PRATER v. AMERICAN HERITAGE FEDERAL CREDIT UNION

Opinion

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA

CHARMAINE PRATER, : Plaintiff, : : v. : CIVIL ACTION NO. 21-CV-3566 : AMERICAN HERITAGE FEDERAL : CREDIT UNION, et al., : Defendants. :

MEMORANDUM SÁNCHEZ, C.J. DECEMBER 9, 2021 Currently before the Court are two Amended Complaints filed by Plaintiff Charmaine Prater against various financial and insurance entities, credit reporting agencies, and individuals who work for those entities. (See ECF Nos. 13 & 14.) Prater has also filed a “Motion for Extraordinary Relief of Dead Line of November 10, 2021,” (ECF No. 12), which asks the Court to accept her submissions filed after the deadline, and a “Motion for Additional Time to Amend Case with an Attorney,” (ECF No. 15), which asks the Court for another opportunity to amend with the assistance of an attorney. The Court will grant Prater’s Motion to consider her filings, deny her Motion for another extension, and dismiss this case for the reasons that follow. I. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY “Prater is a regular litigant in this Court who has a history of filing unintelligible and meritless cases.” See Prater v. Am. Heritage Fed. Credit Union, Civ. A. No. 21-3566, 2021 WL 3869940, at *1 & n.2 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 27, 2021) (discussing Prater’s filing history). Her initial Complaint in this civil action named the following Defendants: (1) American Heritage Federal Credit Union (“AHFCU”); (2) CUNA Disability Insurance; (3) Vice President Brian Hahn of AHFCU; (4) Mrs. Sweeney, identified as a back office loan officer; (5) President Bruce Foulke; (6) Laynette Smart, identified as an “executive admin. assistant”; (7) Nationwide Insurance; (8) INS Agent Jerard Morgan; (9) Dougherty Auto Sales; (10) American Heritage Fed. CU Quality Control Insurance; (11) State Insurance Disability Ins. Company Dept.; (12) Experian Credit Bureau; (13) Equifax Credit Bureau; (14) Transunion Credit Union; and (15) AHFCU Employee T. Coleman. (ECF No. 1 at 1.)1 Prater’s handwriting was difficult to read, which made her

allegations difficult to discern with any clarity. She alleged that the Defendants “violated Federal laws under fair Truth & Lending Laws and other civil rights violation including Racketeering.” (Id. at 2.) Although unclear, Prater’s claims appeared to be primarily based on certain car loans and the repossession of her car, among other matters related to her finances or financial information. In an August 27, 2021 Memorandum and Order, the Court granted Prater leave to proceed in forma pauperis and dismissed her Complaint for several reasons. See Prater, 2021 WL 3869940, at *1. First, the Court concluded that Prater’s Complaint failed to comply with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 because her allegations were unclear, at times illegible, and

failed to clearly link the Defendants to conduct described in the Complaint. Id. at *3. Second, the Court explained that, to the extent Prater was raising civil rights claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, her claims failed because she did not allege that the Defendants were state actors subject to liability under that statute. Id. at *4. Third, Prater failed to allege a claim under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”) based on her conclusory reference to “racketeering.” Id. Fourth, Prater failed to state a claim under the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”) because she failed to allege that credit terms were not adequately disclosed to her and it was not clear what provision of that statute she believed had been violated. Id. Finally, Prater

1 The Court adopts the pagination supplied by the CM/ECF docketing system. failed to state a claim under the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) based on the furnishing of inaccurate information to credit reporting agencies, because she failed to clearly identify the accounts at issue, describe the false or misleading information, or allege that she filed a dispute about the information to which a furnisher of the information failed to respond. Id. at *5. The Court dismissed Prater’s claims with leave to amend to give her an opportunity to

cure the defects in her claims. Id. She sought, and was granted, two extensions of time to do so. (ECF Nos. 8-11.) Prater returned with two Amended Complaints, one of which she filed under seal.2 Since she has not provided any basis for sealing her second pleading, the Court will direct that the pleading be unsealed. The Amended Complaints3 name the following Defendants: (1) AHFCU; (2) Brian Hahn, identified as the Vice President of AHFCU; (3) Bruce Foulke, identified as the President of AHFCU; (4) Laynette Smart aka Lanette Smart, identified as Hahn’s Secretary; (5) Twilla Coleman, identified as a current or former employee of AHFCU; (6) “Ms. Jackson of AHFCU”; (7) CUNA Insurance Company; (8) State National Insurance Inc.;

2 Prater was given until November 10, 2021 to file an amended complaint. When she filed her amended pleadings, she also moved to request that the Court excuse her for filing a few days past the deadline. (ECF No. 12.) The Court will grant that Motion.

