Premier Capital v. DeCarolis CV-01-126-M 01/04/02 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
Premier Capital, Inc. (Successor in Interest to the Merchants National Bank of Manchester), Appellant
v. Civil No. 01-126-M Opinion No. 2002 DNH 008 Philip V. DeCarolis, Appellee
O R D E R
Premier Capital, Inc. ("Premier") appeals a decision of the
bankruptcy court (Vaughn, C.J.) dismissing its complaint against
Philip V. DeCarolis ("DeCarolis"), debtor in an underlying
bankruptcy proceeding. For the reasons given below, the decision
of the bankruptcy court is affirmed.
Standard of Review
A bankruptcy court's findings of fact are not set aside
unless clearly erroneous. Palmacci v. Umpierrez, 121 F.3d 781,
785 (1st Cir. 1997) (citing F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 8013; Commerce Bank &
Trust Co. v. Burgess (In re Burgess), 955 F.2d 134, 137 (1st Cir.
1992); F e d . R. C i v . P. 52(c), advisory committee's note to 1991 Amendment). However, a "bankruptcy court's legal conclusions.
drawn from the facts so found, are reviewed de novo." Palmacci,
121 F.3d at 785 (citing Martin v. Baiqar (In re Ban gar) , 104 F.3d
495, 497 (1st Cir. 1997)) .
Absent either a mistake of law or an abuse of discretion, the bankruptcy court ruling must stand. See Siedle v. Putnam Invs., Inc., 147 F.3d 7, 10 (1st Cir. 1998). A bankruptcy court "may abuse its discretion by ignoring a material factor that deserves significant weight, relying on an improper factor, or, even if it [considered] only the proper mix of factors, by making a serious mistake in judgment." Id.
Picciotto v. Salem Suede, Inc. (In re Salem Suede, Inc.), 268
F.3d 42, 44 (1st Cir. 2001). "On an appeal the district court .
. . may affirm, modify, or reverse a bankruptcy judge's judgment,
order, or decree or remand with instructions for further
proceedings." F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 8013.
Factual and Procedural Background
By complaint filed August 18, 2000, Premier initiated an
adversary proceeding against DeCarolis and five other defendants.
DeCarolis is the debtor in an underlying Chapter 7 bankruptcy
proceeding in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District
of New Hampshire (Case No. 00-11474-MWV). On August 23, 2000,
2 the bankruptcy court issued a summons and notice of pretrial
conference. Once the summons was issued. Premier had ten days to
serve it. F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e), but did not do so.
Sometime later. Premier retained new counsel. When new
counsel reviewed the file and realized that the August 23 summons
had not been served within the time allotted by Rule 7004(e),
counsel asked the bankruptcy court to issue an "alias summons,"
which it did on October 23, 2000. Again, Premier had ten days
from the date of issuance to serve the fresh summons. At the
time the second summons was issued. Premier's counsel did not
know the addresses of two of the six defendants named in the
complaint. Counsel did know DeCarolis's address, however, as
well as the addresses of three other defendants. By November 8 -
fifteen days after the alias summons was issued - Premier's
counsel had obtained addresses for all six defendants, and, on
that date, delivered all six summonses.
Thirteen days later, on November 21, 2000, DeCarolis moved
the bankruptcy court to dismiss Premier's complaint for failure
to serve the summons within the ten-day limit specified by F e d .
3 R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e). In his motion, DeCarolis pointed out that
"[f]allure to serve Summons and Complaint within ten days under
former Bankruptcy Rule 7004(e) justifies order of dismissal with
leave to obtain new summons." (Appellant's A pp. at 15 (emphasis
added).) Premier objected to the motion to dismiss on grounds
that it had "good cause" for failing to meet the ten-day
deadline. But, inexplicably. Premier did not attempt to obtain
or serve yet another summons (i.e., a second alias summons, which
would have been the third, overall) within the ten days required
by Rule 7 0 0 4 (e).
