(PS) Crocker v. County of Amador

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: February 7, 2024
• Docket: 2:22-cv-01924
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 BENJAMIN CROCKER, No. 2:22-cv-1924 DJC AC PS 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 COUNTY OF AMADOR, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff is proceeding in this matter pro se and in forma pauperis, and pre-trial 18 proceedings are accordingly referred to the undersigned pursuant to Local Rule 302(c)(21). ECF 19 Nos. 3, 4. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s initial complaint, which was granted 20 with partial leave to amend. ECF Nos. 27, 31. Plaintiff filed a first amended complaint on 21 October 23, 2023 (“FAC”). ECF No. 32. Before the court is defendants’ motion to dismiss the 22 FAC. ECF No. 35. Plaintiff has opposed the motion at ECF No. 37. Defendants submitted a 23 reply brief (ECF No. 38) and plaintiff submitted an unauthorized surreply at ECF No. 39. The 24 matter was taken under submission on the papers. ECF No. 36. For the reasons that follow, the 25 undersigned recommends the motion to dismiss be GRANTED and that the complaint be 26 DISMISSED without further leave to amend. 27 //// 28 //// 1 I. Background 2 A. The Initial Complaint 3 Plaintiff Benjamin Crocker filed his initial complaint based on the Amador County 4 Sherriff’s Department’s alleged use of excessive force on June 15, 2021 and July 22, 2021. ECF 5 No. 1 at 2. Plaintiff alleged that on June 15, 2021 Amador County Sherriff Deputy Bailiff Justin 6 Coletti physically pushed him out of a hearing at the Amador County Courthouse, and that a 7 hearing was held in which he was a party, but which he was not allowed to attend. Id. Plaintiff 8 filed an affidavit with the Superior Court on July 17, 2021 stating that he was scheduled for 9 reconstructive shoulder surgery on July 21, 2021, and asked that a civil matter to which he was a 10 party be continued accordingly. Id. On July 22, 2021 plaintiff was allegedly assaulted and 11 battered by two Amador County Sherriff Deputy Bailiffs, Coletti and Luke McElfish, who acted 12 with deliberate indifference and picked him up by both his arms less than 24 hours following the 13 reconstructive shoulder surgery. Id. He was then pushed out of the courthouse through four sets 14 of doors. Id. Plaintiff was transported to the Amador County Hospital via ambulance after the 15 incident. Id. at 3. 16 Judge John Stephen Hermanson and Commissioner Andrea Sexton of the Amador County 17 Court denied plaintiff’s requests for restraining orders against the deputies, and Amador County 18 Sherriff bailiff Sargent Michael Rice dismissed plaintiff’s formal grievances. Id. Bailiffs Coletti 19 and McElfish conspired to file fraudulent, inaccurate reports in retaliation for plaintiff filing the 20 formal grievance. Id. On August 12, 2021, plaintiff served a Tort Claim Preservation Letter on 21 the Amador County Board of Supervisors for the “wanton and sadistic behavior” of Coletti and 22 McElfish, which was approved by then-Amador County Sheriff Deputy Ryan Gellaspie. Id. 23 After this notice was filed, on September 28, 2021, Amador County District Attorney Todd Reibe 24 and Amador County Deputy District Attorney Michelle Amanson filed a criminal complaint 25 against plaintiff for “victimless penal code violations out of retaliation for my complaints[.]” Id. 26 at 3-4. Judge Hermanson “enabled and encouraged” the district attorneys by allowing the action 27 to proceed and not dismissing it for cause. Id. at 4. 28 Plaintiff’s initial complaint raised the following causes of action: (1) Fourth Amendment 1 Unreasonable Search and Seizure/Excessive Force pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983; (2) Bane Act 2 (Cal Civ. Code § 52.1); (3) violation of Article 1, § 13 of the California Constitution; (4) 3 Negligence; (5) Battery; (6) Barratry pursuant to Cal. Penal Code § 158; (7) Municipal Liability 4 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Id. at 15-25. Pursuant to the screening process associated with 5 plaintiffs in forma pauperis status, plaintiff elected to proceed on claims One through Five of the 6 complaint, against defendants County of Amador, Justin Coletti, and Luke McElfish only. ECF 7 No. 3, 4. Defendants sought to dismiss the remaining claims. ECF No. 10. The court found that 8 the state claims failed on procedural grounds, and those claims were dismissed without leave to 9 amend. ECF No. 27 at 7. 