RENDERED: FEBRUARY 10, 2023; 10:00 A.M. TO BE PUBLISHED
Commonwealth of Kentucky Court of Appeals
NO. 2021-CA-0197-MR
PROGRESSIVE DIRECT INSURANCE COMPANY APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE CHARLES L. CUNNINGHAM, JR., JUDGE ACTION NO. 18-CI-000872
COURTNEY HARTSON APPELLEE
AND
NO. 2021-CA-0256-MR
COURTNEY HARTSON CROSS-APPELLANT
CROSS-APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT v. HONORABLE CHARLES L. CUNNINGHAM, JR., JUDGE ACTION NO. 18-CI-000872
PROGRESSIVE DIRECT INSURANCE COMPANY CROSS-APPELLEE OPINION AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART, AND MODIFYING
** ** ** ** **
BEFORE: DIXON, EASTON, AND JONES, JUDGES.
EASTON, JUDGE: Progressive Direct Insurance Company (“PDIC”) appeals an
order of the Jefferson Circuit Court granting summary judgment to Courtney
Hartson and ordering PDIC to pay basic reparation benefits (“BRB”)1 which PDIC
had denied Hartson. These benefits were incurred because of injuries sustained in
a motor vehicle accident (“MVA”). This MVA occurred going on six years ago.
Hartson filed a cross-appeal in which she claims the circuit court erred by not
granting her attorney’s fees and fixing interest on the judgment at twelve percent
(12%) rather than eighteen percent (18%). We affirm on both appeals, reversing in
part only to modify the trial court’s judgment with respect to a date for the
beginning of the interest awarded.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Hartson was involved in a MVA on June 13, 2017, in which she
sustained injuries. At the time of the MVA, Hartson was driving a vehicle
1 BRB is sometimes called personal injury protection or “PIP” benefits, although they are the same thing. They are also referred to as “no-fault” benefits. Stevenson ex rel. Stevenson v. Anthem Cas. Ins. Group, 15 S.W.3d 720, 723 (Ky. 1999).
-2- belonging to her grandparents, who were visiting Hartson from Florida. Hartson
resides in Louisville and did not have her own auto insurance policy. Hartson was
not named as an insured on her grandparents’ policy, issued by Southern-Owners
Insurance Company (“Southern-Owners”), a wholly owned subsidiary of Auto-
Owners Insurance Company (“Auto-Owners”).2 Hereinafter, any reference to
Auto-Owners is inclusive of Southern-Owners.
Hartson first sought BRB from Auto-Owners to cover the first ten
thousand dollars ($10,000.00) of her medical expenses pursuant to Kentucky
Revised Statute (“KRS”) 304.39-020(2). Auto-Owners refused to pay BRB to or
for Hartson, because she was not a named insured on the Auto-Owners policy, did
not live with the insured, and was not a resident of the state of Florida. At that
point, Hartson filed the underlying action for BRB naming Auto-Owners as obligor
in the Jefferson Circuit Court.
Due to Auto-Owners’ denial, Hartson also filed a claim for BRB
through the Kentucky Assigned Claims Plan (“KACP”) pursuant to Kentucky’s
2 This presents the first of two avoidable misnomers of insurance companies in this case. Auto- Owners litigated this case for Southern-Owners, which was never technically a party to this case. No one brought about a substitution of the correct corporate entity. As it turns out, this failure did not result in any inability for the circuit court to correctly determine whether Auto-Owners or Southern-Owners had an obligation to provide BRB for Hartson as compared with another provider of BRB.
-3- Motor Vehicle Reparations Act (“MVRA”). Her claim was assigned to
Progressive.3
Progressive sent a letter dated October 15, 2018, to Hartson denying
her claim because it believed Auto-Owners was responsible for BRB based on the
language in its policy. During this time, Hartson also settled her bodily injury
claim with State Farm, the insurance carrier for the other at-fault driver involved in
the MVA.
Hartson filed a motion for summary judgment against Auto-Owners.
The circuit court did not grant or deny the motion, but in an order entered on April
15, 2019, found Auto-Owners was not liable for BRB and, absent any other
insurer, the KACP provider would be liable for BRB. The circuit court gave
Hartson thirty (30) days to file an amended complaint “bringing into the case
whichever insurer [she] feels is liable for BRB.” On May 29, 2019, Hartson filed
an amended complaint naming PDIC as a defendant.
