Jones, J.
In this case both parties appeal from the judgment. The plaintiff claims that judgment should have been rendered in the way of specific performance, giving to her one fourth of the estate according to the alleged agreement. The defendant appeals, urging that the plaintiff was entitled to no recovery whatever.
Both parties are agreed that the verbal contract was rendered void because it was an attempted contract for -the transfer of lands or an interest therein, which must be in writing. Sec. 2304, Stats.; Estate of Leu, 172 Wis. 530, 179 N. W. 796; Martin v. Estate of Martin, 108 Wis. 284, 84 N. W. 439; Loper v. Estate of Sheldon, 120 Wis. 26, 97 N. W. 524; Taylor v. Thieman, 132 Wis. 38, 111 N. W. 229; Nelson v. Christensen, 169 Wis. 373, 172 N. W. 741. It is now well settled in this state by these cases that a void agreement of this character can be resorted to for no' purpose except to rebut the presumption, where it exists, that the services were gratuitously rendered.
Counsel for defendant contends that under such cases as Estate of Kessler, 87 Wis. 660, 59 N. W. 129, and Estate of Andrus, 178 Wis. 358, 190 N. W. 83, it must be presumed that, since the parties were relatives by blood, neither party intended to receive or pay compensation for services, but that they were rendered gratuitously. It was further argued that there was no sufficient testimony to rebut this presumption, since the only testimony was that of the husband and son of the plaintiff, who were deeply interested parties.
The trial court saw and heard the witnesses and found •that the oral agreement alleged was entered into. There was no contradictory testimony. The finding of -the court on that subject cannot be disturbed.
Defendant’s counsel also contends that there was no sufficient proof to sustain the finding as to the value of .the services and the liability for the expenses incurred by the claim-' ant. There was considerable testimony on these subjects. That of defendant’s witnesses tended to show that while the [286]*286plaintiff was at the home of the deceased the relation was that of visitor. On the other hand there was quite convincing testimony that during the latter part of the life of decedent, and .in his last illness, quite important and valuable service was rendered. We do not consider that the finding of the trial court on this branch of the case should be set aside.
We now come to the consideration of plaintiff’s appeal. It is clear that an agreement to execute a last will and testament cannot be specifically enforced, since such an action could only be brought’ in the life of the promisor, and no breach of the agreement can be assumed so- long as he lives.
But it seems well settled that if such a contract is sufficiently proved and the conditions relating to specific performance have been complied with, equity will enforce the contract by.seizing the property agreed to be devised and imposing on it a trust in favor of the promisee.
The contract must have a consideration and there must be mutuality. .It must be fair and just, and the proof of the contract must be definite and certain. These requisites are necessary under general rules relating to specific performance of contracts, and the general rule that specific performance rests irt the sound discretion of the court applies.
There have been many decisions holding that contracts of this character for the performance of services, when fair and equal, could be specifically enforced on the theory that it is entirely competent for a party to stipulate for the disposition of his property at the time of his decease. There, are instances -in which verbal contracts of this nature have been enforced where there had been full performance on the part of the one rendering the service. This is illustrated in.cases where the one seeking specific performance had entered upon the land of the promisor and lived with him and had made valuable improvements. But it was held in Ellis v. Cary, 74 Wis. 176, 42 N. W. 252, that perform-[287]*287anee on the part of the promisee, by rendering the agreed services, is not sufficient to take the promise out of the statute.
These decisions in which specific performance has been decreed seem to rest on the ground that after a person has long had the benefit of such services a neglect to make the provision agreed upon would operate as a fraud. The decisions on this general subject are very fully collected in two valuable notes in 44 L. R. A. n. s. 733, and 31 Am. & Eng. Ann. Cas. 399, and we shall not undertake to review them.
The rule in this state as to verbal agreements of this character has been already stated.
It is argued by counsel for plaintiff that under the statute it was not necessary that the contract should be signed by her; that it sufficed if the contract was signed by the party to be charged and accepted by the claimant. If the execution of the writing was established and if there was an acceptance and the writing was delivered, this would undoubtedly be true. Docter v. Hellberg, 65 Wis. 415, 27 N. W. 176; Wall v. M., St. P. & S. S. M. R. Co. 86 Wis. 48, 56 N. W. 367; Douglas v. Vorpahl, 167 Wis. 244, 166 N. W. 833.
The testimony as to the acceptance by the plaintiff of the alleged written contract-is not so satisfactory as could be desired. She never saw it and was confessedly ignorant of its details. The amount and kind of services to be rendered were more or less' uncertain. The arrangement differed essentially from most of the cases of this character in which specific performance has been decreed after the plaintiffs had abandoned their own pursuits and given their time and labor for the benefit of the promisor.
The most serious defect in the plaintiff’s claim for specific performance is that the alleged written agreement was never delivered. There are numerous cases in which specific per-fornmnee has been decreed based on letters between the par[288]*288ties which fulfilled the requirements of the statute of frauds. Specific performance has been decreed in such cases where the letters were lost and their contents were proven by parol. See note in 44 L. R. A. n. s. 748.
