Dwight, J.:
Tlie defendant is a “county co-operative insurance company,” organized under chapter 362 of the Laws of I860, as amended by chapter I'll of the Laws of 1881. The plaintiff was one of the original incorporators óf the company, and was one of its directors and its secretary from its incorporation until January, 1886.
By its by-laws (art. 2, § 1) the powers of the company are vested in its board of twelve directors. By section 8 of the same article the president, vice-president and secretary constitute an executive committee, possessing and exercising all the powers of the board of directors when the latter is not in session; that committee holds stated meetings, quarterly, on the second Saturdays of January, April, June and October; and at each stated meeting it is their duty “ to examine and approve all applications upon which policies have been written during the quarter next preceding and cancel or modify all policies which they do not approve.” By section J of the same article “ every application (for insurance) must receive the approval of one of the executive committee before a policy can be issued.”
On the 11th day of July, 1885, the plaintiff, being such director and secretary of the defendant, filled out and signed an application for an insurance of $500, “on his wine-house and cellar,” and of $1,500, “on his personal property kept stored therein;” he signed his own name as member of the executive committee to the certificate of approval indorsed on the application, and afterwards procured the signature of George Brown, who was vice-president and one of the executive committee, to the same certificate. Brown was driving on the highway at the time. He testifies that he was returning home from a meeting of the executive committee, at which he had met the plaintiff, and that, on the highway, the latter presented the application to him, saying it was one which he, Brown, had overlooked ; that he (plaintiff) had signed it and it was all right. He testifies that he did not examine the application further than to see that the plaintiff had signed the approval, and that he signed it without knowing whose application it was. On the other hand, the plaintiff testifies that he told Brown it was liis, the plaintiffs’ application, and that Brown looked at the contents of the paper before signing the approval. The 11th day of July, 1885, which is the [104]*104date of tbe application, was also tbe date of tbe second Saturday of July of that year, wbicb was tbe time fixed by the by-laws for one of tbe stated quarterly meetings of tbe committee. It is not asserted that tbe plaintiff presented bis application to tbe committee at its meeting on that day. Upon this application, thus made and approved, tbe plaintiff, at some time, issued to himself a policy of $2,000, corresponding in number (No. 747), and in tbe description of tbe property insured, to tbe application. Tbe policy bears no date, but purports to insure tbe plaintiff for tbe term of three years from tbe 11th day of July, 1885, wbicb was tbe date of tbe application. It was filled out by tbe plaintiff on a form in bis possession as secretary, already signed by tbe vice-president, and be countersigned it himself as secretary.
By section 5 of article 2 of tbe by-laws of tbe company it is provided that tbe secretary shall write and countersign all policies of insurance; * * * be shall act as general agent of tbe company during bis term of office, and may canvass and receive applications for insurance, and receive such fees and commissions as may be paid to any .other agents of tbe company.” On tbe secretary’s book tbe plaintiff charged himself,» under date of July 11, 1S85, with tbe amount of tbe premium payable on tbe application ($10) and credited himself with “commissions on do. $1.00.” At what date be wrote tbe policy for himself does not appear; but it does appear that at neither of tbe stated meetings of tbe executive committee, in October or January following tbe date of tbe application, was it submitted to tbe executive committee for examination and approval, as required by section 8 of article 2 of tbe by-laws as above quoted. That tbe policy bad been written before tbe quarterly meeting in January appears from tbe testimony of tbe plaintiff, that on tlie second day of December be wrote on tbe face of both tbe policy and tbe application a memorandum, “ Loss, if any, on tbe buildings payable to S. Salisbury, as bis mortgage interest may appear.” There is every reason to suppose that tbe policy was written immediately after tbe so-called approval by Brown; and tbe allegation of tbe complaint is that it was issued on or about tbe 11th day of July, 1885. If so, there were two stated meetings of tbe executive committee, while tbe plaintiff was a member of it, at wbicb it was bis duty to present bis application for examination and approval by [105]*105the committee, and his policy for cancellation or modification if not approved by them. As we have seen, a policy might be issued upon the approval of the application by a single member of the executive committee; but such issuance is clearly provisional and subject to the action of the executive committee at its next stated meeting.
We think the -statement of facts, so far made, sufficient to demonstrate that the policy issued by the plaintiff, as agent of the insurer, to himself as the insured, had no valid inception as a contract, and cannot be the basis of a recovery by the plaintiff. It is a truism of the law that no man can make a valid contract with himself as the agent of another ; it is equally impossible that a trustee should secure a benefit to himself by the neglect or violation of his duty to his cestui que trust; and both of these propositions must be negatived in order to maintain the validity and binding force of the policy of insurance in this case. But the plaintiff contends that, granting the invalidity of the policy, he may still insist upon a contract of insurance effected by the acceptance of his application. In support of this proposition he refers to a provision of the by-laws of the company, contained in section 7 of article 5, which is as follows: “All applications for insurance taken by a person duly authorized shall take effect at noon of the date of the same provided the premium is actually paid. The property shall be held insured until the applicant is notified by the secretary of its modification or rejection.” But the claim of the plaintiff, based upon this provision, is subject to the same objections as those which we sustain to his claim on the policy. In the first place, the secretary, though authorized in general to receive (or take) applications for insurance, cannot properly take an application from himself any more than he could approve his own application or issue his own policy. In taking, accejoting or receiving the application he acts for the company, and he cannot act for himself and for the company in. the same transaction. There was no reason in the necessity of the case for his taking his own application, because any one of the twelve directors of the company were authorized to receive it. (By-laws, art. 2, § 7.)