By motion filed January 8, 2001 - while his previous motion
to dismiss was still pending before the bankruptcy court -
DeCarolis again sought dismissal of Premier's complaint, on the
additional ground of failure to serve the summons within the 120
days allowed by F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m) . The bankruptcy court held a
hearing on DeCarolis's motions on February 20, 2001. At that
hearing, counsel for Premier told the court that "we do admit
that the summons and complaint was [sic] served fifteen days
after issuance . . . ." (Appellant's App. at 7 9.) But Premier's
4 counsel argued that service had nevertheless been made within the
120-day limit prescribed by Rule 4 (m), explaining that
the debtor had filed a motion to dismiss for failure to serve within the ten days. We didn't request a new summons be issued because that was still pending before the Court, and we weren't sure if the Court would require a new summons to be issued or just grant the debtor further time to answer, since the reason for the motion to dismiss was allegedly that they didn't have enough time to respond. They never requested an extension from us, which would have been aptly granted if that were the reason for the motion to dismiss.
For these - for that reason. Your Honor, under Rule 7004(e), which is the one that applies in this case, which is the failure to serve within ten days, it requires that the Court shall issue a new summons, not that the case be dismissed.
(Id. at 80-81.) When asked by Chief Judge Vaughn why she did not
simply obtain a second alias summons upon receipt of DeCarolis's
first motion to dismiss. Premier's counsel stated:
Your Honor, I was under the assumption I had to wait for that to be adjudicated. I got the summons and I promptly recognized that we were after the ten days when I got the notice [of DeCarolis's first motion to dismiss], and I looked at it and said, "Okay, the Rule says the Court has to issue a new summons, or, perhaps the Court's going to give further time to answer, because they're concerned they don't have enough time." So I thought I had to wait until the hearing on that first motion to dismiss before I could request a new summons because it hadn't been adjudicated.
5 (Id. at 83.) The colloquy between Chief Judge Vaughn and
Premier's counsel continued:
THE COURT: But even when you got the alias -
MR. [sic] BANKOWSKI: - and we served it.
THE COURT: - summons, that was not served within the ten days.
MR. [sic] BANKOWSKI: Right.
THE COURT: There's no question about it.
MR. [sic] BANKOWSKI: That's true. There's no question. Your Honor. That's true. And we looked at the Rule and we said, "That's right, we didn't serve it within the ten days," so the Court is required to issue a new summons. We also looked at Rule 7004 [sic] and said, "Well, we did serve in the 120 days, so we're all set with Rule 120. (sic)"
THE COURT: The Court's only required to issue a new summons when somebody requests it.
MR. [sic] BANKOWSKI: Right. And I thought as soon as the Court adjudicated on the first motion to dismiss that the Court would issue the new summons or else just extend the time for service, and that hearing was coming up on January 9th, which is what we were waiting for was that hearing. Your Honor. I don't believe that we delayed, and I think there's - if for some reason the Court thinks we didn't serve in the 120 days, we had good cause, because our reading of the Rules also have [sic] been recognized by the Bankruptcy Court in Connecticut that that 120-day rule is separate and distinct from Rule 7004(e).
THE COURT: All these cases are factual and are discretionary on the matter of the Court.
6 MR. [sic] BANKOWSKI: That's right.
THE COURT: I understand your argument.
MR. [sic] BANKOWSKI: Okay. If the Court for some reason believes that the 120-day rule applies, we still think there's good cause exists [sic] for extending the time for service. There's a meritorious complaint here, which would be barred if the Court chose to dismiss this case, and that alone can be reason for the Court not exercising its discretion to dismiss the case, aside from the fact that we do have good cause in this case. If you look at the - I believe it's the Third Circuit case - yes, KCV Casale from Pennsylvania, which cites the Third Circuit case of Pettruccelli v. Boerinqer and Ratsinqer (phonetic). The Court recognized in that case that the counsel there at all didn't have good cause. They just failed to serve, which was wholly separate from this case; however, the case shouldn't be dismissed when there is a meritorious case, so it would be time-barred as a result of the dismissal.
(Id. at 84-87.) The bankruptcy court granted DeCarolis's motion
to dismiss, ruling from the bench, as follows:
Well, Ms. Bankowski, you haven't convinced me. I'm going to grant the motion to dismiss. I don't believe there was a valid service of the summons. I believe under the Rule 7004 that it's - the requirement is on you or your client to show good cause under 7004(m) [sic] for failure to make the service within the 120 days. I disagree with the - your argument that, in fact, even though you didn't get an alias summons after the ten days had expired on your first alias summons, that since it was served, that would comply with the 120-day rule. I don't believe it does
7 comply with the 120-day rule, and from what I've heard here today I'm not convinced there was good cause for the failure to serve it.