10 With respect to plaintiff’s § 1983 claims, the court concluded that the allegations did not 11 clearly state a claim upon which relief can be granted, requiring dismissal. However, because the 12 vague nature of the allegations made it impossible to determine whether it was possible for 13 plaintiff to state a plausible claim, the court granted leave to amend. ECF No. 27 at 8. Plaintiff 14 filed a First Amended Complaint on October 23, 2023. ECF No. 32. 15 B. First Amended Complaint 16 Plaintiff alleges in the FAC that on June 15, 2021, Coletti physically pushed him and told 17 him to “sue him.” ECF No. 32 at 2. Plaintiff further alleges that on July 17, 2021, he filed an 18 affidavit with the Amador County Superior Court notifying the court that he was scheduled for 19 shoulder surgery on July 21, 2021, and requesting the court continue his matter for 60 days. Id. at 20 2–3, 16. Plaintiff attended the hearing on July 22, 2021, where he alleges that Coletti and 21 McElfish “attacked, assaulted and battered” him. Id. at 3. Plaintiff alleges the deputies acted with 22 “Deliberate Indifference to a Serious Medical Condition” when they grabbed him up by both 23 arms “even though [his] right arm was in a sling from reconstructive shoulder surgery less than 24 24 hours prior, lifting [him] out of the chair [he] was sitting in.” Id. He alleges that the deputies 25 physically removed him from the courtroom and “pushed/shoved” him through four sets of doors 26 without any direct verbal command from Judicial Official Commissioner Andrea Sexton. Id. 27 Plaintiff stated that “if the doors didn’t open the first time, [he] was shoved/pushed back into it 28 until it did.” Id. 1 Plaintiff alleges that the use of force was unreasonable under the circumstances because 2 he “did not pose an immediate threat to any officer” and had only spoken to them briefly. ECF 3 No. 32 at 22. Plaintiff contends he “verbally told Defendants [he] had just undergone shoulder 4 surgery and they were in the court when [he] informed Judicial Official/Commissioner Andrea 5 Sexton of the affidavit . . .” Id. Following his removal from the courthouse, plaintiff called for 6 emergency transport to the local hospital. Id. Two causes of action remain in this case: (1) 7 violation of plaintiff’s right to be free of excessive force under the Fourth Amendment, and (2) 8 County liability for the alleged Fourth Amendment violation pursuant to Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. 9 Servs. of City of N.Y.C., 436 U.S. 658, 690 (1978). ECF No. 32 at 21-27.1 10 C. Motion to Dismiss 11 All defendants move to dismiss plaintiff’s claims without leave to amend on the grounds 12 that plaintiff does not and cannot state a claim for relief. ECF No. 35-1. 13 II. Analysis 14 A. Legal Standards Governing Motions to Dismiss 15 “The purpose of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is to test the legal 16 sufficiency of the complaint.” N. Star Int’l v. Ariz. Corp. Comm’n, 720 F.2d 578, 581 (9th Cir. 17 1983). “Dismissal can be based on the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the absence of 18 sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t., 901 19 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). 20 To survive dismissal for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain more than a 21 “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual allegations 22 sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 23 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007). It is insufficient for the pleading to contain a statement of facts that 24 “merely creates a suspicion” that the pleader might have a legally cognizable right of action. Id. 25 (quoting 5 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1216, pp. 235-35 (3d ed. 26 1 The FAC references other constitutional provisions but does not list them as causes of action. 27 ECF No. 32 at 8-9. Even if plaintiff intended these conclusory references to be legal claims, the court permitted limited leave to amend only as to plaintiff’s Fourth Amendment and Monell 28 claims, and those are the only two causes of action properly before the court. 