But, if it be contended that the approval of the application [106]*106by Brown, was tbe taking referred to, or in any way satisfied tbe requirement of the provision quoted, and thus an insurance was effected from the date of such approval, how long did such insurance continue in force ? The language of the provision is “ until the applicant is notified of its modification or rejection,” i.
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Dwight, J.:
Tlie defendant is a “county co-operative insurance company,” organized under chapter 362 of the Laws of I860, as amended by chapter I'll of the Laws of 1881. The plaintiff was one of the original incorporators óf the company, and was one of its directors and its secretary from its incorporation until January, 1886.
By its by-laws (art. 2, § 1) the powers of the company are vested in its board of twelve directors. By section 8 of the same article the president, vice-president and secretary constitute an executive committee, possessing and exercising all the powers of the board of directors when the latter is not in session; that committee holds stated meetings, quarterly, on the second Saturdays of January, April, June and October; and at each stated meeting it is their duty “ to examine and approve all applications upon which policies have been written during the quarter next preceding and cancel or modify all policies which they do not approve.” By section J of the same article “ every application (for insurance) must receive the approval of one of the executive committee before a policy can be issued.”
On the 11th day of July, 1885, the plaintiff, being such director and secretary of the defendant, filled out and signed an application for an insurance of $500, “on his wine-house and cellar,” and of $1,500, “on his personal property kept stored therein;” he signed his own name as member of the executive committee to the certificate of approval indorsed on the application, and afterwards procured the signature of George Brown, who was vice-president and one of the executive committee, to the same certificate. Brown was driving on the highway at the time. He testifies that he was returning home from a meeting of the executive committee, at which he had met the plaintiff, and that, on the highway, the latter presented the application to him, saying it was one which he, Brown, had overlooked ; that he (plaintiff) had signed it and it was all right. He testifies that he did not examine the application further than to see that the plaintiff had signed the approval, and that he signed it without knowing whose application it was. On the other hand, the plaintiff testifies that he told Brown it was liis, the plaintiffs’ application, and that Brown looked at the contents of the paper before signing the approval. The 11th day of July, 1885, which is the [104]*104date of tbe application, was also tbe date of tbe second Saturday of July of that year, wbicb was tbe time fixed by the by-laws for one of tbe stated quarterly meetings of tbe committee. It is not asserted that tbe plaintiff presented bis application to tbe committee at its meeting on that day. Upon this application, thus made and approved, tbe plaintiff, at some time, issued to himself a policy of $2,000, corresponding in number (No. 747), and in tbe description of tbe property insured, to tbe application. Tbe policy bears no date, but purports to insure tbe plaintiff for tbe term of three years from tbe 11th day of July, 1885, wbicb was tbe date of tbe application. It was filled out by tbe plaintiff on a form in bis possession as secretary, already signed by tbe vice-president, and be countersigned it himself as secretary.
By section 5 of article 2 of tbe by-laws of tbe company it is provided that tbe secretary shall write and countersign all policies of insurance; * * * be shall act as general agent of tbe company during bis term of office, and may canvass and receive applications for insurance, and receive such fees and commissions as may be paid to any .other agents of tbe company.” On tbe secretary’s book tbe plaintiff charged himself,» under date of July 11, 1S85, with tbe amount of tbe premium payable on tbe application ($10) and credited himself with “commissions on do. $1.00.” At what date be wrote tbe policy for himself does not appear; but it does appear that at neither of tbe stated meetings of tbe executive committee, in October or January following tbe date of tbe application, was it submitted to tbe executive committee for examination and approval, as required by section 8 of article 2 of tbe by-laws as above quoted. That tbe policy bad been written before tbe quarterly meeting in January appears from tbe testimony of tbe plaintiff, that on tlie second day of December be wrote on tbe face of both tbe policy and tbe application a memorandum, “ Loss, if any, on tbe buildings payable to S. Salisbury, as bis mortgage interest may appear.” There is every reason to suppose that tbe policy was written immediately after tbe so-called approval by Brown; and tbe allegation of tbe complaint is that it was issued on or about tbe 11th day of July, 1885. If so, there were two stated meetings of tbe executive committee, while tbe plaintiff was a member of it, at wbicb it was bis duty to present bis application for examination and approval by [105]*105the committee, and his policy for cancellation or modification if not approved by them. As we have seen, a policy might be issued upon the approval of the application by a single member of the executive committee; but such issuance is clearly provisional and subject to the action of the executive committee at its next stated meeting.
