The opinion of the court was delivered by
Reavis, C. J.
Suit to construe and declare void a devise in the will of Mary J. Stewart to Wm. Davies, W. II. Short and Jonathan Edwards for certain uses therein set forth, as follows:
“To Rev. Wm. Davies, W. EL Short and Jonathan Edwards, of Spokane, Washington, I give and' devise my former home place in Altamont, Spokane county, state of Washington (being the three acre tract of land, with the dwelling house, which was formerly occupied as a home by myself and my husband, John W. Stewart, now deceased, while we resided in said Altamont, and lying next west of the premises formerly of Prather and standing in my name), in trust, nevertheless, for the proposed Congregational Academy, in or near the city of Spokane, Washington, contemplated to be started and equipped by or under the auspices of the Congregational Churches, provided said academy shall be incorporated, under whatever name it may be, within five years from my death; and if said academy or institution shall not be so incorporated, then I give and devise my said former home place to the same three trustees, or the survivor or survivors of them, in trust for such other charitable purpose and uses as they may see fit in their discretion to employ the same.”
The will was executed on the 28th of March, 1898, in California, and decedent died on the 21st of April, 1898. Appellants Pritchett and Denny, heirs at law of decedent, filed the petition praying that the above clause be declared void. The superior court adjudged the devise for the use of the proposed academy valid, and the devise over to other charitable uses void. The trustees named in the will accepted the trust and assumed the management and con[34]*34trol of the property devised to them for the uses mentioned. Appellant’s counsel assigned two errors: First, the determination that the devise for the use of the proposed academy is valid; second, in not determining the liability for costs.
In support of the first assignment it is urged by counsel for appellant that the will is void under §1313 of Deering’s Code, Vol. 2, Civil Code of California, which, in substance, prohibits such a devise in trust for charitable uses, except the will be executed at least thirty days before the decease of the testator. The case was tried upon an agreed stipulation of the facts, and it does not appear that the law of California was proved. Foreign laws must be pleaded and proven as any other fact, and in this regard the law of another state is as the law of a foreign country. McDaniel v. Pressler, 3 Wash. 636 (29 Pac. 209) ; Lowry v. Moore, 16 Wash. 476 (48 Pac. 238, 58 Am. St. Rep. 49) ; 13 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d ed.), 1060. But the devise of real property is governed by the law of its situs. Jarman, Wills, § 1; 3 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 632.
It is argued that the devise for the use of the proposed academy is a naked or passive trust for the use of one not in being, and is not for a public charitable purpose, and that it is indefinite, uncertain, and impossible of execution, as to the object for which it is intended to be used, and as to the source from which or through which the proposed corporation is to come into being. The proposition is stated that under the statute of uses (27 Hen. VIII., ch. 10) the title conveyed in trust to the three trustees passes no estate to the trustees, but it vests at once in the cestui que trust, — that is, the proposed academy, cestui que trust, not being in esse at the death of the testatrix, the devise lapsed, and vested immediately in the heirs at law. And [35]*35the principle is cited from Washburn on Real Property, as follows:
“A deed to A in trust for B, makes B the legal owner of the estate, and such conveyance passes no estate to the trustee, but vests it at once in the cestui que trust.”