1 2004)). Rather, the complaint “must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a 2 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting 3 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual 4 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the 5 misconduct alleged.” Id. 6 In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court “must accept as true all of the 7 factual allegations contained in the complaint,” construe those allegations in the light most 8 favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. See Erickson v. Pardus, 9 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); Von Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 10 960 (9th Cir. 2010), cert. denied, 131 S. Ct. 3055 (2011); Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 340 (9th 11 Cir. 2010). However, the court need not accept as true legal conclusions cast in the form of 12 factual allegations, or allegations that contradict matters properly subject to judicial notice. See 13 Western Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 624 (9th Cir. 1981); Sprewell v. Golden State 14 Warriors, 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir.), as amended, 275 F.3d 1187 (2001). 15 Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. 16 Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972). Pro se complaints are construed liberally and may 17 only be dismissed if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support 18 of his claim which would entitle him to relief. Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 19 2014). The court’s liberal interpretation of a pro se complaint, however, may not supply essential 20 elements of the claim that were not pled. Ivey v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Alaska, 673 F.2d 21 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982); see also Pena v. Gardner, 976 F.2d 469, 471 (9th Cir. 1992). A pro se 22 litigant is entitled to notice of the deficiencies in the complaint and an opportunity to amend, 23 unless the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment. See Noll v. Carlson, 809 24 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987). 25 B. Plaintiff Cannot State a § 1983 Claim Against the Officers 26 Defendants argue that plaintiff’s § 1983 claim for excessive use of force fails as a matter 27 of law because the nature of the force used against plaintiff was objectively reasonable. ECF No. 28 35-1 at 6-9. The framework for evaluating a Fourth Amendment excessive force claim under 1 §1983 is one of “objective reasonableness under the circumstances.” Graham v. Connor, 490 2 U.S. 386, 399 (1989); County of Los Angeles, Calif. v. Mendez, 581 U.S. 420, 427 (2017). “The 3 operative question in excessive force cases is whether the totality of the circumstances justifies a 4 particular sort of search or seizure.” County of Los Angeles, 581 U.S. at 427–28, 137 (internal 5 quotations omitted). The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the use of reasonable force by 6 officers. Tatum v. City & County of San Francisco, 441 F.3d 1090, 1095 (9th Cir. 2006). 7 “Determining whether the force used to effect a particular seizure is ‘reasonable’ under the Fourth 8 Amendment requires a careful balancing of ‘the nature and quality of the intrusion on the 9 individual’s Fourth Amendment interests’ against the countervailing governmental interests at 10 stake.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. The “reasonableness” of an officer’s particular use of force 11 “must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 12 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Id. This test considers the “totality of the circumstances,” including 13 “the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of 14 the officers or others, and whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by 15 flight.” Id. Additionally, “‘[n]ot every push or shove, even if it may later seem unnecessary in 16 the peace of a judge’s chambers,’ . . . violates the Fourth Amendment.” Id. 17 Here, plaintiff alleges that on June 15, 2021, Coletti physically pushed him out of a 18 hearing that he was a party to at the Amador County Courthouse and told him to “sue him.” ECF 19 No. 32 at 2. Plaintiff fails to allege any other facts regarding this incident. Because a “push,” 20 without more, cannot amount to excessive force, Graham, 490 U.S. at 396, this incident does not 21 support an excessive force claim. Similarly, Coletti’s words cannot amount to a constitutional 22 deprivation. See, Oltarzewski v. Ruggiero, 830 F.2d 136, 139 (9th Cir. 1987) (holding vulgar 23 language is insufficient to state a constitutional deprivation). 