We think the -statement of facts, so far made, sufficient to demonstrate that the policy issued by the plaintiff, as agent of the insurer, to himself as the insured, had no valid inception as a contract, and cannot be the basis of a recovery by the plaintiff. It is a truism of the law that no man can make a valid contract with himself as the agent of another ; it is equally impossible that a trustee should secure a benefit to himself by the neglect or violation of his duty to his cestui que trust; and both of these propositions must be negatived in order to maintain the validity and binding force of the policy of insurance in this case. But the plaintiff contends that, granting the invalidity of the policy, he may still insist upon a contract of insurance effected by the acceptance of his application. In support of this proposition he refers to a provision of the by-laws of the company, contained in section 7 of article 5, which is as follows: “All applications for insurance taken by a person duly authorized shall take effect at noon of the date of the same provided the premium is actually paid. The property shall be held insured until the applicant is notified by the secretary of its modification or rejection.” But the claim of the plaintiff, based upon this provision, is subject to the same objections as those which we sustain to his claim on the policy. In the first place, the secretary, though authorized in general to receive (or take) applications for insurance, cannot properly take an application from himself any more than he could approve his own application or issue his own policy. In taking, accejoting or receiving the application he acts for the company, and he cannot act for himself and for the company in. the same transaction. There was no reason in the necessity of the case for his taking his own application, because any one of the twelve directors of the company were authorized to receive it. (By-laws, art. 2, § 7.)
But, if it be contended that the approval of the application [106]*106by Brown, was tbe taking referred to, or in any way satisfied tbe requirement of the provision quoted, and thus an insurance was effected from the date of such approval, how long did such insurance continue in force ? The language of the provision is “ until the applicant is notified of its modification or rejection,” i. <?., the modification or rejection of his application; and by whom ? Clearly by the executive committee at its next quarterly meeting. But we have already seen that the plaintiff was guilty of a neglect or violation of his duty as secretary and member of the executive committee in withholding the application from, or failing to bring it to the attention of, the committee for their action at any meeting after the issuance of the policy; and he could not, by his own fault, gain an extension of his own insurance. And if it were contended, as we do not understand it is, that the approval of the application by the plaintiff and Brown, on the eleventh of July, constituted the action of the executive committee required by the provision of the by-laws last referred to, the answer to the contention would be two-fold: First. That such pretended action was not taken at a meeting of the committee, but after the meeting had dissolved. Second. That, upon the princijtles here recognized, the jfiaintiff was disqualified to act upon his own application, and, therefore,' the approval did not receive the assent of a majority of the committee.
Neither do we find in the case facts to support the contention of the plaintiff that the contract of insurance, though invalid in its inception, was ratified by the acts of other officers of the company. There is no evidence that any other officer of the company knew of the existence of the policy until after the fire, which occurred August 7, 1887. Chamberlain was elected secretary in January, and the books and papers of the company were turned over to him, but his attention was not called to the application or record of the policy of the plaintiff, and he testified that he never knew or heard of either of them until after the fire. So far as the evidence shows, the same is true of the other officers of the company, unless it were to be found that Brown knew of the application in July; but, if that were true, he had a right to suppose, from the fact that it was not presented to the executive committee at the next, or any subsequent meeting, that no policy had been issued upon it. The fact that the application was on its files, and the policy entered in its [107]*107records, might constitute constructive notice to the company of the existence of both, for some purposes; but constructive notice is not sufficient to charge a party with the ratification of a void contract. Actual notice and full knowledge of all the facts are necessary conditions of a ratification.
One other ground upon which the plaintiff seeks to avoid the objections to his policy is that of waiver, on the principle recognized in the case of Titus v. The Glens Falls Insurance Company(81 N. Y., 410). In that case a provision of the policy required the insured, at the request of the company, to submit to an examination on oath concerning his loss and its circumstances, under the penalty of forfeiture of his policy. There it was held that to insist upon and enforce such a provision was to affirm the validity of the contract in which it was contained. In this case there was a provision of the by-laws that members sustaining loss should “give any information required by the adjusting officers, and submit to examination under oath,” but no condition of the avoidance of the policy for refusal to do so was attached to it, and the provision of the by-laws, such as it was, was not insisted upon by the officers of the company. Some questions were asked by them and answered by the plaintiff in respect to the particulars of his loss, but he was not required to submit to an examination under oath. Blanks for proof of loss were furnished to him at his request, and all the steps towards the establishment of his claim were voluntary on his part.
We find no evidence of facts in the case which preclude the defendant from insisting upon the invalidity of the alleged contract of insurance; and we are of the opinioi} that the court below was right in holding that such alleged contract was invalid, and in granting the defendant’s motion for a nonsuit.
The plaintiff’s exceptions should be overruled, and judgment ordered for the defendant, dismissing the plaintiff’s complaint.
All concurred.
Motion for new trial denied, and judgment ordered for the defendant on the verdict.