The opinion of the court was pronounced by
Mattockls, J.
— This was an action of debt upon an executor’s bond. The material part of the pleadings are as follows :
The first count in the declaration alleges, that defendant, together with one Elisha Cross, now deceased, at Bennington, on the 21st of December, 1811, duly executed to the probate court for the district of Bennington, his bond in the penal sum of $10,000, conditioned that “ if the said John Matthews, executor of all and singular the goods, chattels, rights, credits and estate of David Matthews, late of said Shaftsbury, deceased, should (among other things) well and truly pay all debts and legacies of the said deceased, agreeably to the last will and testament of the said deceased, as aforesaid, and recorded in the probate office in the district aforesaid, on the 2d day of December, 1812, then this obligation to be void' — otherwise in full force.”
And said John Stevens alleges, that he is duly authorized to prosecute,' and assigns for breach, that said David Matthews died possessed of personal estate to the value of $15,000, which came to the hands and possession of the defendant.— That he owed but ‡ 1000, and by his will devised all his estate, after paying his debts, to his children — share and share alike, to be paid them, when his executor should think proper. —That Suky, one of the children of the deceased, intermarried with said John Stevens, and has deceased; and that said John has taken letters of administration upon her estate. — That her share of said estate was over $2000; and avers, “that defendant, though often requested, has never paid said Sukyhror said John said sum before the 2d day of December, 1812, nor since.”
To this count, the defendant plead that said David Matthews, at the time of making his will, and until his death, and the said Suky Matthews, at the time of the death of said David, were inhabitants and residents of Hoosack, in the state of [273]*273New-York. — That on the 29th day of August, 1810, said David made his will, and devised all his estate to his children, af-' ter paying his debts; and appointed the defendant and Robert Morris and Garrit Wendell his executors, and died 2d March, 1811. And the defendant and Robert Morris, on the 5th No vember, 1811, at Lansingburgh, in the state of New-York, before the surrogate, duly proved said will, and administration was therepon granted to them of the property of said deceased. — ■ That they were sworn and gave bonds, and took upon themselves the trust, and did make and exhibit to said surrogate, before the commencement of this action, a true inventory of all the goods, rights and credits of said deceased, and afterwards, in the district of Bennington, on the first Wednesday of January, 1812, the defendant produced a copy of said will, with the probate aforesaid duly authenticated, unto the probate court in said district of Bennington, which was duly filed and recorded in said office; and that no money, goods, chattels, rights or credits of said David Matthews, deceased, have come to his hands or possession in this state, either before or since the date of said writing obligatory declared upon.
To which plea, the plaintiffs replied, that said David Matthews died possessed of personal property of the value of $15,000, and that the same came into the hands and possession of the said John Matthews, as executor of the last will and testament of said David Matthews: To whi.ch replication the defendant demurred, and the plaintiff joined.
Several points have been made in the argument of the case, but we deem it not necessary to discuss any save two.
1st. Is the defendant estopped from averring in his plea, that David Matthews, at the time of his death, was a resident and inhabitant of the state of New-York ? And
2d. There being no estoppel, is the plea a good answer to this count in the declaration ?
The reason given why a party shall be estopped by his own former admission in a deed, is that no man ought to allege any thing but the truth for his defence; and what he has alleged once, is presumed to be true; and therefore, he ought not to contradict it, for dllegans contraria non est audiendum. But that every estoppel, because it copcludeth a man to allege the truth, must be certain to every intent, and not to be taken by argument or inference. That every estoppel ought to be a [274]*274Precise affirmation of that which inaketh the estoppel, and not to be spoken impersonally. Neither doth a recital conclude, because it is no direct affirmation. That estoppel against est0PPe^ doth Put ^le matter at large. That where the verity js apparent in the same record, there the adverse party shall not be estopped to take advantage of the truth, for he cannot be estopped to allege the truth, where the truth appeareth of record. — Coke Littleton, section 669 and notes. — 4 Just. 272.