And many authorities are cited in approval of the rule. This rule, in its application to private trusts, may be conceded, but the pivotal question in this cause is the nature of the devise. If the devise be for charitable uses, it is immaterial that the objects of the charity are uncertain and indefinite. Indeed, it is said that vagueness is, in some respects, essential to a good gift for a public charity, and that a public charity begins where uncertainty in the recipient begins. 2 Perry, Trusts (4th ed.), § 687; 2 Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence (2d ed.), §§ 1018-1020. It seems that a claimant for charity cannot have right to demand. A beneficiary who founds his claim on right cannot be the subject of charity. Therefore the beneficiaries, as individuals, must be uncertain in a public or charitable trust. The will before us must be liberally construed to give effect to the intention of the testatrix. She uses ordinary language in reference to existing conditions and her environments. The object of her beneficenceSis to aid the proposed Congregational Academy near Spokane. The court recognizes the Congregational Church as a Christian organization, and from its system of government it is frequently mentioned as a “church” or “churches”; and, further, that in this state there are congregational academies existing under the supervision of these congregational churches; that these academies are educational institutions; that their instruction gives prominence to Christian doctrines and morals, and that the testatrix deemed her bequest charitable is clearly expressed [36]*36in the devise, that, in the event that the proposed academy should not he established in a limited time, then “for sucn other charitable purposes and uses as they may see fit in their discretion to employ the same.” It seems clear that the bequest was for charitable uses. In Ould v. Washington Hospital, 95 U. S. 311, Mr. Justice Swayne said:
“A charitable use, where neither law nor public policy forbids, may be applied to almost anything that tends to promote the well-doing and well-being of social man.”
In Jackson v. Phillips, 14 Allen, 556, Mr. Justice Gray gives a very comprehensive definition:
“A charity, in the legal sense, may be more fully defined as a gift, to be applied consistently with existing laws, for the benefit of an indefinite number of persons, either by 'bringing their minds or hearts under the influence of education or religion, by relieving their bodies from disease, suffering, or constraint, by assisting them to establish themselves in life, or by erecting or maintaining public buildings or works, or otherwise lessening the burdens of government. It is immaterial whether the purpose is called charitable in the gift itself, if it is so described as to show that it is charitable in its nature.”
See, also, Coggeshall v. Pelton, 7 Johns. Ch. 294 (11 Am. Dec. 471) ; Mitford v. Reynolds, 1 Phil. Ch. 191; 2 Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence, 1021; Perry, Trusts, .§701.
Counsel for appellant have with much zeal and learning maintained that the statute of charitable uses (43 Eliz. ch. 4) is not in force in any of the states unless specifically adopted. The authorities adduced have been carefully examined. The citations from the states of Maryland, Indiana and Yew York seem to support this contention. But in some of them charitable uses have been abolished by legislation. But it seems that such charitable uses, when placed with a competent trustee, who is willing to act, have been [37]*37generally upheld in the states of the American Union.
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The opinion of the court was delivered by
Reavis, C. J.
Suit to construe and declare void a devise in the will of Mary J. Stewart to Wm. Davies, W. II. Short and Jonathan Edwards for certain uses therein set forth, as follows:
“To Rev. Wm. Davies, W. EL Short and Jonathan Edwards, of Spokane, Washington, I give and' devise my former home place in Altamont, Spokane county, state of Washington (being the three acre tract of land, with the dwelling house, which was formerly occupied as a home by myself and my husband, John W. Stewart, now deceased, while we resided in said Altamont, and lying next west of the premises formerly of Prather and standing in my name), in trust, nevertheless, for the proposed Congregational Academy, in or near the city of Spokane, Washington, contemplated to be started and equipped by or under the auspices of the Congregational Churches, provided said academy shall be incorporated, under whatever name it may be, within five years from my death; and if said academy or institution shall not be so incorporated, then I give and devise my said former home place to the same three trustees, or the survivor or survivors of them, in trust for such other charitable purpose and uses as they may see fit in their discretion to employ the same.”
The will was executed on the 28th of March, 1898, in California, and decedent died on the 21st of April, 1898. Appellants Pritchett and Denny, heirs at law of decedent, filed the petition praying that the above clause be declared void. The superior court adjudged the devise for the use of the proposed academy valid, and the devise over to other charitable uses void. The trustees named in the will accepted the trust and assumed the management and con[34]*34trol of the property devised to them for the uses mentioned. Appellant’s counsel assigned two errors: First, the determination that the devise for the use of the proposed academy is valid; second, in not determining the liability for costs.
