are not debt collectors 23 within the meaning of the Act,” with the exception of 15 U.S.C. § 1692f(6). Obduskey v. 24 McCarthy & Holthus LLP, __ U.S. __, 139 S. Ct. 1029, 1038, (2019). This subsection states that: 25 “A debt collector may not use unfair or unconscionable means to collect or attempt to collect any 26 debt,” including “[t]aking or threatening to take any nonjudicial action to effect dispossession or 27 disablement of property if—(A) there is no present right to possession of the property claimed as 28 collateral through an enforceable security interest; (B) there is no present intention to take 1 possession of the property; or (C) the property is exempt by law from such dispossession or 2 disablement.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692f(6). Plaintiff has not alleged facts that demonstrate that any 3 defendant violated Section 1692f(6). See ECF No. 7 at 2-3, 9, 15-17. 4 Likewise, the FAC fails to plead a plausible claim under the Truth in Lending Act 5 (“TILA”), Regulation Z, 12 C.F.R. § 226.23. See ECF No. 7 at 3-4. Plaintiff does not allege that 6 any defendant acted, or failed to act, in violation of the cited regulation, which grants consumers a 7 right to rescind certain transactions. See 12 C.F.R. § 226.23. 8 The remaining claims in the FAC are also defective. Plaintiff’s contention that a 9 defendant, without authorization, signed an unspecified document on behalf of the trustee in 10 violation of “Federal Trust and Lien Laws” does not even reference a cognizable legal theory. 11 ECF No. 7 at 18. Additionally, his claims alleging slander of title and credit are premised on 12 brief, conclusory assertions that fail to demonstrate that any defendant published a false statement 13 that disparaged plaintiff’s title to property causing economic loss. See Truck Ins. Exch. v. 14 Bennett, 53 Cal. App. 4th 75, 84 (1997). 15 Similarly, the FAC falls far short of establishing a claim of intentional infliction of 16 emotional distress. Under California law, a claim of IIED has four elements: “(1) outrageous 17 conduct by the defendant; (2) the defendant’s intention of causing or reckless disregard of the 18 probability of causing emotional distress; (3) the plaintiff’s suffering severe or extreme emotional 19 distress; and (4) actual and proximate causation of the emotional distress by the defendant’s 20 outrageous conduct.” Huntingdon Life Sciences, Inc. v. Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty USA, 21 Inc., 129 Cal. App. 4th 1228, 1259 (2005). Several California district courts have held that, 22 absent allegations of bad faith, the act of foreclosing on a home is not the type of extreme 23 behavior that supports a claim of IIED. See Dare v. Nam, 2021 WL 4445102, at *8 (S.D. Cal. 24 Sept. 27, 2021) (citations omitted); Barefield v. HSBC Holdings PLC, 2018 WL 5784707, at *13 25 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 1, 2018) (citations omitted). Under this authority, plaintiff’s IIED claim is 26 deficient, as he alleges no outrageous conduct by defendants that took place outside of the 27 foreclosure process. See ECF No. 7 at 19. 28 Lastly, to the extent that plaintiff’s claims in the FAC contain allegations of fraudulent 1 conduct, such allegations are subject to the heightened pleading requirement set forth in Rule 9(b) 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See ECF No. 7 at 2 (alleging fraudulent debt collection 3 practices), 11 (referencing defendants’ alleged “scheme to defraud”). Rule 9(b) requires a party 4 to state a fraud allegation “with particularity” so that the “circumstances constituting the alleged 5 fraud [are] specific enough to give defendants notice of the particular misconduct.” Vess v. Ciba- 6 Geigy Corp. USA, 317 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th Cir. 2003) (internal quotations and citation omitted). 7 Fraud-based claims “must be accompanied by ‘the who, what, when, where, and how’ of the 8 misconduct charged.” Id. (quoting Cooper v. Pickett, 137 F.3d 616, 627 (9th Cir. 1997)). 9 Considering plaintiff’s failure to plead sufficient facts to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), it 10 follows that the FAC’s allegations of fraud also fail to satisfy the stricter pleading requirements of 11 Rule 9(b). 12 In light of plaintiff’s pro se status, I recommend that defendant’s motion to dismiss be 13 granted with leave to amend. Although the FAC contains numerous deficiencies, it is not 14 “absolutely clear” that amendment would be futile. See Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 15 (9th Cir. 2012) (“A district court should not dismiss a pro se complaint without leave to amend 16 unless ‘it is absolutely clear that the deficiencies of the complaint could not be cured by 17 amendment.’”) (citation omitted). The docket also reflects that plaintiff filed the FAC as a matter 18 of course approximately one month after he filed his original complaint, without the benefit of a 19 court order noting the defects in his claims. See id. (“[B]efore dismissing a pro se complaint the 20 district court must provide the litigant with notice of the deficiencies in his complaint in order to 21 ensure that the litigant uses the opportunity to amend effectively.”) (quotations and citations 22 omitted); see ECF Nos. 1 & 7. 23 Plaintiff’s motion to strike defendants’ notice of appearance is denied. See ECF Nos. 10 24 & 11. Liberally construing plaintiff’s assertions, he argues that defendant ZBS Law, LLP, is 25 improperly proceeding in this matter as a pro se litigant because it is represented by “an agent in 26 [the] firm,” attorney Bradford E. Klein, who is employed by ZBS Law, LLP. See ECF No. 11 at 27 1. While plaintiff is correct that corporations and unincorporated associations are required to 28 appear in court through counsel, see D-Beam Ltd. P’ship v. Roller Derby Skates, Inc., 366 F.3d 1 972, 973-74 (9th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted), this rule does not bar an attorney from representing 2 his or her law firm in a federal action. See, e.g., Saito v. Lewis, 2023 WL 4052268, at *1-2 (M.D. 3 Fla. June 16, 2023) (denying motion to strike notice of appearance because defendant law firm 4 properly appeared through an attorney employed by the firm). As such, plaintiff has failed to 5 demonstrate that the notice of appearance should be stricken based on the employment 6 relationship between defendant ZBS Law, LLP, and Mr. Klein. 7 Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that plaintiff’s motion to strike, ECF No. 11, is 8 denied. 9 Further, it is hereby RECOMMENDED that: 10 1. Defendants’ motion to dismiss, ECF No. 13, be granted. 11 2. Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint, ECF No. 7, be dismissed without prejudice and 12 with leave to amend. 13 3. Plaintiff be granted thirty days from the date of any order adopting these findings and 14 recommendations to file a second amended complaint. 15 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 16 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen days 17 after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 18 objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 19 “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any response to the 20 objections shall be served and filed within fourteen days after service of the objections. The 21 parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to 22 appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez 23 v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 24 25 26 27 28 1 > IT IS SO ORDERED. 3 ( | { Wine Dated: _ January 16, 2024 Q_—— 4 JEREMY D. PETERSON 5 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28