Prate v. Zurich American Insurance Co.

2023 IL App (2d) 210537-U

• Court: Appellate Court of Illinois
• Decided: August 2, 2023
• Docket: 2-21-0537
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

2023 IL App (2d) 210537-U Nos. 2-21-0537 & 2-22-0097 cons. Order filed August 2, 2023

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(l). ______________________________________________________________________________

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________

MICHAEL A. PRATE, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ) of Lake County. Plaintiff-Appellant, ) ) v. ) No. 20-L-505 ) ZURICH AMERICAN INSURANCE ) COMPANY, ) ) Defendant-Appellee. ) Honorable ) Luis A. Berrones, (Christopher Saternus, Third-Party Appellant). ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________

JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the court. Presiding Justice McLaren and Justice Kennedy concurred in the judgment.

ORDER

¶1 Held: The circuit court did not abuse its discretion in imposing sanctions pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 137; and the court’s oral findings, which were incorporated by reference into its written order, sufficiently set forth the reasons and basis for imposing the sanctions.

¶2 Appellants Michael A. Prate and attorney Christopher Saternus appeal from the order of

the circuit court of Lake County imposing sanctions pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 137

(eff. Jan. 1, 2018). For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶3 I. BACKGROUND 2023 IL App (2d) 210537-U

¶4 The record reveals the following facts. Prate is the former sole owner of two Illinois

corporations that were involved in the roofing industry, namely Michael A. Prate, Inc. (MAP) and

Prate Installations, Inc. (PI). MAP purchased an annual workers’ compensation insurance policy

from Zurich each year from 2001 and 2007, with the policies being in place continuously from

March 1, 2001, through March 1, 2008. Each policy contained an incurred loss retrospective

endorsement, whereby the premiums were to be adjusted based on MAP’s incurred losses during

the policy period.

¶5 In October 2007, Zurich sent MAP an invoice for $701,095 in principal due under the

insurance program. In June 2008, Prate, on behalf of MAP, signed a promissory note for the full

principal amount due, plus 5% annual interest on any unpaid balance. Zurich later demanded

payment, and, in December 2008, a stand-still agreement was entered into between Zurich and

MAP to allow them additional time to negotiate. Zurich eventually terminated the stand-still

agreement, and, in October 2010, filed an arbitration demand as contemplated in a document

associated with the policies, namely “Incurred Loss Retrospective Rating Agreement, Terms and

Conditions” (Terms and Conditions). On May 19, 2011, MAP commenced a lawsuit against

Zurich in Lake County, and Zurich responded on November 3, 2011, by moving to compel

arbitration of much of that action. On February 15, 2012, MAP and Zurich agreed to dismiss the

Lake County action, and the payment dispute moved forward in arbitration.

¶6 On April 29, 2013, an arbitration panel found in favor of Zurich and awarded it the amount

due under the promissory note, as well as the amount of an additional invoice dated October 2008

and prejudgment interest. In total, the arbitration panel entered a final award in favor of Zurich in

the amount of $1,331,304.18. Less than three weeks later, in May 2013, Prate assigned ownership

of MAP and PI to creditors because MAP lacked sufficient assets to pay the arbitration award. On

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May 20, 2013, Zurich filed a petition to confirm the award in the circuit court of Cook County,

case No. 2013 CH 13073. On July 23, 2013, the court issued a judgment order confirming the

arbitration award in Zurich’s favor. MAP did not appeal the judgment. On December 4, 2013,

Zurich filed a complaint against both MAP and Prate, individually, in Cook County case No. 2013

L 13756, seeking to reverse, pursuant to the Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (UFTA) (740 ILCS

160/1 et seq. (West 2012)) various “shareholder distribution[s]” MAP issued to Prate between

April and December of 2010. That matter was subsequently consolidated with case No. 2013 CH

13073. During those proceedings, PI and MAP were involuntarily dissolved in November 2013

and August 2014, respectively. On September 15, 2015, in the consolidated Cook County action,

the parties entered into a stipulated judgment in favor of Zurich and against Prate, individually, in

the amount of $350,900. The judgment amount represented the sum of the fraudulent transfers

from MAP to Prate, and which Prate admitted were intended to hinder or thwart Zurich’s collection

of the arbitration award. The remaining claims were dismissed without prejudice.