3 “In general, an amended pleading supersedes the original pleading and renders the original pleading a nullity. Thus, the most recently filed amended complaint becomes the operative pleading.” Garrett v. Wexford Health, 938 F.3d 69, 82 (3d Cir. 2019) (internal citations omitted). Nevertheless, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has on occasion considered superseded pleadings in the pro se context, presumably with the purpose of giving the litigant’s claims the broadest possible construction. See Edwards v. Rice, 837 F. App’x 86, 88 (3d Cir. 2020) (per curiam) (finding a Fourth Amendment claim based on a review of the “amended complaint, when read in conjunction with the original complaint and the attached exhibits” despite the general rule that an amended complaint supersedes the original pleading). But see Argentina v. Gillette, 778 F. App’x 173, 175 n.3 (3d Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (explaining that “liberal construction of a pro se amended complaint does not mean accumulating allegations from superseded pleadings”). Since Prater’s filings were submitted around the same time and appear to have intended to be read in conjunction with each other, the Court will consider both filings together as her Amended Complaint in this matter. (9) Nationwide Insurance, LLC; (10) Jerard Morgan, identified as a Nationwide Insurance Agent; (11) Dougherty Auto Sales LLC/Corp.; (12) American Independent Insurance Company; (13) National General Insurance Company; (14) Debbie Kramer, identified as “Sup” for National General; (15) Experian; (16) Equifax Info Services LLC; (17) TransUnion; and (18) Mrs. Sweeny, identified as the “back office manager” for AHFCU. (ECF No. 13 at 1; see also ECF

No. 14 at 1-2.) Prater claims that AHFCU and its staff “violated truth and lending federal laws racketeering frauds using [her] identity & credit” and that the credit reporting agencies “failed to conduct an adequate investigation” of unspecified disputes. (ECF No. 14 at 2.) She also contends her civil rights were violated by racketeering, deceptive business practices, and disability discrimination, among other things, and alludes to TILA and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (“ECOA”). (ECF No. 13 at 1-2 & 3.) The factual basis for these claims, however, is unclear due to the manner in which the Amended Complaints are pled. Numerous loans, debts, and accounts appear to be at issue in the Amended Complaints,

including a car loan Prater appears to have received for a 2010 Kia Sedona, although the universe of financial matters in question is unclear. (ECF No. 14 at 3-4; ECF No. 13 at 1 (alleging that “the Defendants above, a financial Institution, and Disability Insurance Company CUNA . . . violated plaintiff by failing to provide plaintiff with true and accurate legal sales agreement, identify theft, as multiple Auto loans for approx. 7k each, credit cards and other loans.”).) Prater indicates that CUNA Insurance Company, Hahn, and Smart (his Secretary) “have failed to pay off auto loan” and have also refused to acknowledge that a vehicle (possibly the Kia, although that is unclear) is paid in full. (ECF No. 14 at 4.) Hahn and Smart also allegedly instructed AHFCU staff “to submit late payments” to the credit reporting agencies and to report two car loans “and other loans that are fraudulent.” (Id.) Prater alleges she disputed “the bogus debts” with the credit reporting agencies but that the agencies refused to remove the “negative report,” which affected her credit score. (Id.; see also ECF No. 13 at 2 (alleging that the credit reporting companies “failed to investigate [Prater’s] disputes” and kept her “in the red and or with a low credit score”).)