Now to apply this ancient and sound authority upon this artificial branch of the common law to the case, and it will not conclude the defendant from averring the fact that the testate died an inhabitant of New-York. The plea, and the record therein made a profert of, shows that the original administration was taken out in New-York, and a copy filed in this state, where the bond declared on was given. This all but proves the fact; for upon what other ground could the probate here derive a secondary and not an original administration. And could the words “late of Shaftsbury, deceased,” have been intended to assert or admit, that the deceased was of Shaftsbu-bury when he died ? which fact would have rendered the doings of the probate in that form a nullity. May it not rather be descriptive of what David Matthews was intended, as the deceased might have formerlyresided in Shaftsbury ? But however this may be, it is not certain to every nor to a certain intent, and it is not to be taken by inference ; and as estoppels are not favored by law, as they tend to suppress truth, we consider, independent of the question, whether the plaintiff should have plead the estoppel, that the fact of David Matthews residence in New-York was well plead. Does the plea disclose a good defence to the action ? The 68th section of the probate act of 1797, under which the will was recorded, after directing that copies of foreign wills may be filed and recorded in the probate courts of this state, says, “ and the judge may proceed thereupon to take bond of the executor or executors, or grant administration of said testator’s estate, lying in this state, with the will annexed.” Under this clause, the bond in question was taken; and whether the condition to pay all debts and legacies, which is not rnentioned in the form of a bond given by the statute is a valid consideration, need not now be .considered. In Massachusetts, it has long been settled under [275]*275a statute very similar to ours, tliat an executor who records a foreign will, was not holden for effects received, in the country where the testate had his domicil. The reasoning of the court in the case of Selectmen of Boston vs. Boylston, 2 Mass. 381 is very satisfactory on this point; and the principles there adopted, have been since followed in that state, and have been recognized here, as appears by the case of Hapgood vs. Jenison, 2 Vt. R. 294.
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The opinion of the court was pronounced by
Mattockls, J.
— This was an action of debt upon an executor’s bond. The material part of the pleadings are as follows :
The first count in the declaration alleges, that defendant, together with one Elisha Cross, now deceased, at Bennington, on the 21st of December, 1811, duly executed to the probate court for the district of Bennington, his bond in the penal sum of $10,000, conditioned that “ if the said John Matthews, executor of all and singular the goods, chattels, rights, credits and estate of David Matthews, late of said Shaftsbury, deceased, should (among other things) well and truly pay all debts and legacies of the said deceased, agreeably to the last will and testament of the said deceased, as aforesaid, and recorded in the probate office in the district aforesaid, on the 2d day of December, 1812, then this obligation to be void' — otherwise in full force.”
And said John Stevens alleges, that he is duly authorized to prosecute,' and assigns for breach, that said David Matthews died possessed of personal estate to the value of $15,000, which came to the hands and possession of the defendant.— That he owed but ‡ 1000, and by his will devised all his estate, after paying his debts, to his children — share and share alike, to be paid them, when his executor should think proper. —That Suky, one of the children of the deceased, intermarried with said John Stevens, and has deceased; and that said John has taken letters of administration upon her estate. — That her share of said estate was over $2000; and avers, “that defendant, though often requested, has never paid said Sukyhror said John said sum before the 2d day of December, 1812, nor since.”
To this count, the defendant plead that said David Matthews, at the time of making his will, and until his death, and the said Suky Matthews, at the time of the death of said David, were inhabitants and residents of Hoosack, in the state of [273]*273New-York. — That on the 29th day of August, 1810, said David made his will, and devised all his estate to his children, af-' ter paying his debts; and appointed the defendant and Robert Morris and Garrit Wendell his executors, and died 2d March, 1811. And the defendant and Robert Morris, on the 5th No vember, 1811, at Lansingburgh, in the state of New-York, before the surrogate, duly proved said will, and administration was therepon granted to them of the property of said deceased. — ■ That they were sworn and gave bonds, and took upon themselves the trust, and did make and exhibit to said surrogate, before the commencement of this action, a true inventory of all the goods, rights and credits of said deceased, and afterwards, in the district of Bennington, on the first Wednesday of January, 1812, the defendant produced a copy of said will, with the probate aforesaid duly authenticated, unto the probate court in said district of Bennington, which was duly filed and recorded in said office; and that no money, goods, chattels, rights or credits of said David Matthews, deceased, have come to his hands or possession in this state, either before or since the date of said writing obligatory declared upon.
To which plea, the plaintiffs replied, that said David Matthews died possessed of personal property of the value of $15,000, and that the same came into the hands and possession of the said John Matthews, as executor of the last will and testament of said David Matthews: To whi.ch replication the defendant demurred, and the plaintiff joined.
Several points have been made in the argument of the case, but we deem it not necessary to discuss any save two.
1st. Is the defendant estopped from averring in his plea, that David Matthews, at the time of his death, was a resident and inhabitant of the state of New-York ? And
2d. There being no estoppel, is the plea a good answer to this count in the declaration ?