As I think I've indicated, for the life of me, I don't understand when Mr. Askenaizer [DeCarolis's counsel] filed the first motion to dismiss on November 21st, when it was clear that there were still 28, 29 days left to get an alias summons and make (End of Tape #1. Tape # 2 continues without interruption as follows): service with [sic] 120 days, at least upon a defendant that you knew where he was located. And there's no question that if you had made proper service on this defendant and not the others, the complaint would have gone forward against this defendant, while service may not have been completed with respect to the other defendants. You don't necessarily have to serve them all to get proper service on one. And under 704 - 7004(m) [sic], the burden is to show just cause.
I know that prejudice is sometimes taken into consideration, but in this particular fact situation where service could have been made within the 120-day period, proper service with a new alias summons after the first one had expired, and that wasn't done. I'm not convinced there was good cause for me to extend the time at this point in time for new service on this defendant. We've been here a number of times. This matter has to go forward. The debtor is entitled to a speedy resolution of both objections to discharge and exceptions to discharge.
For all of those reasons I am going to grant the motion to dismiss.
(Id. at 92-93.)
8 Discussion
Premier says the bankruptcy court's decision should be
reversed because: (1) service of the summons and complaint was in
fact made within the 120 days required by the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure, as incorporated into the Federal Rules of
Bankruptcy Procedure; and (2) in the alternative, the bankruptcy
court abused its discretion when it: (a) declined to find good
cause for Premier's failure to meet the 120-day deadline; and (b)
failed to extend the 120-day deadline, even in the absence of
good cause.
I. The Relevant Law
The service requirements for complaints in adversary
proceedings in bankruptcy court are set out in the Federal Rules
of Bankruptcy Procedure ("Bankruptcy Rules") and the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure ("Rules of Civil Procedure"), which must
be read in combination. See Ovama v. Sheehan (In re Sheehan) ,
253 F.3d 507, 512 (9th Cir. 2001). Under the Bankruptcy Rules,
"Rule 4(a), (b) , (c) (1), (d) (1), (e)-(j), (1), and (m) FR Civ P
[sic] applies in adversary proceedings." F e d . R. B a n k r . P.
7004(a). The Bankruptcy Rules also provide, in relevant part:
9 Summons: Time Limit for Service Within the United States. Service made under Rule 4(e), (g), (h)(1), (i), or (j)(2) F.R.Civ.P. [sic] shall be by delivery of the summons and complaint within 10 days after the summons is issued. If service is by any authorized form of mail, the summons and complaint shall be deposited in the mail within 10 days after the summons is issued. If a summons is not timely delivered or mailed, another summons shall be issued and served. . .
F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e). In addition, the Bankruptcy Rules
provide:
. . . Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subdivision, when an act is required or allowed to be done at or within a specified period by these rules or by a notice given thereunder or by order of court, the court for cause shown may at any time in its discretion (1) with or without motion or notice order the period enlarged if the request therefor is made before the expiration of the period originally prescribed or as extended by a previous order or (2) on motion made after the expiration of the specified period permit the act to be done where the failure to act was the result of excusable neglect.
F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 9006(b) (1) . Finally, the Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure provide, in relevant part:
Time Limit for Service. If service of the summons and complaint is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint, the court, upon motion or on its own initiative after notice to the plaintiff, shall dismiss the action without prejudice
10 as to that defendant or direct that service be effected within a specified time; provided that if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure, the court shall extend the time for service for an appropriate period.
F e d . R . Civ . P . 4 (m) .
II. Service Within 120 Days
Premier argues that even though the delivery it made on
November 8 did not constitute effective service under F e d . R.
B a n k r . P. 7004(e), it was effective service for purposes F e d . R.