¶7 On July 30, 2020, Prate, in his personal capacity, filed a three-count verified complaint

against Zurich sounding in fraud and seeking $10 million in damages. The complaint was prepared

and signed by Saternus, his counsel. The complaint raised various allegations concerning the

circumstances that led to MAP’s execution of the promissory note, as well as challenged the source

of Zurich’s right to demand arbitration, as had occurred in October 2010. Appellants alleged that

the amount of the October 2007 insurance invoice was not supported by “understandable

documentation,” as well as that an insurance auditor retained by MAP had concluded Zurich

overcharged MAP on several policies and failed to notify MAP that it perhaps qualified for certain

contractors’ credits. They further alleged that Zurich sent its collections attorney to Prate’s office

“to threaten and intimidate” him until he signed the promissory note.

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¶8 Concerning whether the underlying dispute should have been subject to arbitration,

appellants alleged that Zurich fraudulently secured an undue right to arbitrate the dispute against

MAP by including the arbitration clause in the Terms and Conditions and failing to file that

document with the Illinois Department of Insurance (Department), which appellants alleged was

required by law. Appellants asserted that Zurich did not file the Terms and Conditions with the

Department because it feared the Department would reject it, “since arbitration is not a general

Illinois procedure or method.” Appellants further alleged that, during each of the policy years,

Zurich presented the Terms and Conditions to Prate to sign “months after the insurance policy was

effective” and informed him that his signature was required. Thus, appellants contended that Prate

signed the Terms and Conditions each year out of fear that he would have no workers’

compensation insurance if he refused.

¶9 On October 27, 2020, Zurich filed a motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to section 2-

619.1 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619.1 (West 2018)), which allows for

combined motions under sections 2-615 and 2-619 (id. §§ 2-615, 2-619). Zurich argued four

grounds for dismissal. First, it asserted that the complaint was subject to dismissal pursuant to

section 2-619(a)(5) of the Code for failure to commence the action within the five-year statute of

limitations applicable to fraud claims. See 735 ILCS 5/13-205 (West 2018); CitiMortgage, Inc. v.

Parille, 2016 IL App (2d) 150286, ¶ 43. Zurich highlighted that all of the facts alleged in the

complaint were alleged to have occurred between seven to 20 years earlier and, thus, no alleged

fact had occurred within the five-year statute of limitations. Second, Zurich argued that the

complaint was barred by the doctrine of res judicata (see 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(4)). It noted that,

in 2011, MAP filed suit against Zurich in Lake County, but that an agreed order was eventually

entered in February 2021 dismissing the action in order to allow the payment dispute to be

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arbitrated. Further, Zurich asserted that many of the claims in the complaint were expressly

rejected in the arbitration proceedings, such as whether the dispute was subject to arbitration in the

first place, the validity of the promissory note, and the allegation that Zurich’s counsel coerced

MAP to sign the promissory note. As for the remaining claims, Zurich asserted that nothing

prevented those claims from being raised in the prior proceedings. Third, Zurich argued that Prate,

as a former owner, lacked standing to bring any of the claims on behalf of either MAP or PI.

Fourth, Zurich argued that dismissal was warranted under section 2-615 of the Code, because the

complaint failed to satisfy the heightened pleading standard applicable to state a claim for fraud.