In June 2019, Hartson received notice of a Medicaid lien. Hartson’s
Passport Healthcare Plan paid the bill for Hartson’s emergency room visit
3 We use “Progressive” hereinafter to encompass both PDIC and Progressive Adjusting Company, Inc. (“PAC”). As explained in detail below, this is, in part, because of the practice during the long history of this case of the parties merely mentioning the difference in names between the two entities without doing anything to confirm by motion practice or otherwise the correct named entity. Progressive litigated this case to the end regardless of any misnomer or mistaken identity. We will hereafter refer to this situation as a misnomer. Because PDIC is the named party, it is the entity subject to the decisions of the circuit court at issue and this appeal.
-4- immediately after the accident. The bill totaled $2,462.00, but the letter did not
state the exact amount of the lien.4 No other medical bills were paid by
Medicaid/Passport. Hartson incurred at least $10,000.00 in additional medical bills
for treatment.
Hartson filed a motion for summary judgment against Progressive in
November 2019, but the matter was continued so that Progressive could take
Hartson’s deposition. After extensive briefing by all parties and a hearing
conducted on two separate days, the circuit court granted Hartson’s motion for
summary judgment, ordering that Progressive was responsible for Hartson’s BRB
and imposed interest at 12% from the date it was notified of the claim. Hartson’s
requests for 18% interest and attorney’s fees were denied. Both Hartson and
Progressive appealed.5 Further facts will be developed as necessary.
Progressive appealed arguing: 1) Hartson did not sue the proper
party; and alternatively, 2) that she is not entitled to relief because she would
essentially be “double dipping” for payment of her medical expenses due to her
settlement with State Farm. Hartson then filed a cross-appeal asserting that the
4 The hospital bill in the record shows a Medicaid payment of $467.78 made on June 30, 2017; however, the payment combined with various “Managed Medicaid Adjust[ments]” listed on the bill resulted in a $0 balance. 5 Both parties named Auto-Owners as an appellee. Auto-Owners filed motions to be dismissed in both appeals. Neither Hartson nor Progressive filed a response. This Court entered an order granting the motion and dismissing Auto-Owners from both appeals on June 8, 2021.
-5- circuit court erred when it denied her requests for attorney’s fees and limited the
amount of pre-judgment interest to 12% percent as opposed to the 18% percent she
requested.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
When a circuit court grants a motion for summary judgment, the
standard of review for the appellate court is de novo because only legal issues are
involved. Hallahan v. The Courier-Journal, 138 S.W.3d 699, 705 (Ky. App.
2004). We must consider the evidence of record in the light most favorable to the
non-movant (i.e., Progressive) and determine whether the circuit court correctly
found there were no genuine issues as to any material fact and that the moving
party was entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Scifres v. Kraft, 916 S.W.2d
779, 780 (Ky. App. 1996).
Summary judgment is appropriate where “the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, stipulations, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and
that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Kentucky Rule
of Civil Procedure (“CR”) 56.03. The movants bear the initial burden of
demonstrating that there is no genuine issue of material fact in dispute. The party
opposing the motion then has the burden to present “at least some affirmative
evidence showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial.” Steelvest
-6- Inc. v. Scansteel Service Center, Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476, 482 (Ky. 1991). A party
responding to a properly supported summary judgment motion cannot merely rest
on the allegations in his pleadings. Continental Casualty Co. v. Belknap Hardware
& Manufacturing Co., 281 S.W.2d 914, 916 (Ky. 1955).
ANALYSIS
This case turned on the contents of policies and other documents,
which presented no factual disputes. The questions presented were legal issues.
We agree there were no genuine issues as to any material fact. The circuit court
did not err in granting summary judgment.
Turning to Progressive’s first argument, we begin by addressing the
issue of preservation. Pursuant to Kentucky Rule of Appellate Procedure (“RAP”)
32(A)(4),6 Progressive does not have a statement of preservation at the beginning
of the argument in its appellant’s brief. It is not the responsibility of this Court to
search the record to find support for Progressive’s arguments or where they are
preserved, assuming such exists. Smith v. Smith, 235 S.W.3d 1, 5 (Ky. App. 2006).
The first opportunity Progressive had to present the issue and preserve
the argument was in its answer to Hartson’s amended complaint. See American
Founders Bank, Inc. v. Moden Investments, LLC, 432 S.W.3d 715, 721-22 (Ky.