The reason given why a party shall be estopped by his own former admission in a deed, is that no man ought to allege any thing but the truth for his defence; and what he has alleged once, is presumed to be true; and therefore, he ought not to contradict it, for dllegans contraria non est audiendum. But that every estoppel, because it copcludeth a man to allege the truth, must be certain to every intent, and not to be taken by argument or inference. That every estoppel ought to be a [274]*274Precise affirmation of that which inaketh the estoppel, and not to be spoken impersonally. Neither doth a recital conclude, because it is no direct affirmation. That estoppel against est0PPe^ doth Put ^le matter at large. That where the verity js apparent in the same record, there the adverse party shall not be estopped to take advantage of the truth, for he cannot be estopped to allege the truth, where the truth appeareth of record. — Coke Littleton, section 669 and notes. — 4 Just. 272.
Now to apply this ancient and sound authority upon this artificial branch of the common law to the case, and it will not conclude the defendant from averring the fact that the testate died an inhabitant of New-York. The plea, and the record therein made a profert of, shows that the original administration was taken out in New-York, and a copy filed in this state, where the bond declared on was given. This all but proves the fact; for upon what other ground could the probate here derive a secondary and not an original administration. And could the words “late of Shaftsbury, deceased,” have been intended to assert or admit, that the deceased was of Shaftsbu-bury when he died ? which fact would have rendered the doings of the probate in that form a nullity. May it not rather be descriptive of what David Matthews was intended, as the deceased might have formerlyresided in Shaftsbury ? But however this may be, it is not certain to every nor to a certain intent, and it is not to be taken by inference ; and as estoppels are not favored by law, as they tend to suppress truth, we consider, independent of the question, whether the plaintiff should have plead the estoppel, that the fact of David Matthews residence in New-York was well plead. Does the plea disclose a good defence to the action ? The 68th section of the probate act of 1797, under which the will was recorded, after directing that copies of foreign wills may be filed and recorded in the probate courts of this state, says, “ and the judge may proceed thereupon to take bond of the executor or executors, or grant administration of said testator’s estate, lying in this state, with the will annexed.” Under this clause, the bond in question was taken; and whether the condition to pay all debts and legacies, which is not rnentioned in the form of a bond given by the statute is a valid consideration, need not now be .considered. In Massachusetts, it has long been settled under [275]*275a statute very similar to ours, tliat an executor who records a foreign will, was not holden for effects received, in the country where the testate had his domicil. The reasoning of the court in the case of Selectmen of Boston vs. Boylston, 2 Mass. 381 is very satisfactory on this point; and the principles there adopted, have been since followed in that state, and have been recognized here, as appears by the case of Hapgood vs. Jenison, 2 Vt. R. 294. Indeed, it would be perfectly unjust and impracticable to make him who administers upon property in this state, account 'for property received in another state or kingdom, under another and the principal administration where he has or is bound to account for all effects there received, and where creditors and legatees should go, if they desire to avail themselves of the funds there remaining.
But it has been contended that the clause in the bond to pay debts and legacies, may be considered as inserted under the 15th section of the act aforesaid, which directs, that executors taking upon themselves that trust, shall give bonds to make an inventory and render an account to the probate court like administrators, “ unless such executor or executors are residuary legatees, in which case, bond may be given by him, her or them, to pay the debts and legacies of the testator.” The answer to this is, that this section evidently relates to the primary proof a will, and not to the filing a will already proved; and besides this, defendant and others the children of the testate, were to have the whole estate after the payment of debts; they were therefore not residuary legatees, but changed from heirs to legatees. A residuary legatee is he to whom the residuum of the estate is left by will. Legacy is a bequest of goods and chattels by will or testament. The person to whom it is given is styled the legatee. And if the gift is of the residue of an estate, after payment of debts and legacies, he is then styled the residuary legatee. — Jacobs’ Law Die.
It has also been argued, that the condition in the bond to pay the debts and legacies, is good at common law, as a substantive obligation. But this being an official bond-, and this condition not being provided nor authorized by law, is like the condition in a jail bond, that the prisoner should also pay for his board and washing, which was held void, as reported by Judge Chipman.
The plea being a sufficient answer to the declaration, and [276]*276the replication not traversing the material facts set forth in the * ° plea, and it being a known principle that what is not traversed virtually admitted, the plea is considered sufficient, and the insufficient; and therefore,
The .judgment of the county court is affirmed.