In support of the first assignment it is urged by counsel for appellant that the will is void under §1313 of Deering’s Code, Vol. 2, Civil Code of California, which, in substance, prohibits such a devise in trust for charitable uses, except the will be executed at least thirty days before the decease of the testator. The case was tried upon an agreed stipulation of the facts, and it does not appear that the law of California was proved. Foreign laws must be pleaded and proven as any other fact, and in this regard the law of another state is as the law of a foreign country. McDaniel v. Pressler, 3 Wash. 636 (29 Pac. 209) ; Lowry v. Moore, 16 Wash. 476 (48 Pac. 238, 58 Am. St. Rep. 49) ; 13 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (2d ed.), 1060. But the devise of real property is governed by the law of its situs. Jarman, Wills, § 1; 3 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 632.
It is argued that the devise for the use of the proposed academy is a naked or passive trust for the use of one not in being, and is not for a public charitable purpose, and that it is indefinite, uncertain, and impossible of execution, as to the object for which it is intended to be used, and as to the source from which or through which the proposed corporation is to come into being. The proposition is stated that under the statute of uses (27 Hen. VIII., ch. 10) the title conveyed in trust to the three trustees passes no estate to the trustees, but it vests at once in the cestui que trust, — that is, the proposed academy, cestui que trust, not being in esse at the death of the testatrix, the devise lapsed, and vested immediately in the heirs at law. And [35]*35the principle is cited from Washburn on Real Property, as follows:
“A deed to A in trust for B, makes B the legal owner of the estate, and such conveyance passes no estate to the trustee, but vests it at once in the cestui que trust.”
And many authorities are cited in approval of the rule. This rule, in its application to private trusts, may be conceded, but the pivotal question in this cause is the nature of the devise. If the devise be for charitable uses, it is immaterial that the objects of the charity are uncertain and indefinite. Indeed, it is said that vagueness is, in some respects, essential to a good gift for a public charity, and that a public charity begins where uncertainty in the recipient begins. 2 Perry, Trusts (4th ed.), § 687; 2 Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence (2d ed.), §§ 1018-1020. It seems that a claimant for charity cannot have right to demand. A beneficiary who founds his claim on right cannot be the subject of charity. Therefore the beneficiaries, as individuals, must be uncertain in a public or charitable trust. The will before us must be liberally construed to give effect to the intention of the testatrix. She uses ordinary language in reference to existing conditions and her environments. The object of her beneficenceSis to aid the proposed Congregational Academy near Spokane. The court recognizes the Congregational Church as a Christian organization, and from its system of government it is frequently mentioned as a “church” or “churches”; and, further, that in this state there are congregational academies existing under the supervision of these congregational churches; that these academies are educational institutions; that their instruction gives prominence to Christian doctrines and morals, and that the testatrix deemed her bequest charitable is clearly expressed [36]*36in the devise, that, in the event that the proposed academy should not he established in a limited time, then “for sucn other charitable purposes and uses as they may see fit in their discretion to employ the same.” It seems clear that the bequest was for charitable uses. In Ould v. Washington Hospital, 95 U. S. 311, Mr. Justice Swayne said:
“A charitable use, where neither law nor public policy forbids, may be applied to almost anything that tends to promote the well-doing and well-being of social man.”
In Jackson v. Phillips, 14 Allen, 556, Mr. Justice Gray gives a very comprehensive definition:
“A charity, in the legal sense, may be more fully defined as a gift, to be applied consistently with existing laws, for the benefit of an indefinite number of persons, either by 'bringing their minds or hearts under the influence of education or religion, by relieving their bodies from disease, suffering, or constraint, by assisting them to establish themselves in life, or by erecting or maintaining public buildings or works, or otherwise lessening the burdens of government. It is immaterial whether the purpose is called charitable in the gift itself, if it is so described as to show that it is charitable in its nature.”
See, also, Coggeshall v. Pelton, 7 Johns. Ch. 294 (11 Am. Dec. 471) ; Mitford v. Reynolds, 1 Phil. Ch. 191; 2 Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence, 1021; Perry, Trusts, .§701.