24 The other interactions that serve as the basis for plaintiff’s excessive force claim occurred 25 on July 22, 2021. ECF No. 32 at 17-20. Plaintiff alleges that on that day, Coletti and McElfish 26 “used excessive force even though I had verbally indicated I had just undergone surgery and had 27 filed an affidavit with the court almost a week in advance stating I was to undergo surgery before 28 the defendants damaged me.” Id. at 19. Plaintiff alleges that the “use of excessive force was 1 unreasonable under the circumstances.” Id. at 22. Plaintiff alleges the conduct of the courtroom 2 deputies was “willful, wanton, malicious, and done with the reckless disregard for the 3 constitutional and civil rights and safety of myself and therefore warrants the imposition of 4 exemplary and punitive damages[.]” Id. at 22. He alleges Coletti and McElfish grabbed him up 5 by both arms “even though [his] right arm was in a sling from reconstructive shoulder surgery 6 less than 24 hours prior, lifting [him] out of the chair [he] was sitting in.” Id. at 3. He further 7 alleges that the deputies physically removed him from the courtroom and “pushed/shoved” him 8 through four sets of doors without any direct verbal command from Judicial Official 9 Commissioner Andrea Sexton. Id. He indicated that “if the doors didn’t open the first time, [he] 10 was shoved/pushed back into it until it did.” Id. 11 Although the FAC is silent regarding the details of what led to his removal, the Amador 12 County Superior Court transcript from the proceeding provided by the defendants provides 13 context. See Request for Judicial Notice (“RJFN”), Exhibit A (Amador County Superior Court, 14 Transcript from July 22, 2021).2 Per the transcript, the Commissioner requested that plaintiff 15 come to the front of the courtroom and speak into a microphone because a Court Reporter and 16 other parties to the hearing on Zoom needed to hear him speak. Id. at 103:15– 17 104:24. Plaintiff refused and subsequently objected to the Commissioner presiding over the 18 matter. Id. The Commissioner addressed plaintiff’s interruptions, and the following interaction 19 ensued: 20 THE COURT: Mr. Crocker, you’re not hearing me. Or you’re hearing me but you’re not listening. If you going to address the 21 Court, I have people appearing on Zoom and I’m not going to act as

22 2 This court must, upon request, take judicial notice of any “fact” that is “not subject to 23 reasonable dispute.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). Facts are indisputable, and thus subject to judicial notice, only if they are either “generally known,” or “can be accurately and readily determined 24 from sources whose accuracy cannot be reasonably questioned Fed. R. Civ. P. 201(1), (2); United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 909 (9th Cir. 2003). Judicially noticed facts may be 25 considered on a dismissal motion under Rule 12(b)(6). See MGIC Indem. Corp. v. Weisman, 803 26 F.2d 500, 504 (9th Cir. 1986) (“[o]n a motion to dismiss, we may take judicial notice of matters of public record outside the pleadings”). Courts may take judicial notice of orders and 27 proceedings in other courts, including transcripts. See Trigueros v. Adams, 658 F.3d 983, 987 (9th Cir. 2011). 28 1 a relay to tell them what you’re saying, so come and sit in front of a microphone or you are not going to be heard. Do you understand, sir? 2 THE FATHER [Plaintiff]: Ma’am, this court does not have 3 jurisdiction. 4 THE COURT: No, Mr. Crocker – all right. Let’s have Mr. Crocker, he can stop talking, we’re not going to listen to him anymore, because 5 I’m not going to relay and play telephone for everyone. So he can either sit there and stop talking, if he continues talking I’ll just ask 6 that you escort him outside. We’ll find another date and time for everyone to come back. 7 8 Id. at 109:18–110:6. Following this interaction, plaintiff continued to interrupt but the 9 Commissioner ignored him until McElfish asked the Commissioner for permission to escort 10 plaintiff from the courtroom. 11 DEPUTY MCELFISH: May we have discretion? Thank you. Out. 12 THE FATHER [Plaintiff]: Are you going to beat me up? 13 DEPUTY MCELFISH: No. You’re out of here. Let’s go. Don’t want to handle you, but I will. Let’s go. 14 THE FATHER: I don’t want to be handled. 15 DEPUTY MCELFISH: And I don’t want to handle you, so let’s get 16 up and go now. 17 THE FATHER: This court has no jurisdiction. 