In other cases a written agreement had been made signed only by the party to be charged and left with some third person with the direction that it be delivered after death; but in the case at bar there is an entire absence of any evidence showing an intention to deliver the contract. The situation is essentially the same as if decedent had made the alleged agreement and kept it in his own personal possession. Under the eyidence he could have called for it and destroyed it at any time.
This raises the question whether the plaintiff’s knowledge of the existence of such a document, and her rendering service relying on it, with only general knowledge of its contents, would be equivalent to a delivery and acceptance and take the agreement out of the statute of frauds.
No authority is cited by plaintiff’s counsel fully sustaining the position that a delivery of the memorandum or agreement was not necessary. The decided weight of authority seems to be to the contrary. Cagger v. Lansing, 43 N. Y. 550; Parker v. Parker, 67 Mass. 409; Comer v. Baldwin, 16 Minn. 172; Callanan v. Chapin, 158 Mass. 113, 32 N. E. 941; Campbell v. Thomas, 42 Wis. 437; Koch v. Williams, 82 Wis. 186, 52 N. W. 257;
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Jones, J.
In this case both parties appeal from the judgment. The plaintiff claims that judgment should have been rendered in the way of specific performance, giving to her one fourth of the estate according to the alleged agreement. The defendant appeals, urging that the plaintiff was entitled to no recovery whatever.
Both parties are agreed that the verbal contract was rendered void because it was an attempted contract for -the transfer of lands or an interest therein, which must be in writing. Sec. 2304, Stats.; Estate of Leu, 172 Wis. 530, 179 N. W. 796; Martin v. Estate of Martin, 108 Wis. 284, 84 N. W. 439; Loper v. Estate of Sheldon, 120 Wis. 26, 97 N. W. 524; Taylor v. Thieman, 132 Wis. 38, 111 N. W. 229; Nelson v. Christensen, 169 Wis. 373, 172 N. W. 741. It is now well settled in this state by these cases that a void agreement of this character can be resorted to for no' purpose except to rebut the presumption, where it exists, that the services were gratuitously rendered.
Counsel for defendant contends that under such cases as Estate of Kessler, 87 Wis. 660, 59 N. W. 129, and Estate of Andrus, 178 Wis. 358, 190 N. W. 83, it must be presumed that, since the parties were relatives by blood, neither party intended to receive or pay compensation for services, but that they were rendered gratuitously. It was further argued that there was no sufficient testimony to rebut this presumption, since the only testimony was that of the husband and son of the plaintiff, who were deeply interested parties.
The trial court saw and heard the witnesses and found •that the oral agreement alleged was entered into. There was no contradictory testimony. The finding of -the court on that subject cannot be disturbed.
Defendant’s counsel also contends that there was no sufficient proof to sustain the finding as to the value of .the services and the liability for the expenses incurred by the claim-' ant. There was considerable testimony on these subjects. That of defendant’s witnesses tended to show that while the [286]*286plaintiff was at the home of the deceased the relation was that of visitor. On the other hand there was quite convincing testimony that during the latter part of the life of decedent, and .in his last illness, quite important and valuable service was rendered. We do not consider that the finding of the trial court on this branch of the case should be set aside.
We now come to the consideration of plaintiff’s appeal. It is clear that an agreement to execute a last will and testament cannot be specifically enforced, since such an action could only be brought’ in the life of the promisor, and no breach of the agreement can be assumed so- long as he lives.
But it seems well settled that if such a contract is sufficiently proved and the conditions relating to specific performance have been complied with, equity will enforce the contract by.seizing the property agreed to be devised and imposing on it a trust in favor of the promisee.
The contract must have a consideration and there must be mutuality. .It must be fair and just, and the proof of the contract must be definite and certain. These requisites are necessary under general rules relating to specific performance of contracts, and the general rule that specific performance rests irt the sound discretion of the court applies.
There have been many decisions holding that contracts of this character for the performance of services, when fair and equal, could be specifically enforced on the theory that it is entirely competent for a party to stipulate for the disposition of his property at the time of his decease. There, are instances -in which verbal contracts of this nature have been enforced where there had been full performance on the part of the one rendering the service. This is illustrated in.cases where the one seeking specific performance had entered upon the land of the promisor and lived with him and had made valuable improvements. But it was held in Ellis v. Cary, 74 Wis. 176, 42 N. W. 252, that perform-[287]*287anee on the part of the promisee, by rendering the agreed services, is not sufficient to take the promise out of the statute.
These decisions in which specific performance has been decreed seem to rest on the ground that after a person has long had the benefit of such services a neglect to make the provision agreed upon would operate as a fraud. The decisions on this general subject are very fully collected in two valuable notes in 44 L. R. A. n. s. 733, and 31 Am. & Eng. Ann. Cas. 399, and we shall not undertake to review them.
The rule in this state as to verbal agreements of this character has been already stated.