C i v . P. 4 (m). In other words. Premier claims that it properly
served its summons and complaint upon DeCarolis well in advance
of the 120-day deadline specified by Rule 4 (m) (which fell on
December 18, 2000), albeit not within ten days of issuance of the
summons. On that basis. Premier contends that the bankruptcy
court committed legal error when it dismissed the complaint for
failure to meet the 120-day deadline. DeCarolis, obviously,
contends that Premier's delivery of the summons and complaint was
a nullity under: (1) F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e), because it was not
served within ten days of issuance; and (2) F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m) ,
because no service that met the requirements of F e d . R. B a n k r . P.
7004(e) was made within 120 days after the complaint was filed.
11 Plainly, the summons and complaint were "delivered" to
DeCarolis by November 8, the date on which Premier placed these
documents in the mail (Appellant's App. at 52). See F e d . R.
B a n k r . P. 7004(b)(1) (allowing service by first-class mail, in
addition to the forms of service authorized by F e d . R. C i v . P.
4(e)-(j)). The question before this court, however, is whether
that delivery, which did not constitute effective service under
F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e), nevertheless constituted service within
120 days for purposes of F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m) .
Premier relies upon Union Trust Co. v. Anderson (In re
Anderson), 179 B.R. 401, 407 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1995), for the
proposition that F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m) "reserves its harsh result
for those instances where there is a complete lack of 'service .
. . upon' a defendant, not merely a circumstance where, although
actually served, a defendant is afforded insufficient time to
plead." However, the "rule" Premier seeks to invoke was labeled,
in several different ways, as dictum. Id. at 407, 408.1 Thus,
1 Specifically, the court wrote: "Though not critical to its ruling given the foregoing findings of 'good cause' and 'waiver' under Rule 4(j), this Court's decision may be supportable also by a legal conclusion that Rule 4(j) [current Rule 4 (m)] is simply not applicable to the facts of this case." In re Anderson. 179 B.R. at 407 (emphasis added). The court continued in the same
12 Premier's authority for the proposition that ineffective service
under F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e) can, nevertheless, be effective
service under F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m) is less than a "holding" and,
as nonbinding precedent, is helpful only to the extent the
analysis is persuasive.
DeCarolis, on the other hand, relies upon Dreier v. Love (In
re Love), 232 B.R. 373 (Bankr. E.D. Tenn. 1999), aff'd 242 B.R.
169 (E.D. Tenn 1999) and 3 Fed. Appx. 497 (6th Cir. 2001) . In
that case, plaintiffs in an adversary proceeding served an alias
summons and a copy of the complaint on the debtor/defendant
within the ten days prescribed by F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e), but
failed to serve those documents on the debtor/defendant's
vein: (1) "Arguably, by its terms. Rule 4(j) reserves its harsh result . . .," id. (emphasis added); and (2) "Arguably, the Court could conclude that the concept of ''service' in Rule 4(j) encompasses an instance of 'service' completed in an appropriate manner, albeit tardily under the standard of Fed.R .Bank.P . 7004(f)," id. (emphasis on "arguably" added). Finally, the In re Anderson court concluded its discussion in the following way:
However, as noted supra, given the Court's findings of "good cause" and waiver, a formal ruling on this legal guestion is unnecessary to this Court's decision on the instant motions. Therefore, the Court declines to so rule at this time.
Id. at 408 (emphasis added).
13 attorney, as required by F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(b)(9). Ruling on
the debtor/defendant's motion to dismiss, the bankruptcy court
held:
Because the Plaintiffs did not serve the Debtor's attorney with the October 20, 1998 Alias Summons and a copy of the "complaint" as required by Rule 7004(b) (9), their attempted service upon the debtor was ineffective. Thus, the Plaintiffs failed to timely serve the Debtor under Rule 4 (m) .
In re Love, 232 B.R. at 378. In re Love deems proper service
under F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e) to be a prerequisite for timely
service under F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m) . Like In re Anderson, In re
Love is not binding, but that case does carry somewhat more
persuasive value, given its decisional quality.