Throughout the Amended Complaints, Prater generally suggests that the Defendants played a role in creating and/or reporting fraudulent accounts in her name or permitting others to create fraudulent accounts in her name. She alleges that Defendant Hahn, Vice President of AHCFU, forced her to use Nationwide Insurance and may have denied her a warranty and/or “duplicate[d]” her loans after being made aware that “fraudulent additional funds” were “illegally approved” and paid to the car dealership. (ECF No. 13 at 2.) The Court understands Prater to be claiming, in part, that certain forgeries or fraudulent documents prohibited her from receiving the title to a car and negatively affected her credit. (Id.) Presumably this is one of the same cars for which she received a loan.

Prater also appears to be raising claims based on physical harm she claims to have sustained due to the actions of third parties, including her estranged husband, whom she describes as abusive. She claims she was assaulted “by alleged relative of AHFCU” and that her information was provided “to males who are/were on STATE parole in psychiatric unit and with violent history.” (ECF No. 14 at 3.) Defendant Coleman features in some of these allegations, but her alleged role in these events is not clear. (See ECF No. 14 at 3.) At one point, Prater suggests that Coleman is related to her estranged husband and may have “assisted in the frauds” for that reason. (ECF No. 13 at 1.) Prater also alleges that she was “stalked” by a relative of Ms. Jackson. (Id. at 2.) It appears that some portion of Prater’s allegations concern credit cards or other financial matters she alleges her estranged husband improperly accessed after they married, and that these allegations underlie some of Prater’s allegations of fraud and improper authorization of her accounts. (See, e.g., ECF No. 13 at 2 (“Mrs Sweeney from the back office denied plaintiff a mortgage but reached out to plaintiff [sic] violent estrange husband with a 10k loan offer under plaintiff identity.”); id. (alleging that Defendant Morgan of Nationwide

“illegally duplicated” her information and added her then husband’s information, presumably to an insurance account, after the husband obtained access to Prater’s AHFCU credit cards and “other documents from Nation Wide insurance”); id. at 3 (indicating that Prater’s husband was able to obtain a loan in her name).) Prater also generally alleges that certain of the Defendants benefitted from “schemes” carried out by them or the entities for which they worked. (ECF No. 13 at 3.) Prater seeks assorted relief from the Court. She seeks a variety of injunctive relief, including release of the title to her 2010 Kia Sedona, and other corrections to her financial information. (ECF No. 13 at 4; ECF No. 14 at 3.) She also seeks compensatory and punitive

damages. (ECF No. 13 at 4; ECF No. 14 at 3.) II. STANDARD OF REVIEW Since Prater is proceeding in forma pauperis, her Amended Complaints are subject to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii), which requires the Court to dismiss the pleadings if they fail to state a claim. Whether a complaint fails to state a claim under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is governed by the same standard applicable to motions to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), see Tourscher v. McCullough, 184 F.3d 236, 240 (3d Cir. 1999), which requires the Court to determine whether the complaint contains “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quotations omitted). “[M]ere conclusory statements do not suffice.” Id. As Prater is proceeding pro se, the Court construes her allegations liberally. Higgs v. Att’y Gen., 655 F.3d 333, 339 (3d Cir. 2011); Vogt v. Wetzel, 8 F.4th 182, 185 (3d Cir. 2021) (citing Mala v. Crown Bay Marina, Inc., 704 F.3d 239, 244-45 (3d Cir. 2013)). The Court will

“apply the relevant legal principle even when the complaint has failed to name it.” Vogt, 8 F.4th at 185. However, ‘“pro se litigants still must allege sufficient facts in their complaints to support a claim.’” Id. (quoting Mala, 704 F. 3d at 245). An unrepresented litigant also ‘“cannot flout procedural rules — they must abide by the same rules that apply to all other litigants.’” Id. Moreover, a complaint may be dismissed for failing to comply with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8. Garrett, 938 F.3d at 91. To conform to Rule 8, a pleading must contain a short and plain statement showing that the plaintiff is entitled to relief. See Travaline v. U.S. Supreme Court, 424 F. App’x 78, 79 (3d Cir. 2011) (per curiam). The Third Circuit has explained that in determining whether a pleading meets Rule 8’s “plain” statement requirement, the Court should