18 DEPUTY MCELFISH: Okay. You don’t want her to make a decision, so leave. 19 MR. BRIMER: Your Honor, I – 20 THE COURT: Let’s wait just a moment until Mr. Crocker is escorted 21 out. We’ll note that the Court has admonished Mr. Crocker that if he wished to be heard he should take a seat at counsel table so that he 22 could speak into the microphone, and everyone could hear him. 23 (Father exited the courtroom) 24 THE COURT: All right. For the purposes of creating a record, I’m going to note that I had asked Mr. Crocker several times, as indicated 25 on the record, that he needs to sit at counsel table, please, and use the microphone, so that everyone could hear him . . . 26 27 Id. at 111: 22–112:18. 28 1 “Considerations such as the following may bear on the reasonableness or 2 unreasonableness of the force used: the relationship between the need for the use of force and the 3 amount of force used; the extent of the plaintiff’s injury; any effort made by the officer to temper 4 or to limit the amount of force; the severity of the security problem at issue; the threat reasonably 5 perceived by the officer; and whether the plaintiff was actively resisting.” Kingsley v. 6 Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389, 397 (2015). Here, despite having been given leave to amend in order 7 to explain how the deputies use of force was excessive, plaintiff’s own recitation of facts 8 demonstrates that the use of force was not, in fact, excessive but appropriate to the situation at 9 hand. “Indeed, the Supreme Court has stated more than once that—on the merits—not every 10 push or shove, even if it may later seem unnecessary in the peace of a judge’s chambers, violates 11 the Fourth Amendment.” Brooks v. Clark County, 828 F.3d 910, 921 (9th Cir. 2016) (internal 12 citations and quotations omitted). Here, plaintiff’s allegations that he was pushed through the 13 double doors of the court cannot, on their face, establish use of excessive force. 14 Further, even if there were any potential for debate as to whether the force used was 15 excessive, the deputies would plainly be shielded by qualified immunity. “Qualified immunity 16 shields an officer from suit when she makes a decision that, even if constitutionally deficient, 17 reasonably misapprehends the law governing the circumstances she confronted.” Brosseau v. 18 Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 198 (2004). “Qualified immunity operates . . . to protect officers from the 19 sometimes “hazy border between excessive and acceptable force and to ensure that before they 20 are subjected to suit, officers are on notice their conduct is unlawful.” Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 21 194, 206 (2001) (overturned in part on other grounds, internal quotations omitted). To determine 22 whether a government official is entitled to qualified immunity, a court should decide whether the 23 facts that a plaintiff has alleged make out a violation of a constitutional right, and if so, determine 24 whether the right at issue was “clearly established” at the time of the allegedly unconstitutional 25 conduct. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009). “Qualified immunity is applicable 26 unless the official’s conduct violated a clearly established constitutional right.” Id. “[T]he 27 assertion of an affirmative defense [such as qualified immunity] may be considered properly on a 28 motion to dismiss where the ‘allegations in the complaint suffice to establish the defense.’” Sams 1 v. Yahoo! Inc., 713 F.3d 1175, 1179 (9th Cir. 2013) (quoting Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 215 2 (2007)). 3 The use of force alleged in the present case is very similar to the force alleged in the Ninth 4 Circuit case Brooks v. Clark County, supra, in which the Court of Appeals evaluated an excessive 5 force claim in which the plaintiff alleged an officer “forcefully shoved him through double-doors 6 of a courtroom injuring his back.” 828 F.3d at 921 (internal citations omitted). In that case, the 7 Court cited multiple cases in which similar use of force (e.g., pushing, shoving) was held not to 8 constitute unconstitutional conduct and concluded that the conduct alleged “cannot be said to be 9 indisputably unconstitutional—at worst, there is room for debate as to whether [the officer’s] 10 conduct complied with the Fourth Amendment.” Id. at 921 (emphasis original). The Ninth 11 Circuit held that because precedent demonstrated it was not “beyond debate” that the use of force 12 was unconstitutional, the officer was entitled to qualified immunity. Id. Such is the case here, 13 where plaintiff alleges that he was taken by the arms and pushed through courtroom doors, and 14 nothing more. Thus, even if plaintiff could demonstrate a Fourth Amendment violation, which he 15 cannot, the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity and the claims must be dismissed. 