Premier distinguishes In re Love on the basis that that
case, unlike this one, involved a complete failure to serve a
required "party" (i.e., counsel for the debtor/defendant), rather
than just a failure to serve in a timely manner. Leaving aside
whether counsel qualifies as "a party" who must be served, to the
extent Premier distinguishes In re Love based upon the fact that
DeCarolis, unlike the debtor's attorney in In re Love, had actual
notice of the complaint. Premier's argument is unpersuasive. See
14 Meqanck v. Couts (In re Couts), 188 B.R. 949, 953 (Bankr. E.D.
Mich. 1995) ("actual knowledge of a suit is not a substitute for
proper service of process and does not cure a technically
defective service of process") (citing Friedman v. Estate of
Presser, 929 F.2d 1151, 1155-56 (6th Cir. 1991)); see also 1 J a m e s
W m . M o o r e , M o o r e 's F e d e r a l P r a c t i c e § 4.03 [3] [a] (3rd ed. 2000)
("Generally, independent knowledge by defendant that an action
has been commenced is insufficient, in the absence of proper
service of process, to confer jurisdiction over defendant."); cf.
Javurek v. Wadsworth (In re Wadsworth) 200 B.R. 915, 919 (D. Kan.
1996) (explaining that defendant's actual notice of suit "is not
equivalent to a showing of 'good cause'" for failure to timely
serve).
Indeed, untimely delivery, even when made to all persons who
must be served, is insufficient to constitute valid service. See
Ruthe v. Dohrinq (In re Dohrinq), 245 B.R. 262, 263 (Bankr. N.D.
Tex. 2000) ("The summons, as served, was expired and therefore
service of it was a nullity and should be quashed."). While the
bankruptcy court in In re Dohrinq ultimately granted plaintiff an
additional thirty days to effect service, it did so only after
15 ruling that plaintiff's attempted service, which was untimely
under F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e), was also ineffective under F e d . R.
C i v . P. 4 (m) . The court merely found good cause for plaintiff's
failure to serve within 120 days and granted discretionary
relief.
The practical goal to be achieved by the clumsy linkage of
F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e) and F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m) is probably
deducible, but swift processing of adversary proceedings is not a
necessary result.2 The court's obligation, however, is to read
the Bankruptcy Rules and the Rules of Civil Procedure in
combination. See In re Sheehan, 253 F.3d at 512. As between the
2 Apparently, service within ten days of the summons' issuance is intended to afford a defendant in a bankruptcy adversary proceeding the familiar twenty days in which to respond (i.e., defendant must respond within thirty days of issuance of the summons, which must be served within ten days of issuance, resulting in at least twenty days to respond). See In re Anderson, 179 B.R. at 404 n.4. It might be easier, and far less complex, to simply afford twenty days to respond, calculated from the date of service, and to require service within 120 days of filing the complaint. Of course, under the current combination of rules, 120 days is allowed for service of the summons in a bankruptcy adversary proceeding, so long as the summons is also served within ten days of issuance. Thus, while plaintiff must serve the complaint and summons within ten days of issuance of the summons, he or she can apparently wait until the 119th day after filing the complaint to obtain and properly serve an alias summons.
16 rule urged b y Premier (late service under F e d . R. B a n k r . P.
7004(e) constitutes timely service under F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m)) and
the rule urged by DeCarolis (effective service under F e d . R. C i v .
P. 4 (m) requires proper service under F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e)),
the better rule is that service within 120 days under F e d . R. C i v .
P. 4 (m), in a bankruptcy adversary proceeding, means proper
service under F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e) within 120 days of filing
the complaint. That is, a defendant must be served within ten
days of the issuance of the summons, and within 120 days of the
filing of the complaint. Here the summons and complaint were
served within 120 days of the filing of the complaint, but more
than ten days after the alias summons was issued. Accordingly,
service was ineffective under both F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e) and
F ed . R . Civ. P . 4 (m) .
III. Failure to Grant an Extension
Premier next argues that even if it failed to serve
DeCarolis within the time limit prescribed by F e d . R. C i v . P.
4 (m), the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by: (1)failing
to find good cause for its failure to serve; and (2) failing to
17 exercise its prerogative to grant a permissive extension of the
120-day limit even in the absence of good cause.
There are three means by which a plaintiff might be granted
relief from failure to meet the 120-day service deadline. First,
"if the plaintiff shows good cause for the failure [to serve
within 120 days], the court shall extend the time for service for
an appropriate period." F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m) (emphasis added);
see also In re Sheehan, 253 F.3d at 512 ("upon a showing of good
cause for the defective service, the court must extend the time
period [for service]") (citing F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m); Petrucelli v.