“ask whether, liberally construed, a pleading ‘identifies discrete defendants and the actions taken by these defendants’ in regard to the plaintiff’s claims.” Garrett, 938 F.3d at 93 (citation omitted). A pleading may still satisfy the “plain” statement requirement “even if it is vague, repetitious, or contains extraneous information” and “even if it does not include every name, date, and location of the incidents at issue.” Id. at 93-94. The important consideration for the Court is whether, “a pro se complaint’s language . . . presents cognizable legal claims to which a defendant can respond on the merits.” Id. at 94. However, “a pleading that is so ‘vague or ambiguous’ that a defendant cannot reasonably be expected to respond to it will not satisfy Rule 8.” Id. at 93; see also Fabian v. St. Mary’s Med. Ctr., Civ. A. No. 16-4741, 2017 WL 3494219, at *3 (E.D. Pa. Aug. 11, 2017) (“Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 requires that pleadings provide enough information to put a defendant on sufficient notice to prepare their defense and also ensure that the Court is sufficiently informed to determine the issue.”) (quotations omitted). Dismissals under Rule 8 are “‘reserved for those cases in which the complaint so confused, ambiguous, vague, or otherwise

unintelligible that its true substance, if any, is well disguised.’” Garrett, 938 F.3d at 94 (quoting Salahuddin v. Cuomo, 861 F.2d 40, 42 (2d Cir. 1988)). III. DISCUSSION A. Failure to Comply with Rule 8 It is difficult to determine whether Prater has a basis for a plausible claim because the true substance of her claims is well-disguised. Although Prater’s Amended Complaints reflect her desire to bring claims based on the use of certain financial information and/or the management and/or reporting of her financial accounts, the specifics of those claims are unclear. It is not clear from Prater’s Amended Complaints how many accounts are at issue, which

accounts they are, why she believes the information reported about those accounts is improper (if that is what she is alleging), and how many of the Defendants participated in each of the relevant events such that they are civilly liable to her under the federal laws she invokes. Relatedly, it is also not clear whether the loans to which she refers were loans she applied for and received, loans improperly taken under her name, or both (depending upon the loan). As with her initial Complaint in this case, Prater for the most part “does not clearly identify which Defendants are responsible for which conduct, and appears to refer generally to numerous incidents, making it difficult to understand the events giving rise to her claims.” Prater, 2021 WL 3869940, at *3. Her allegations are also disjointed, in that they appear to refer to different events within the same sentence and do not provide a clear narrative that the Court can follow to understand the “who, what, where, when and why’ of [her] claim[s].” See Gambrell v. S. Brunswick Bd. of Educ., Civ. A. No. 18-16359, 2019 WL 5212964, at *4 (D.N.J. Oct. 16, 2019). For these reasons, the Complaint fails to comply with Rule 8. See Gutierrez v. TD Bank, Civ. A. No. 11-5533, 2012 WL 272807, at *5 (D.N.J. Jan. 27, 2012) (finding complaint deficient for several reasons,

including: “Plaintiffs do not indicate, for example: which exact disclosures required by law were not provided; the nature and extent of any credit reporting which occurred by Defendants in violation of federal law; what, if anything, was inaccurate about such reporting; . . . what representations, if any, Plaintiffs made to Defendants regarding their financial circumstances and their ‘ability to repay’ justifying their allegations regarding Defendants predation, and so on”). There are also other deficiencies in Prater’s claims, which the Court will address below. B. Civil Rights Claims Liberally construing her Amended Complaints, Prater may again be raising civil rights claims pursuant to § 1983. “To state a claim under § 1983, a plaintiff must allege the violation

of a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and must show that the alleged deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). Whether a defendant is acting under color of state law — i.e., whether the defendant is a state actor — depends on whether there is “such a close nexus between the State and the challenged action’ that seemingly private behavior may be fairly treated as that of the State itself.” Leshko v. Servis, 423 F.3d 337, 339 (3d Cir. 2005) (internal quotations omitted). “To answer that question, [the Third Circuit has] outlined three broad tests generated by Supreme Court jurisprudence to determine whether state action exists: (1) whether the private entity has exercised powers that are traditionally the exclusive prerogative of the state; (2) whether the private party has acted with the help of or in concert with state officials; and (3) whether the state has so far insinuated itself into a position of interdependence with the acting party that it must be recognized as a joint participant in the challenged activity.” Kach v. Hose, 589 F.3d 626, 646 (3d Cir. 2009) (internal quotations and alteration omitted). Here, nothing in the Amended Complaints suggests that any of the Defendants are state