App. 2014). Paragraph 5 of Progressive’s answer states, in relevant part, that
6 Formerly CR 76.12(4)(c)(v).
-7- “PDIC admits only that [PAC] received assignment of a claim from the Kentucky
Assigned Claims Plan.” Nowhere in the answer does Progressive distinguish
PDIC from PAC, nor does it specifically state PDIC was not the correct party or
that PAC was the correct entity.7 At some point in the proceedings, PAC was
referred to a servicing company, but it was not clear for whom service was
provided in terms of actual insurance coverage. We must keep in mind that with
the KACP we are dealing with an assignment of liability for BRB rather than the
issuance of traditional insurance policies for those owning or operating vehicles
where the name of the insurer may be easily ascertained from the policy.
The record shows Progressive never filed a motion to dismiss or a
motion to join PAC as an indispensable party.8 See CR 12.02. Rather, Progressive
asserted its argument in footnotes. Specifically, footnote 2 in Progressive’s
“Motion to Hold Summary Judgment in Abeyance” states, in relevant part, that
7 We look to Auto-Owners’ answer as a contrasting example. Paragraph 16 of Auto-Owners Answer states, in relevant part, that it is “not the proper party Defendant in interest, and insofar as Auto-Owners Insurance Company did not contract to, nor did Auto-Owners Insurance Company, provide any insurance coverage or [BRB] for the vehicle being operated by [Hartson] on or about June 13, 2017.”
8 “When one litigant believes there to be an indispensable party it should request the court to order joinder by the simple expedient of filing a motion. . . . [I]n any event, it should be accomplished by a pleading or motion and a brief is neither. CR 7.01.” Cabinet for Human Resources v. Kentucky State Personnel Bd., 846 S.W.2d 711, 714 (Ky. App. 1992). While we recognize Progressive’s view it had no duty to act to correct the identity of the sole defendant and that this is not the usual application of the rule regarding addition of an indispensable party, this misses the point when we review Progressive’s actions and comparative inactions in this case.
-8- “Hartson has sued an incorrect defendant in her amended complaint. [PAC] was
the entity assigned to Hartson’s claims through the KACP.”
Progressive did not argue this during the hearing on the dispositive
motion. Progressive waited essentially until after a decision was made to directly
assert the issue. Progressive’s initial response in opposition to Hartson’s motion
for summary judgment stated in the first paragraph that “Hartson certainly has no
valid claim against [PDIC], as PDIC is not a proper defendant[.]” Again,
Progressive put its argument in a brief footnote. Similarly, any argument regarding
PDIC being the incorrect party was limited to a footnote in Progressive’s sur-reply
in opposition to Hartson’s motion for summary judgment. Footnote 1 states, in
relevant part: “Hartson’s Reply offers no attempt to explain why she is seeking a
judgment against [PDIC], rather than the correct servicing carrier for the [KACP].”
Fundamental to the concept of preservation of trial error in any context is that the trial judge was explicitly made aware of the action desired by the party. By definition, an assignment of error cannot be regarded as “preserved” if its significance was never brought to the trial judge’s attention.
Smith v. Commonwealth, 410 S.W.3d 160, 167 (Ky. 2013) (emphasis added).
It is perplexing that, if Progressive deemed the issue as significant as
is presented to this Court, it did not file a motion to dismiss or to join PAC as an
indispensable party, and instead relegated its argument to footnotes and other
passing comments. We also note during introductions at the hearing on Hartson’s
-9- motion for summary judgment, counsel stated he represented PDIC, but PAC
“handles claims” through KACP. However, counsel did not raise the issue again
during arguments.
Progressive did assert that PDIC is not the correct entity in its motion
to alter, amend, or vacate the circuit court’s order granting summary judgment to
Hartson. This Court recently held:
[R]eferencing a motion to alter, amend, or vacate in support of proper preservation, as Wilburn does here, is problematic because “a party cannot invoke CR 59.05 to raise arguments and to introduce evidence that should have been presented during the proceedings before the entry of judgment.” Rumpel v. Rumpel, 438 S.W.3d 354, 365-66 (Ky. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). We will not consider any arguments which were only raised in an appellant’s CR 59.05 motion; see Ford v. Ford, 578 S.W.3d 356, 366 (Ky. App. 2019).
D.W. Wilburn, Inc. v. H&H Painting, LLC, 648 S.W.3d 687, 693 (Ky. App. 2022).