Bohrinqer & Ratzinqer, GmbH, 46 F.3d 1298, 1305 (3rd Cir. 1995)).
"The determination of whether good cause exists to justify such a
failure is entirely within the Court's discretion." Kadlecek v.
Ferguson (In re Ferguson), 204 B.R. 202, 207 (Bankr. N.D. 111.
1997) (citing Flovd v. United States, 900 F.2d 1045, 1046 (10th
Cir. 1990); Attorney Reg. & Disco. Comm'n of the Superior. C t . of
111, v. Betts (In re Betts) , 142 B.R. 819, 825 (Bankr. N.D. 111.
1992)); Artificial Intel. Corp. v. Casev, (In re Casev), 193 B.R.
942, 946 (Bankr. S.D. Cal. 1996) (citing Cartage Pac. Co. v.
Waldner (In re Waldner), 183 B.R. 879, 881 (B.A.P. 9th Cir.
18 1995)). "Second, if there is no good cause [for defective
service], the court has the discretion to dismiss without
prejudice or to extend the time period." In re Sheehan, 253 F.3d
at 512 (citing Petrucelli, 46 F.3d at 1305) . Third, an extension
of the 120-day deadline may also be granted, when plaintiff moves
for such relief after the deadline has passed, under the
excusable neglect standard of F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 9006(b). See,
e.g.. In re Sheehan, 253 F.3d at 513; In re Love, 232 B.R. at
38 0; In re Ferguson, 204 B.R. at 209; In re Casev, 193 B.R. at
946. That decision, as well, is within the discretion of the
court. See F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 9006(b) (1) .
A. Good Cause Under F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m)
In this case, the bankruptcy court explicitly determined
that: (1) Premier failed to effectively serve DeCarolis within
120 days of filing its complaint; and (2) Premier did not
demonstrate good cause for that failure. On appeal. Premier says
good cause was established by: (1) its diligent attempts to serve
DeCarolis; (2) its beliefs that: (a) it had made effective
service for purposes of F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m); and (b) it should
not - or could not - re-serve DeCarolis while his first motion to
19 dismiss was pending; and (3) the lack of prejudice to DeCarolis
should the period be extended.
In granting the motion to dismiss, the bankruptcy court
placed considerable emphasis on Premier's failure to re-serve
DeCarolis, even after he alerted Premier to the defect in its
attempted service.3 Because Premier's failure to make service
was based upon its misunderstanding of the Bankruptcy Rules, and
concomitant inaction, the bankruptcy court cannot be said to have
abused its discretion in declining to find good cause for
Premier's failure to serve DeCarolis.4 See in re Ferguson, 204
3 While evasion of service. In re Casev, 193 B.R. at 946 (citation omitted), or some other conduct that thwarted attempted service might bolster a claim of good cause for failure to serve, the record in this case discloses exactly the opposite: DeCarolis took at least one step - specifically pointing out Premier's defective service, with time left in the service period - that should have facilitated timely service, had Premier chosen to act on the information it was provided. As in In re Love, Premier, "with ample time to do so [as a result of DeCarolis's promptly filed motion to dismiss], took no action to have another alias summons issued in order that [it] might timely effectuate service in the proper manner [and] showed no diligence in [its] efforts to serve [DeCarolis] within the 120-day time period." 232 B.R. at 380.
4 Premier's decision not to attempt re-service was based upon at least four legal errors. First, it mistakenly believed that its attempted service, while ineffective under F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e), was effective under F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m). That understanding of F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m) was legally incorrect, for
20 B.R. at 208 ("ignorance of the service requirements, although
certainly an explanation for defective service, is not an
excuse") (citing Tuke v. United States, 76 F.3d 155, 156 (7th
Cir. 1996)); In re Casev, 193 B.R. at 946 ("A mistaken assumption
or mere inadvertence does not establish good cause.") (citations
omitted); Broitman v. Kirkland (In re Kirkland), 86 F.3d 172,
(10th Cir. 1996) ("Mistake of counsel or ignorance of the rules .
. . usually do not suffice [to establish good cause].") (citing
Putnam v. Morris, 833 F.2d 903, 905 (10th Cir. 1987); Despain v.