Counsel for appellant have with much zeal and learning maintained that the statute of charitable uses (43 Eliz. ch. 4) is not in force in any of the states unless specifically adopted. The authorities adduced have been carefully examined. The citations from the states of Maryland, Indiana and Yew York seem to support this contention. But in some of them charitable uses have been abolished by legislation. But it seems that such charitable uses, when placed with a competent trustee, who is willing to act, have been [37]*37generally upheld in the states of the American Union. In some of the adjudications the Statute of Elizabeth has been deemed an affirmance of and definition for charitable uses as they already existed at the ancient common law. There is some contrariety of opinion as to the jurisdiction of courts of chancery in England before the Statute of Elizabeth to supervise the trustee and enforce the trust in charitable uses. One view was that the instances in practice where such trusts were directed by the chancellor was in the exercise of the prerogative of the King. In the ease of Baptist Association v. Hart’s Executors, 4 Wheat. 1, the supreme court of the United States referred to the origin and extent of equitable jurisdiction over charitable trusts in this country, as derived from the authority of the Statute of 43 Elizabeth. But the ruling was made in a case going up from the state of Virginia, where specific legislation had expressly abolished the Statute of Elizabeth. However, in a subsequent and leading case,— Vidal v. Girard’s Executors, — that high tribunal, speaking through Mr. Justice Stoby, virtually overruled the expressions of the former case, and observed of the precedents at common law before the statute was enacted:
“They established in the most satisfactory and conclusive manner that cases of charities where there were trustees appointed for general and indefinite charities, as well as for specific charities, were familiarly known to, and acted upon, and enforced in the Court of Chancery. In some of these cases the charities were not only of an uncertain and indefinite nature, but, as far as we can gather from the imperfect statement in the printed records, they were also cases where there were either no trustees appointed, or the trustees were not competent to take, -x- *• * Whatever doubts, therefore, might properly be entertained upon the subject when the case of the Trustees of the Philadelphia Baptist Association v. Hart’s Exec[38]*38utors, 4 Wheat. 1, was before this court (1819), those doubts are entirely removed by the late and more satisfactory sources of information to which we have alluded.'’ 2 How. 196.
The case last under consideration arose in the state of Pennsylvania, where the highest tribunal in the state had already adjudged that the Statute of Elizabeth had not been adopted, but charitable uses were sustained. That charitable uses have always been recognized by courts of equity seems to be established by undoubted authority. It is not necessary for authority to' be sought under the Statute of 43 Elizabeth, for courts of equity here to recognize and enforce such trusts. Their inherent, original jurisdiction of all trusts gives cognizance of trusts for charitable uses. Among many authorities that might be mentioned, the following references are made: Pennoyer v. Wadhams, 20 Ore. 274 (25 Pac. 720); Miller v. Teachout, 24 Ohio St. 525; Salionstall v. Sanders, 11 Allen, 446; Russell v. Allen, 107 H. S. 163 (2 Sup. Ct. 327) ; Howe v. Wilson, 91 Mo. 45 (60 Am. Rep. 226, 3 S. W. 390) ; Estate of Hinckley, 58 Cal. 457; 2 Perry, Trusts (4th ed.), § 720.
The provision that, in default of the establishment of the proposed academy, the trustees shall use the bequest for such other charitable purposes and uses as they may see fit, in their discretion, was adjudged void in the decree before us. The testatrix appointed competent trustees, and they have entered upon the discharge of their trust. This is not a devise to charitable uses generally, without, the designation of a trustee; or, in other words, the imposition upon the court of the appointment or designation of the beneficiaries. The testatrix has reposed this confidence in her trustees, and it cannot be said that they may not execute the trust. And, if there is an abuse of the dis[39]*39cretion reposed in them, they may he subject to the jurisdiction of equity.
The decree will therefore he modified so as to sustain the validity of the devise as set forth in the will, and, as modified, affirmed, and the cause remanded for such modification and entry of final decree.
Anders, White and Eullerton, JJ., concur.