While Progressive’s argument that PDIC is the improper defendant
technically appears in the record before us, it would be a stretch to conclude that its
significance was ever brought to the trial court’s attention prior to entry of the final
judgment or that Progressive ever requested any action by the circuit court, and we
therefore conclude it is unpreserved pursuant to RAP 32(A)(4).9
9 “Our options when an appellant fails to abide by the RAP are: (1) to ignore the deficiencies and proceed with the review; (2) to strike the brief or its offending portions, CR 76.12(8)(a) [now RAP 31(H)]; or (3) to review the issues raised in the brief for manifest injustice only[.]” Hallis
-10- Our analysis on this point does not end here. The issue of
preservation is compounded by other issues related to Progressive’s argument
Hartson did not sue the correct entity. A motion to file an intervening complaint
was filed for PAC after the circuit court entered its decision in this case (subject to
the motion to alter, vacate, or amend which added more months to the case). The
intervention sought was to prolong this case further with a new claim of fraud by
Hartson in her attempt to obtain BRB. Remarkably, the motion was filed by
PDIC’s counsel on behalf of PAC. Previously, Hartson’s amended complaint was
served on PDIC through the same counsel. At the conclusion of the final hearing
in this case on December 1, 2020, counsel for Hartson offered no objection to an
order for PAC to be named as a party. Progressive’s counsel demurred, basically
saying that was not his responsibility, even though PAC was before the circuit
court trying to intervene.
v. Hallis, 328 S.W.3d 694, 696 (Ky. App. 2010). Additionally, the Kentucky Supreme Court recently clarified that
[a] review of both Hallis and Elwell [v. Stone, 799 S.W.2d 46 (Ky. App. 1990)] make clear that the manifest injustice standard of review is reserved only for errors in appellate briefing related to the statement of preservation. If a party fails to inform the appellate court of where in the record his issue is preserved, the appellate court can treat that issue as unpreserved. Appellate courts review[ ] unpreserved claims of error on direct appeal only for palpable error. To prevail, one must show that the error resulted in “manifest injustice.”
Ford v. Commonwealth, 628 S.W.3d 147, 155 (Ky. 2021) (emphasis added).
-11- Hartson argued to the circuit court that Progressive has “over forty
active entities registered in the state of Kentucky.” While there is no direct
evidence in the record before us regarding the exact number of entities operating
under “Progressive Insurance” in Kentucky, we agree with Hartson the law should
not allow Progressive to create a maze of entities to avoid responsibility in
litigation whereby BRB obligations are denied and delayed. The record is clear
that Progressive, whether technically called PDIC or PAC, was served through
counsel that represented both entities and, accordingly, Progressive had notice of
the action. And counsel for both fully represented their common interest in
avoiding liability in this case.
We see the irony in our discussion of what some would call
technicalities to address the mentioned but not pressed question of the correct
Progressive entity. Even if we consider the error preserved, we see additional
reasons not to allow Progressive’s argument to succeed. It is problematic for
Progressive, despite its assertion that PDIC is not the correct entity under the broad
banner of “Progressive Insurance,” because the record before us shows Progressive
has aggressively defended this action on the merits.
Progressive took Hartson’s deposition and extensively briefed and
argued the merits related to Hartson’s motion for summary judgment. It was not
until the circuit court granted Hartson’s motion that Progressive attempted to
-12- substantively argue PDIC was not the correct party. As a result, not only is
Progressive’s argument unpreserved, Progressive (specifically PDIC) is estopped
from arguing this on appeal before this Court because Progressive’s argument boils
down to what is essentially a misnomer. Both PDIC and PAC are Progressive.
A party may be estopped to assert a misnomer. If the named entity is
incorrect, affirmative action is called for. Prior to our modern civil rules, a plea of
abatement would be in order. In other words, the judge should be asked not to act
until the matter of the name or identity of the party is resolved. A motion to
dismiss would accomplish this. See Studebaker Corporation of America v. Dodds
& Runge, 171 S.W. 167 (Ky. 1914). A litigant should not be able to just mention
an issue, take no affirmative action to correct it, litigate the issues in the case for
years, and then insist on starting over with a newly named entity.
Progressive did nothing to address the misnomer until after a final
order was entered. Where an insurance company divides its responsibilities, as
Progressive has done here, there is an incentive to argue forcefully for a position
under one name (PDIC) and then, when the litigation does not end favorably, to
rely on a technicality such as a misnomer, even if the issue had previously not been
properly raised or acted upon. Such practice adds further litigation and other
delay, frustrating a primary purpose of BRB and the MVRA to get bills paid first
and then let insurance companies argue over who ultimately owes them.
-13- In the circumstances of this case, any error regarding the name of the
Progressive entity was not preserved. Any such error did not result in manifest
injustice and does not constitute palpable error. Even if the error was preserved,
Progressive is estopped to deny its liability because of its actions in this case.