Salt Lake Area Metro Gang Unit, 13 F.3d 1436, 1439 (10th Cir.
reasons already given. Second, Premier believed that it was barred from re-serving DeCarolis while the bankruptcy court was considering his first motion to dismiss. Premier cites no authority for that proposition, and the court is aware of none. Third, Premier believed that the court might, sua sponte, order the issuance of a second alias summons, in response to DeCarolis's first motion to dismiss. Again, Premier cites no legal basis for that belief. Fourth, Premier believed that instead of directing it to obtain and serve a new alias summons, the bankruptcy court might simply grant DeCarolis additional time to reply to the summons that had been ineffectively served on November 8. However, both F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e) and relevant precedent make clear that the exclusive cure for defective service, when recognized within the 120-day service period, is re-service. See, e.g., Campbell v. Castelo (In re Campbell) 105 B.R. 19, 21 (B.A.P. 9th Cir. 1989) ("Bankruptcy Rule 7004(f) [now Rule 7004(e)] does not limit the number of summonses a plaintiff may receive for the purposes of curing defective service.") (citing Sanghui v. Alpha Omega Travel, Ltd. (In re Terzian), 75 B.R. 923, 926 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1987); Client's Security Fund of N.Y. v. Dahowski (In re Dahowski), 48 B.R. 877, 881 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1985)).
21 1994)); In re Love, 232 B.R. at 380 (finding no good cause for
failure to serve within 120 days when defendant informed
plaintiff of defective service with thirty-four days left in
service period, and plaintiff made no attempt to re-serve).
B. Permissive Extension Under F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m)
It is not readily apparent from the transcript of the
hearing on DeCarolis's motion to dismiss that the bankruptcy
court separately considered a permissive extension of the time
for service. It is, however, apparent that the bankruptcy judge
was not inclined to grant discretionary relief under the
circumstances. Declining to permissively extend the time for
service also did not constitute an abuse of discretion.
While the bankruptcy court did not explicitly state that it
considered extending the time for service, notwithstanding its
determination that Premier had not shown good cause, the
transcript does disclose that counsel for both parties raised the
good cause standard and also argued that the court could extend
the time for service even absent a showing of good cause. (See
Appellant's App. at 74, 86-87.) Therefore, it cannot be said
22 that the bankruptcy judge was unmindful of the option of his
power to grant a permissive extension when he decided to dismiss
Premier's complaint. Because the record discloses that the
bankruptcy court was aware of its ability to grant an extension
even in the absence of good cause, and given that court's wide
latitude in deciding whether to grant such an extension, see In
re Sheehan, 253 F.3d at 513 (citing Cooter & Gell v. Hartmarx
Corp., 496 U.S. 384, 400 (1990)), the bankruptcy court did not
abuse its discretion in failing to permissively extend the time
to perfect service, under the circumstances it found to exist.5
5 While Premier correctly points out that "the running of the limitations statute alone could be reason to extend time for service," Casev, 223 B.R. at 884 (citing Petrucelli, 46 F.3d at 1306 n.8) (emphasis added); see also In re Ferguson, 204 B.R. at 209 (citing F e d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m), advisory committee notes, 1993 Amendments); Barr v. Barr (In re Barr), 217 B.R. 626, 629 (Bankr. W.D. Wash. 1998)), the Casev court's decision that a bankruptcy court would not necessarily abuse its discretion by granting an extension based exclusively upon the running of the statute of limitations does not, of course, mean that a court would abuse its discretion should it decide not to extend time for service under such circumstances.
The running of the statute of limitations does not require that a district court extend the time for service of process under [Fe d . R. C i v . P. 4 (m)]. Petrucelli, 46 F.3d at 1306. Rather, absent a finding of good cause, a district court may in its discretion still dismiss a case even after considering that the statute of limitations has run.
Panaras, 94 F.3d at 341.