It is argued by counsel for plaintiff that under the statute it was not necessary that the contract should be signed by her; that it sufficed if the contract was signed by the party to be charged and accepted by the claimant. If the execution of the writing was established and if there was an acceptance and the writing was delivered, this would undoubtedly be true. Docter v. Hellberg, 65 Wis. 415, 27 N. W. 176; Wall v. M., St. P. & S. S. M. R. Co. 86 Wis. 48, 56 N. W. 367; Douglas v. Vorpahl, 167 Wis. 244, 166 N. W. 833.
The testimony as to the acceptance by the plaintiff of the alleged written contract-is not so satisfactory as could be desired. She never saw it and was confessedly ignorant of its details. The amount and kind of services to be rendered were more or less' uncertain. The arrangement differed essentially from most of the cases of this character in which specific performance has been decreed after the plaintiffs had abandoned their own pursuits and given their time and labor for the benefit of the promisor.
The most serious defect in the plaintiff’s claim for specific performance is that the alleged written agreement was never delivered. There are numerous cases in which specific per-fornmnee has been decreed based on letters between the par[288]*288ties which fulfilled the requirements of the statute of frauds. Specific performance has been decreed in such cases where the letters were lost and their contents were proven by parol. See note in 44 L. R. A. n. s. 748.
In other cases a written agreement had been made signed only by the party to be charged and left with some third person with the direction that it be delivered after death; but in the case at bar there is an entire absence of any evidence showing an intention to deliver the contract. The situation is essentially the same as if decedent had made the alleged agreement and kept it in his own personal possession. Under the eyidence he could have called for it and destroyed it at any time.
This raises the question whether the plaintiff’s knowledge of the existence of such a document, and her rendering service relying on it, with only general knowledge of its contents, would be equivalent to a delivery and acceptance and take the agreement out of the statute of frauds.
No authority is cited by plaintiff’s counsel fully sustaining the position that a delivery of the memorandum or agreement was not necessary. The decided weight of authority seems to be to the contrary. Cagger v. Lansing, 43 N. Y. 550; Parker v. Parker, 67 Mass. 409; Comer v. Baldwin, 16 Minn. 172; Callanan v. Chapin, 158 Mass. 113, 32 N. E. 941; Campbell v. Thomas, 42 Wis. 437; Koch v. Williams, 82 Wis. 186, 52 N. W. 257; Brown v. Brown, 33 N. J. Eq. 650; Steel v. Fife, 48 Iowa, 99.
The question is generally presented in respect to contracts relating to the sales of land, but the principle is the same. We agree with the tidal court that, since there was no delivery of the writing relied on, it cannot, be made a ground for specific performance.
It was earnestly contended by counsel for defendant that the execution of the writing relied on was not established; that the only proof of its contents was by the attorney who drew, on information furnished by deceased, a substitute [289]*289for the original writing, and that this evidence was not competent because, as claimed, it related to confidential communications between attorney and client.
It was argued by plaintiff’s counsel that the attorney who drew the second.instrument acted as a scrivener and not as attorney, and further, that as he signed as a witness he could testify to communications made to him by the deceased under the rule which permits witnesses to a will to, testify when it is probated.
In view of our conclusion it becomes unnecessary to decide these questions, but it seems proper to add that in cases of this character it is incumbent on the claimant to prove satisfactorily that a definite contract has been made. It was said by the supreme court of Illinois that before specific performance is enforced the contract must be established by the claimant by the most convincing evidence. Klussman v. Wessling, 238 Ill. 568, 87 N. E. 544. In the New York court of appeals it was said:
“While such contracts are sometimes enforced by the courts, it is only when they have been established by evidence so strong and clear as to leave no doubt, and when the result of enforcing them would not be inequitable or unjust.” Hamlin v. Stevens, 177 N. Y. 39, 48, 69 N. E. 118.
There are very obvious reasons why contracts of this character should not be sustained unless they are clearly pfoven by satisfactory evidence. Such contracts may divert from the natural channels large portions of an estate. It is quite natural that those who have rendered services for one since deceased should magnify their value, and if contracts of this character for the division of estates are too much favored, the door is opened for unscrupulous claimants to base their claims on equivocal promises or documents claimed to be lost, to the great prejudice of heirs or legatees. Such contracts have been described as dangerous and subject to the closest scrutiny. Shakespeare v. Markham, 72 N. Y. [290]*290400; Winne v. Winne, 166 N. Y. 263, 59 N. E. 832; Hamlin v. Stevens, 177 N. Y. 39, 69 N. E. 118.
What is said is not intended to reflect in any manner upon the truthfulness or good faith of any of the witnesses in this case.
The trial court made a liberal allowance for services and expenses, and we are of the opinion that the ends of justice are subserved by the judgment rendered. We agree that costs were properly allowed to the plaintiff.
By the Cour-t. — Judgment affirmed. No costs allowed, except that plaintiff pay the fees of the clerk of this court.