We next address the merits of Progressive’s claims. There is no
question Progressive was incorrect in its argument Southern-Owners was
responsible for BRB. Southern-Owners was not licensed in Kentucky. It had no
obligation to provide BRB for Hartson. KRS 304.39-100(2); see also State Farm
Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Tennessee Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 785 S.W.2d 520 (Ky. App.
1990). The Southern-Owners policy did not contractually add BRB for Hartson.
The circuit court correctly rejected the strained argument Southern-Owners still
owed coverage under the language of its policy.
Progressive’s second argument is that it is not obligated to pay BRB to
Hartson because she would be receiving double compensation for her medical bills
due to her prior settlement with State Farm. Progressive’s argument is twofold. It
first contends Hartson never provided reasonable proof of loss. This argument has
no basis in fact or law. The record before us reveals that all medical bills were
provided to Progressive by Hartson.
In order for an insurance company to make an intelligent evaluation of its obligation to pay a bill for medical expenses, a copy of the bill itself should be furnished to the company. The importance of the medical bill was
-14- recognized by the legislature. There is a statutory presumption that any medical bill submitted is reasonable. KRS 304.39-020(5)(a).
State Auto. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Outlaw, 575 S.W.2d 489, 493 (Ky. App. 1978)
(emphasis added).
Similarly, Progressive’s argument that “any [medical] bills that are
unpaid are so only because Hartson has not paid them”10 is unpersuasive. KRS
304.39-210(1) states
[b]asic and added reparation benefits are payable monthly as loss accrues. Loss accrues not when injury occurs, but as work loss, replacement services loss, or medical expense is incurred. Benefits are overdue if not paid within thirty (30) days after the reparation obligor receives reasonable proof of the fact and amount of loss realized, unless the reparation obligor elects to accumulate claims for periods not exceeding thirty-one (31) days after the reparation obligor receives reasonable proof of the fact and amount of loss realized, and pays them within fifteen (15) days after the period of accumulation. Notwithstanding any provision of this chapter to the contrary, benefits are not overdue if a reparation obligor has not made payment to a provider of services due to the request of a secured person when the secured person is directing the payment of benefits among the different elements of loss. If reasonable proof is supplied as to only part of a claim, and the part totals one hundred dollars ($100) or more, the part is overdue if not paid within the time provided by this section. Medical expense benefits may be paid by the reparation obligor directly to persons supplying products, services, or accommodations to the claimant, if the claimant so designates.
10 See page 16 of Appellant’s brief.
-15- (Emphasis added.)
The record before us contains Hartson’s application for no-fault
benefits. In the application, Progressive did not provide Hartson an opportunity to
designate whether she wanted the medical providers to be paid directly. An email
from Hartson’s counsel to a claims adjuster with Progressive dated April 16, 2019,
states, in relevant part, Progressive “can either make payment directly to [Hartson]
or I can instruct you on how to make payments.” This is the same date Hartson’s
medical bills were submitted to Progressive. However, a subsequent email from
Hartson’s counsel to Progressive dated September 17, 2020,11 states “[p]lease
make the [BRB] check out to [Hartson] & Adams Legal Group.”
Kentucky law requires Progressive to reimburse Hartson for money
spent out-of-pocket, which appears to be inapplicable, or to pay the medical
providers directly. Medlin v. Progressive Direct Ins. Co., 419 S.W.3d 60, 63 (Ky.
App. 2013); see also KRS 304.39-210(1). Because Hartson had not paid any bills
out-of-pocket, she could not be reimbursed directly from Progressive. Id.
However, we do not interpret Medlin to mean that this relieves Progressive of its
obligation to provide timely payment directly to the medical providers. In other
words, Progressive cannot use the fact Hartson did not pay her medical bills out-
11 This date indicates Progressive took no action to pay bills for almost a year and a half.
-16- of-pocket to avoid its obligation to pay BRB. This is an unreasonable attempt to
frustrate the very purpose of the BRB provisions of the MVRA.
The purpose of BRB is to get bills paid without arguments over fault,
and this purpose is further served by making sure medical providers are paid for
their services, whether directly or by the injury victim. Hartson was entitled to
have her medical bills paid promptly. Progressive cannot be allowed to succeed
with the argument Hartson never paid any of the bills, so Progressive did not have
to pay Harston for her bills and then also argue Progressive was not going to pay
the bills directly. Significantly, Progressive has never argued it did not pay
Hartson’s medical providers because she did not designate payment in that manner.