23 According to the advisory committee notes to the 1993
amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, an extension
of the 120-day deadline, even without good cause, "may be
justified . . . if the defendant is evading service or conceals a
defect in attempted service." In such a circumstance, a court
would be justified in exercising its discretion to grant a
permissive extension to a diligent plaintiff who has been unable
to serve a wily defendant. See, e.g.. In re Barr, 217 B.R. at
631 (granting plaintiff, who failed to show good cause,
additional thirty days to serve defendant "who took no action to
advise the Plaintiff of the defect in service") ; cf. In re
Anderson, 179 B.R. at 406-07 (determining that plaintiff had good
cause for failing to serve defendant who knew service was
defective, but did not challenge service until after the 120-day
service period ran, seeking instead "to reap a technical windfall
by [its] inertia", by filing motion to vacate default granted to
plaintiff); In re Couts, 188 B.R. at 953 (denying defendant's
motion to vacate default judgment based upon defective service of
process when defendant knew that service was defective and made
tactical decision to move for dismissal, after service period had
run and plaintiff had secured default judgment).
24 But this case presents the mirror image of In re Barr.
Here, DeCarolis did not conceal the defect in Premier's attempted
service, but, like the debtor in In re Love, 232 B.R. at 380,
promptly informed Premier of the service defect well before the
120-day service period had run, despite having no obligation to
do so, see In re Ferguson, 204 B.R. at 209 ("Debtor's counsel had
no obligation to inform Plaintiff of the rules"). And Premier,
rather than obtaining and serving a second alias summons, sat
back under the erroneous assumptions that: (1) it could not or
should not obtain and serve another summons while DeCarolis's
motion to dismiss was pending; (2) the court might, sua sponte,
order the issuance of another summons; and (3) rather than
ordering the issuance of another summons, the court might simply
extend the time for DeCarolis's response to what Premier then
recognized as an improperly served complaint. (Premier's failure
to re-serve DeCarolis is especially striking given its concession
that it knew, as soon as DeCarolis filed his first motion to
dismiss, that its attempt at service was ineffective, at least
under F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004 (e) . See In re Love, 232 B.R. at 380
(deciding not to exercise discretion to grant permissive
extension in part because plaintiff's counsel acknowledged
25 familiarity with bankruptcy rule under which service was found to
be ineffective).) Because Premier did not fulfill its obligation
"to use diligence in making service of process," In re Campbell,
105 B.R. at 21 (citations omitted), even after DeCarolis
identified the defect in service when that defect was eminently
correctable as of right, under F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 7004(e), the
bankruptcy court's decision not to grant Premier additional time
to properly serve DeCarolis cannot be deemed an abuse of its
discretion. The question, of course, is not whether a different
judge might have granted an extension, but whether it was an
abuse of discretion for the bankruptcy judge in this case not to
have done so.
C. Excusable Neglect Under F e d . R. B a n k . P. 9006(b)
As previously noted, a bankruptcy court may grant an
extension of the 120-day deadline, on plaintiff's motion, under
F e d . R. B a n k r . P. 9006(b), upon a showing of excusable neglect.
See In re Sheehan, 253 F.3d at 513. Here, however. Premier made
no such motion. Thus, the bankruptcy court had no cause to
consider an extension based upon excusable neglect, and that
issue is not before this court. In any event, it would appear
26 unlikely that Premier could meet the excusable neglect standard,
given that: (1) the only excuses proffered for its failure to
effectively serve DeCarolis are the various mistakes described in
footnote four; and (2) "inadvertence, ignorance of the rules, or
mistakes construing the rules do not usually constitute
'excusable' neglect," Graphic Communications Int'l Union, Local
12-N v. Ouebecor Printing Providence, Inc., 270 F.3d 1, 6 (1st
Cir. 2001) (quoting Pioneer Inv. Servs. Co. v. Brunswick Assocs.
Ltd. P'ship, 507 U.S. 380, 392 (1993)).
Conclusion
Because the bankruptcy court did not err in concluding that
DeCarolis was not properly served within 120 days, and because
the court did not abuse its discretion in failing to grant an
extension of the 120-day service deadline, the decision of the
bankruptcy court is affirmed.
27 SO ORDERED.
Steven J. McAuliffe United States District Judge
January 4, 2002
cc: Michael s. Askenaizer, Esq. Carolyn a. Bankowski, Esq. Edward R. Hayes, Esq. Edmond J. Ford, Esq. Nancy H. Michels, Esq. James V. DeCarolis Estate of James V. DeCarolis Donald C. Crandlemire, Esq. George Vannah, US Bankruptcy Court