actors. See Abulkhair v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 441 F. App’x 927, 931 (3d Cir. 2011) (per curiam) (“The alleged misconduct of Liberty Mutual and its attorneys and adjustor in Abulkhair’s case is not fairly attributable to the state.”); James v. Heritage Valley Fed. Credit Union, 197 F. App’x 102, 106 (3d Cir. 2006) (per curiam) (dismissing claims “against the Heritage Valley Federal Credit Union, its President and Chairman, Ames and Dunkelberger respectively, and an employee, Jane Gee” because those individuals are not state actors). Accordingly, there is no basis for any § 1983 claims. C. RICO Claims The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”) “makes it unlawful

‘for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprise’s affairs through a pattern of racketeering activity.’” In re Ins. Brokerage Antitrust Litig., 618 F.3d 300, 362 (3d Cir. 2010) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c)). To state a civil RICO claim, a plaintiff must plausibly allege the following elements: “(1) conduct (2) of an enterprise (3) through a pattern (4) of racketeering activity.” Id. (internal quotations omitted). “In order to have standing to litigate a civil RICO claim, a plaintiff must show that she suffered an injury to her business or property and that the injury was proximately caused by the defendant’s racketeering activities.” Miller v. Pocono Ranch Lands Prop. Owners Ass’n Inc., 557 F. App’x 141, 145 (3d Cir. 2014) (per curiam). To the extent Prater is again raising RICO claims, they rest entirely on conclusory references to racketeering, which may not be credited as true on their own. Her allegations of racketeering are wholly unsupported by any factual allegations supporting a pattern of

racketeering activity here. Accordingly, Prater has failed to state a plausible RICO claim. D. Truth in Lending Prater again alleges violations of the Truth in Lending Act (“TILA”). “Congress enacted TILA in 1968, as part of the Consumer Credit Protection Act, Pub.L. 90–321, 82 Stat. 146, as amended, 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq., to ‘assure a meaningful disclosure of credit terms so that the consumer will be able to compare more readily the various credit terms available to him and avoid the uninformed use of credit,’ § 102, codified in 15 U.S.C. § 1601(a).” Koons Buick Pontiac GMC, Inc. v. Nigh, 543 U.S. 50, 53-54 (2004); Rossman v. Fleet Bank (R.I.) Nat. Ass’n, 280 F.3d 384, 389 (3d Cir. 2002) (explaining that TILA “requires a series of disclosures that

must be made before the consummation (the point at which legal obligations attach) of the underlying credit agreement, as well as at certain other specified times”). The Amended Complaints do not describe the contours of any financial transactions in which credit was extended to Prater nor do they provide the context in which any relevant extension of credit occurred. As with Prater’s initial Complaint, it is not clear “what aspect of this statute Prater believes was violated” and she has again failed to allege plausibly “that credit terms were not adequately disclosed to her.” Prater, 2021 WL 3869940, at *4. Accordingly, Prater has again failed to state a TILA claim. See Bonilla v. Am. Heritage Fed. Credit Union, Civ. A. No. 20- 2053, 2020 WL 2539197, at *7 (E.D. Pa. May 19, 2020) (“Ms. Bonilla does not allege the Credit Union, or any of the individual Defendants, failed to disclose terms of a credit agreement to Ms. Bonilla as required by TILA.”), aff’d, 2021 WL 3612166 (3d Cir. Aug. 16, 2021). Prater uses the phrase “predatory lending” (see ECF No. 13 at 3), but it is unclear what she means by this or how it translates into a federal claim under this or any other statute. E. ECOA Claims