We now turn to the second aspect of Progressive’s argument that
Hartson would receive “double compensation” if Progressive paid BRB. Here,
Progressive focuses on Hartson’s settlement with State Farm in which she received
$23,187.78 of a $25,000 policy limit. The circuit court took the settlement into
account and ordered that “[b]ecause State Farm would be obligated to reimburse
Progressive $1,812.22 [the amount left of the State Farm policy amount] on its
subrogation claim, . . . Progressive’s obligation for BRB is capped at $10,000 -
$1,182.22 = $8,187.78 but Progressive will have no subrogation claim.” The
circuit court also ordered “Hartson will have to satisfy Passport’s lien for having
-17- paid for the [emergency room] visit and pay the balance of her healthcare bills
related to the accident.”12
Progressive’s argument regarding “double compensation” is without
merit. It is well-settled law in Kentucky that “[BRB], rather than a tort claim, are
the exclusive remedy for the first $10,000 in medical expense and work loss
sustained by a no-fault plaintiff.”13 Drury v. Spalding, 812 S.W.2d 713, 716 (Ky.
1991) (emphasis added). Further, an injured person can seek relief in tort under
the MVRA “only for those damages which exceeded the amounts payable as basic
reparation benefits.” Carta v. Dale, 718 S.W.2d 126, 128 (Ky. 1986). Those
damages in tort must exceed $1,000.00. KRS 304.39-060. Otherwise, there is no
connection between tort liability and the responsibility of a BRB obligor to pay the
first $10,000.00 in medical expenses. Our highest court has provided additional
clarification:
Generally, a tort settlement and release does not affect the payment of BRB. A tort settlement and release and contractual BRB are distinct methods of recovery. See Ammons v. Winklepleck, 570 S.W.2d 287, 289 (Ky. App. 1978) (“[Bodily injury] liability coverage and the BRB coverage do not overlap and do not provide duplicate benefits for the same elements of loss.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Dealing with the two methods of recovery is like “dealing with apples and oranges.”
12 Hartson’s medical bills exceed the $10,000.00 maximum BRB limit. 13 Hartson did not claim any work-related losses.
-18- Holzhauser v. West American Ins. Co., 772 S.W.2d 650, 651 (Ky. App. 1989).
Coleman v. Bee Line Courier Service, Inc., 284 S.W.3d 123, 126 (Ky. 2009)
Hartson signed a general release when she settled with State Farm.
The release documents did not contain language indicating Hartson intended to
release her BRB carrier or specifically to indemnify for BRB benefits. This issue
was also addressed in Coleman. Specifically,
[t]he question in [Ohio Casualty Ins. Co. v. Ruschell, 834 S.W.2d 166 (Ky. 1992)] was whether the plaintiff’s own BRB carrier could refuse to pay under a general release to a tortfeasor. This Court held that the plaintiff’s own BRB carrier could not refuse to pay absent specific language agreeing to release or reimburse no-fault obligations. The Court wanted to ensure that if a plaintiff did intend to release her no-fault carrier as well, then the release must say so specifically and clearly.
....
Although dicta, this Court correctly concluded that an intent to indemnify the tortfeasor against BRB recoupment claims should not be inferred in the absence of explicit, specific language of agreement. This is especially true in light of the distinctly different nature of BRB versus tort liability claims.
Id. at 127 (emphasis added).
We note the dicta in Ruschell was questioned by those justices
concurring in Coleman. The importance of the separateness of BRB and tort
-19- liability and the danger of permitting releases of tort liability to require claimants
to use those funds to satisfy a non-tort liability obligation is illustrated by this case
involving minimum tort liability coverage. A substantial argument may be made
(as was made by some of the justices in Coleman) that public policy and the
obvious purposes of the MVRA should prohibit agreements in any tort release to
require the injured party to use tort liability proceeds to reimburse BRB. That
issue is not directly before us, and this Court would not have the authority to alter
this dicta-announced rule in Ruschell.
Stated plainly, under the facts of this case, Hartson’s settlement with
State Farm for her bodily injury claim has no bearing on Progressive’s obligation
to pay BRB to or for Hartson. Accordingly, we discern no error in the circuit
court’s decision that Progressive owes the unpaid BRB.
We now turn to Hartson’s cross-appeal. First, she claims the circuit
court erred when it imposed interest at 12% rather than 18% under KRS 304.39-
210(2). We disagree.