16 C. Plaintiff’s § 1983 Claim Against the County Necessarily Fails 17 Plaintiff also brings a claim for municipal liability against the County of Amador pursuant 18 to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. In order to successfully state a claim under § 1983 against a municipality, 19 plaintiff must go beyond showing the municipality’s employee violated his constitutional rights; 20 he must additionally show: (a) an identified municipal “policy” or “custom” that caused his 21 injury; (b) that a final policymaking official, as defined by state law, made the decision at issue; 22 or (c) a final policymaker delegated such authority to, or previously ratified a similar deprivation 23 by a subordinate. Bd. of the County Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 403-404, 406-407 (1997); 24 Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y.C., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978). 25 Here, the complaint does not allege any facts that could support a Monell claim under any 26 of these theories. Plaintiff alleges only that the officer defendants “acted pursuant to an expressly 27 adopted official policy or longstanding practice or custom of the Defendant COUNTY.” ECF 28 No. 32 at 23. Plaintiff goes on to allege the County is liable because it knowingly hired and 1 retained the officers and fails to maintain appropriate policies and procedures for discipline. Id. at 2 25. Such conclusory allegations are insufficient to state a Monell claim. See AE ex rel. 3 Hernandez v. County of Tulare, 666 F.3d 631, 637 (9th Cir. 2012); Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 4 1216 (9th Cir. 2011); Estate of Brooks ex rel. Brooks v. United States, 197 F.3d 1245, 1247 (9th 5 Cir. 1999). To state a claim for municipal liability, a complaint must specifically identify the 6 policy or custom that is alleged to have caused the unconstitutional conduct. Id. Plaintiff was 7 given an opportunity to amend this claim to fix these same deficiencies that were present in the 8 original complaint, and he failed to do so. Plaintiff’s FAC, on its face, fails to establish any 9 constitutional violation, and it fails to establish Monell liability. This claim, and this case, must 10 be dismissed. 11 III. Further Leave to Amend is Not Appropriate 12 A pro se plaintiff is generally entitled to an opportunity to correct defects in a complaint 13 by amendment unless the defects cannot be cured. Noll, 809 F.2d at 1448. Plaintiff was provided 14 an opportunity to amend and was clearly notified of the deficiencies in his original complaint. 15 Plaintiff filed a First Amended Complaint that did not cure any of the problems with his original 16 complaint. Thus, the court concludes further leave to amend would be futile and should not be 17 permitted. 18 IV. Pro Se Plaintiff’s Summary 19 The magistrate judge recommends that your case be dismissed with prejudice because the 20 facts you allege do not support any legal claim. You have an opportunity to file written 21 objections to these recommendations within 21 days. 22 V. Conclusion 23 For the reasons set forth above, the undersigned recommends that defendants’ motion to 24 dismiss at ECF No. 35 be GRANTED and that this case be dismissed in its entirety with 25 prejudice. 26 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 27 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within twenty-one days 28 after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 1 || objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Id.; see also Local Rule 304(b). □□□□ □ 2 || document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and 3 || Recommendations.” Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to 4 | appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez 5 || v. Ylst, 951 F.2d 1153, 1156-57 (9th Cir. 1991). 6 | DATED: February 6, 2024 ~ 7 Htttenr— Lhor—e_ ALLISON CLAIRE 8 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 9 10 1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 12