Prater also invokes the ECOA, apparently based on allegations of disability discrimination. The ECOA “bans discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age, [and] the fact that the applicant’s income is derived from public assistance.” Nat’l State Bank, Elizabeth, N. J. v. Long, 630 F.2d 981, 984 (3d Cir. 1980); see also 15 U.S.C. § 1691(a). “To establish a prima facie case under the ECOA, a plaintiff must show that (1) she was a member of a protected class; (2) she applied for credit from the defendant; (3) she was qualified for the credit; and (4) despite qualifying, she was denied credit.” Stefanowicz v. SunTrust Mortg., 765 F. App’x 766, 772 (3d Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (citing Anderson v. Wachovia Mortg. Corp., 621 F.3d 261, 268 n.5 (3d Cir. 2010)). A complaint

asserting claims of discrimination must “put forth allegations that raise a reasonable expectation that discovery will reveal evidence of the necessary element.” Fowler v. UMPC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 211 (3d Cir. 2009) (quotations omitted) (discussing pleading standards in the context of discrimination in employment). Prater alleges that she was discriminated against in connection with a disability. However, the ECOA does not proscribe disability discrimination. In any event, Prater has not clearly described her disability or disabilities and has not alleged plausibly that she was discriminated against in connection with the provision of credit (or otherwise) due to those disabilities. Accordingly, Prater has not stated a claim under the ECOA. F. FDCPA Claims It is possible that Prater intended to raise claims pursuant to the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) given her reference to deceptive business practices. “The FDCPA provides a remedy for consumers who have been subjected to abusive, deceptive or unfair debt collection practices by debt collectors.” Piper v. Portnoff Law Assocs., Ltd., 396 F.3d 227, 232

(3d Cir. 2005). “‘To state a claim under the FDCPA, a plaintiff must establish that: (1) he or she is a consumer who was harmed by violations of the FDCPA; (2) that the ‘debt’ arose out of a transaction entered into primarily for personal, family, or household purposes; (3) that the defendant collecting the debt is a ‘debt collector,’ and (4) that the defendant violated, by act or omission, a provision of the FDCPA.’” Pressley v. Capital One, 415 F. Supp. 3d 509, 512-13 (E.D. Pa. 2019) (quoting Johns v. Northland Grp., Inc., 76 F. Supp. 3d 590, 597 (E.D. Pa. 2014)). Prater has not alleged a plausible FDCPA claim because she has not clearly alleged that any of the Defendants were debt collectors who used abusive or unfair practices in attempting to

collect a debt from her. Prater repeatedly uses the word fraud in her Amened Complaints, but without further factual support, her allegations do not translate into a plausible FDCPA claim. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (“A pleading that offers ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.’”); Humphreys v. McCabe Weisberg & Conway, P.C., 686 F. App’x 95, 97 (3d Cir. 2017) (per curiam) (FDCPA claim was not pled based on “conclusory and speculative statements that cannot survive a motion to dismiss”). G. FCRA Claims Prater also raises claims under the FCRA. The FCRA was enacted “to ensure fair and accurate credit reporting, promote efficiency in the banking system, and protect consumer privacy.” Safeco Ins. Co. of Am. v. Burr, 551 U.S. 47, 52 (2007); see also SimmsParris v. Countrywide Fin. Corp., 652 F.3d 355, 357 (3d Cir. 2011) (noting that the FCRA is intended “to protect consumers from the transmission of inaccurate information about them, and to establish credit reporting practices that utilize accurate, relevant and current information in a confidential and responsible manner” (quoting Cortez v. Trans Union, LLC, 617 F.3d 688, 706 (3d Cir.

2010))). In the language of the FCRA, credit reporting agencies “collect consumer credit data from ‘furnishers,’ such as banks and other lenders, and organize that material into individualized credit reports, which are used by commercial entities to assess a particular consumer’s creditworthiness.” Seamans v. Temple Univ., 744 F.3d 853, 860 (3d Cir. 2014). “The FCRA confers on a consumer a right to have the negative information on his or her credit report investigated for accuracy.” Klotz v. Trans Union, LLC, 246 F.R.D. 208, 211 (E.D. Pa. 2007). In that regard, if a consumer disputes the completeness or accuracy of information contained in her file, the credit reporting agency must “conduct a reasonable reinvestigation to determine whether the disputed information is inaccurate.” 15 U.S.C.A. § 1681i(a)(1)(A).