The record before us shows Hartson completed her application for
benefits through KACP on or about June 19, 2017. However, it was stamped as
received by KACP on August 3, 2018. The delay is explained by the record only
to the extent that Hartson was pursuing BRB from Auto-Owners during this time,
but the parties do not provide clarification in their briefs to this Court. At the time
-20- Hartson completed the forms, she indicated she did not have private insurance,
government benefits, other gratuitous benefits, or benefits received from any other
source. However, Hartson’s emergency room bill was paid by Passport/Medicaid
on June 30, 2017 (i.e., shortly after the date Hartson completed the KACP forms).
Progressive received assignment of Hartson’s claim through KACP on or about
August 20, 2018. Progressive initially denied the claim on October 15, 2018,
based on language contained in the Auto-Owners insurance policy. At that time,
Progressive believed Auto-Owners was responsible for BRB.
KRS 304.39-210(2) states that “[o]verdue payments bear interest at
the rate of twelve percent (12%) per annum, except that if delay was without
reasonable foundation the rate of interest shall be eighteen percent (18%) per
annum.” The question is whether Progressive had a “reasonable foundation” to
deny or delay Hartson’s claim after it received her medical bills on April 16, 2019.
A reasonable foundation for delay is defined as either “assertion of a legitimate and
bona fide defense by the reparation obligor” or failure of the claimant to supply the
obligor with reasonable proof of loss in a timely fashion. Auto. Club Ins. Co. v.
Lainhart, 609 S.W.2d 692, 695 (Ky. App. 1980); see also Kentucky Farm Bureau
Mut. Ins. Co. v. Roberts, 603 S.W.2d 498, 499 (Ky. App. 1980).
Importantly, Hartson concedes that Progressive’s initial denial of her
claim in October 2018, was reasonable because it believed at the time – as did
-21- Hartson – that Auto-Owners was responsible for BRB. In her motion for summary
judgment and in her brief to this Court, Hartson concedes that Progressive’s initial
denial was “reasonable and based on the Auto-Owners insurance policy
language.”14 However, some five months later, on March 21, 2019, in an email
from a claims adjuster, Progressive agreed to provide BRB to Hartson.
Progressive then backtracked as shown in an email dated April 18, 2019, from
Progressive’s counsel that stated it was “unclear whether [Hartson] had available
other ‘benefits or advantages.’”
Outlaw is instructive. In that case, because Outlaw’s hospital bill was
paid by Medicaid prior to the time she sought compensation through the MVRA,
that payment constituted benefits and/or advantages to Outlaw. To wit,
[i]f benefits are payable through the assigned claims plan, the special rule of KRS 304.39-160(3) authorizes the deduction of “all benefits or advantages” received by the claimant in calculating net loss. None of the exceptions to this special rule are applicable in this case. Therefore, State Auto asserts that it was entitled to delay payment of the bill of General Hospital until it ascertained the amount of the state medical assistance payments to be deducted under KRS 304.39-160(3). On the other hand, Outlaw contends that no deduction was permissible because General Hospital was under an obligation to refund medical assistance payments to the extent it recovered such sums from third parties.
14 See page 20 of Appellee’s/Cross-Appellant’s brief.
-22- Whether State Auto was entitled to deduct the state medical assistance payments from the amount of the General Hospital bill is determined by the sequence of events. The hospital bill was incurred between August 29 and October 31, 1975. The medical assistance payments were not made until July 2, 1976. Basic reparation benefits are payable monthly as loss accrues. KRS 304.39-210(1). Assuming that Outlaw had filed a claim for benefits soon after the accident and that the assigned claims bureau had promptly assigned her claim to State Auto, State Auto would not have had any right to make any deduction for any future medical assistance payments. KRS 304.39-210(3) provides:
A claim for basic or added reparation benefits shall be paid without deduction for the benefits which are to be subtracted pursuant to the provisions on calculation of net loss if these benefits have not been paid to the claimant before the reparations benefits are overdue or the claim is paid. The reparation obligor is entitled to reimbursement from the person obligated to make the payments or from the claimant who actually receives the payments.
However, Outlaw made no claim for benefits under the MVRA until August 16, 1976, after the state medical assistance payment of $3,308.06 had been made to General Hospital on July 2, 1976. The medical assistance payments constituted “benefits” and “advantages” actually received by Outlaw.
Outlaw, 575 S.W.2d at 494.
Similarly, Hartson did not make a claim through KACP until after
Passport/Medicaid paid her emergency room bill. Payment of the bill constituted
“benefits” and “advantages” received by Hartson that were not disclosed on her
-23- KACP application. It was not unreasonable for Progressive to investigate
Hartson’s Medicaid coverage after it received medical bills from Hartson. Hartson
also admits that “[a]ll medical bills were initially provided to [Progressive] on
April 16, 2019, which is the date that reasonable proof of loss was provided.”15
(Emphasis in original.)