“Generally speaking, a consumer reporting agency does not violate the FCRA’s requirement that it ‘follow reasonable procedures to assure maximum possible accuracy’ of credit reports or to ‘reinvestigate’ consumer disputes of information if the information that it reports is factually accurate.” Williams v. Experian Info. Sols., Inc., Civ. A. No. 14-8115, 2016 WL 3466089, at *3 (D.N.J. June 21, 2016). Additionally, the agency “may terminate a reinvestigation of information disputed by a consumer . . . if the agency reasonably determines that the dispute by the consumer is frivolous or irrelevant, including by reason of a failure by a consumer to provide sufficient information to investigate the disputed information.” 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(3)(A). Although Prater generally alleges that the credit reporting agencies failed to investigate her disputes, she has not identified the allegedly incorrect information in her credit history, clearly explained why the information was incorrect, or alleged any facts about when and how she disputed that information with the credit reporting agencies. Accordingly, she has not stated a plausible FCRA claim against them. Prater also appears to be asserting FCRA claims against other Defendants as furnishers of

information to the credit reporting agencies. “To state a viable claim under the FCRA regarding the interplay between the furnisher and the credit reporting agency, a plaintiff must allege that she (1) sent notice of disputed information to a consumer reporting agency, (2) the consumer reporting agency then notified the defendant furnisher of the dispute, and (3) the furnisher failed to investigate and modify the inaccurate information.” Washington v. Freedom Mortg., Civ. A. No. 20-09332, 2021 WL 1100637, at *3 (D.N.J. Mar. 23, 2021) (internal quotations omitted); see also 15 U.S.C. §§ 1681s-2(b). If the furnisher fails to comply with its obligations under the Act, “the aggrieved consumer can sue for noncompliance.” Hoffmann v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 242 F. Supp. 3d 372, 391 (E.D. Pa. 2017); see also Eades v. Wetzel, 841 F. App’x 489 (3d Cir. 2021)

(per curiam) (“[U]nder the FCRA, ‘15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b) is the only section that can be enforced by a private citizen seeking to recover damages caused by a furnisher of information.’” (quoting SimmsParris, 652 F.3d at 358) (alteration omitted)). Here, Prater has not clearly identified the accounts in question, clearly described the misleading information in those accounts, or clearly alleged that she filed a dispute with the credit reporting agencies about a particular account or accounts to which the furnisher of information failed to respond. See Pressley, 415 F. Supp. 3d at 513 (dismissing FCRA claim when plaintiff had “not (1) identified the accounts at issue, (2) described the allegedly false and misleading information that appears in the accounts, (3) stated that she filed a dispute regarding the false and misleading information; or (4) alleged that Capital One failed to investigate and modify the inaccurate information”). Accordingly, she has failed to state a FCRA claim against any Defendants as furnishers of information. See Schiano v. HomEq Servicing Corp. & HomEq Servicing, 832 F. App’x 116, 120 (3d Cir. 2020) (allegations that a defendant failed to “‘fully and properly investigate’ the matter” were conclusory and did not state a claim).

IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant Prater’s motion to consider her Amended Complaints and will dismiss those Amended Complaints.4 As Prater has already been given leave to amend and has been unable to do so, the Court concludes that further attempts at amendment would be futile. The Motion for Additional Time to Amend Case is denied.5 An Order follows, which dismisses this case. BY THE COURT:

/s/ Juan R. Sánchez JUAN R. SÁNCHEZ, C.J.

4 To the extent Prater intended to raise claims not discussed above, they fail as not clearly plead and, therefore, as implausible. This includes any claims she sought to bring in connection with her reference to a chapter of the United States Code addressing criminal liability for false statements (ECF No. 13 at 3) and claims for “Anti Trust Laws Violations” (id. at 2). Additionally, if Prater intended to raise claims under state law, which is not clear, she has not clearly alleged an independent basis for the Court’s jurisdiction over those claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a).

5 To the extent the Motion can be construed as a request for counsel, that request is also denied. See Tabron v. Grace, 6 F.3d 147, 155 (3d Cir. 1993) (in determining whether appointment of counsel is appropriate, the Court should first determine whether plaintiff’s lawsuit has a legal basis).