The circuit court could have concluded that at some point, the
litigiousness and delay became unjustified. Again, this case is about BRB benefits
for an MVA that occurred over five years ago. The policy and purpose of BRB
under the MVRA was clearly frustrated here. The circuit judge carefully evaluated
the issues in this matter. We may not substitute our judgment for the circuit
court’s. The circuit court did not err in refusing to award 18% interest.
The circuit court ordered PDIC to pay 12% interest “beginning 30 days
after Progressive was notified of the claim.” We must disagree with the circuit
court regarding the date. Pursuant to KRS 304.39-210(1), “[b]enefits are overdue
if not paid within thirty (30) days after the reparation obligor receives reasonable
proof of the fact and amount of loss realized[.]” When read in conjunction with
KRS 304.39-210(2), it is clear Hartson can only collect interest on overdue
benefits.
15 See page 16 of Appellee’s/Cross-Appellant’s brief.
-24- As previously stated, although Progressive received assignment of the
claim in August 2018 (i.e., it was notified of the claim at this time), Hartson was in
the midst of the underlying litigation in which she claimed Auto-Owners was
responsible for BRB. Hartson admits she first provided proof of loss to
Progressive on April 16, 2019. This is the date “the reparation obligor receive[d]
reasonable proof of the fact and amount of loss realized” pursuant to KRS 304.39-
210(1). Therefore, Hartson’s benefits did not become overdue until thirty days
after April 16, 2019.
Pursuant to KRS 22A.060, we are permitted to modify a judgment.
This is appropriate when a minor adjustment must be made. This prevents the
further delay of having the circuit court enter another order to be processed by the
court clerk. Therefore, we modify the final judgment of the circuit court only to
reflect the 12% interest begins thirty days after April 16, 2019 (i.e., the date
Hartson’s medical bills were first submitted to Progressive).
Hartson next argues she is entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees. KRS
304.39-220(1) states in relevant part,
[i]f overdue benefits are recovered in an action against the reparation obligor or paid by the reparation obligor after receipt of notice of the attorney’s representation, a reasonable attorney’s fee for advising and representing a claimant on a claim or in an action for basic or added reparation benefits may be awarded by the court if the denial or delay was without reasonable foundation.
-25- (Emphasis added.)
The discretionary language of the statute is consistent with precedent
which provides that “[d]ecisions regarding whether and how to allocate court costs,
as well as whether to award attorney’s fees, are within the discretion of the trial
court.” Miller v. McGinty, 234 S.W.3d 371, 373 (Ky. App. 2007); see also Flag
Drilling Co. v. Ergo, Inc., 156 S.W.3d 762, 766 (Ky. App. 2005); Wilhoit v.
Wilhoit, 521 S.W.2d 512, 514 (Ky. 1975) (“[A]n allocation of court costs and an
award of an attorney’s fee are entirely within the discretion of the court.”). We
therefore review the circuit court’s decision regarding attorney’s fees for an abuse
of discretion. Miller, 234 S.W.3d at 373. “The test for abuse of discretion is
whether the trial judge’s decision was arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or
unsupported by sound legal principles.” Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d
941, 945 (Ky. 1999). “Put another way, we will not hold a trial court to have
abused its discretion unless its decision cannot be located within the range of
permissible decisions allowed by a correct application of the facts to the law.”
McClure v. Commonwealth, 457 S.W.3d 728, 730 (Ky. App. 2015) (citation
omitted).
The facts of this case are unusual in that it was not immediately
apparent which insurer was the proper BRB obligor. Hartson initially pursued
Auto-Owners, but eventually filed a claim through KACP and had the claim
-26- assigned to Progressive more than a year after the MVA. Hartson admits she did
not provide proof of loss to Progressive until April 16, 2019, nearly two years after
the MVA. Although her benefits are overdue, we cannot say that the circuit court
abused its discretion when it did not award attorney’s fees to Hartson.
CONCLUSION
Accordingly, the judgment of the Jefferson Circuit Court is
AFFIRMED with the modification of the calculation of 12% interest to begin thirty
days after April 16, 2019.
ALL CONCUR.
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT/CROSS- BRIEFS FOR APPELLEE/CROSS- APPELLEE: APPELLANT:
Robert L. Steinmetz Kevin M. Adams Alexander J. Kuebbing Jasmine R. Chenault Louisville, Kentucky Louisville, Kentucky
-27-