¶ 10 On December 9, 2020, appellants filed a response to the motion to dismiss. There, they

characterized the complaint as seeking damages related to Zurich’s “failure to compute premiums

correctly” and its refusal of “Prate’s repeated demands that the premiums be corrected.” They

contended that, as a result, MAP was forced to arbitrate the dispute, where “Zurich knew that the

cards were stacked against Prate.” 1 In other words, Zurich “compel[ed] an arbitration to which it

was not entitled.” Appellants then proceeded to address each of the bases raised by Zurich in its

motion to dismiss. They pointed to the “discovery rule” to argue that the complaint was not time

barred because Prate “only recently,” in January 2020, learned that Zurich did not file the Terms

and Conditions with the Department following several requests under the Freedom of Information

Act (FOIA) (5 ILCS 140/1 et seq. (West 2018)) that was initiated by an insurance auditor that

1 Appellants later elaborated, in their response to Zurich’s motion for Rule 137 sanctions,

that “Zurich knew that an [a]rbitration panel would favor the party bringing work to the arbitrators

on a regular basis, [and] Zurich knew that a jury of Lake County citizens would treat it less

favorably.”

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Prate engaged in June 2019. Moreover, appellants asserted that it would have been unreasonable

to discover earlier that Zurich did not file the document, pointing to the failure of Prate’s prior

counsel to raise the issue in the 2011 Lake County action. Concerning res judicata, appellants

asserted that neither MAP nor Prate raised the issue of Zurich’s failure to file the Terms and

Conditions with the Department in any prior preceding, and they disputed that the non-filing could

have been reasonably discovered any earlier. Although it is not entirely clear, it appears that

appellants, in their response to the motion to dismiss, conceded that MAP voluntarily participated

in the arbitration proceedings, but they further replied that “MAP was unaware of the fraud of

Zurich and therefore could not make the argument then that [they] can make now.”

¶ 11 Regarding Zurich’s argument that there was a lack of standing, appellants asserted that

Prate was the then-current owner of MAP and PI, and that they were “ready to amend [the]

complaint to include MAP and PI as co-plaintiffs.” They asserted that “Zurich’s fraud was aimed

at MAP and PI, but it hit Mr. Prate.” Last, appellants disputed that the complaint failed to state a

valid claim of fraud, although they conceded that the complaint was not as “artful” as it could have

been. Nevertheless, they maintained that the complaint advanced

“a claim never before pursued in prior litigation, a claim only recently discovered,

a claim made by the sole owner of MAP and PI, that Zurich fraudulently deceived MAP

and PI, to the significant harm of Mr. Prate, by presenting a policy and Terms and

Conditions where the Terms and Conditions were not filed with the [Department].”

¶ 12 On January 13, 2021, Zurich filed a reply in support of its motion to dismiss. It contended

that appellants’ argument that the claims were timely was defeated by the constructive knowledge

aspect of the discovery rule, in that the claims were discoverable 19 years prior—when MAP first

agreed to the Terms and Conditions. Zurich also asserted that the issue of whether the Terms and

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Conditions were filed with the Department could have been investigated at any point after it was

executed, including during the arbitration itself or the subsequent Cook County proceedings

confirming the award. Regarding appellants’ argument that the “fraudulent failure to file” claim

was not barred by res judicata, Zurich stressed that the doctrine bars not only the claims that were

previously brought, but also those that could have been brought. Zurich also argued that it was

irrelevant whether Prate continued to, at that time, own MAP and PI, because corporate claims

belong to the corporation, not its ownership.

¶ 13 Appellants were granted leave to file a surreply. There, they disputed that Prate should

have known that the Terms and Conditions were not filed because, according to appellants, such

filings are not a matter of public record and “only an insurance expert would know how to file a

FOIA request with the Department.” Concerning the statute of limitations, appellants argued, for

the first time, that the complaint was timely under section 13-207 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/13-207

(West 2020)). They contended that the complaint (filed in June 2020), was timely because it was

filed within five years of the entry of the stipulated judgment (entered in September 2015) in the

consolidated Cook County action.2 They further stated that, as a result of the stipulated judgment,

Prate was “caused *** to pay Zurich *** at least $120,000.” Concerning Zurich’s res judicata

argument, appellants contested that there was an identity of cause of action, pointing out that

2 Appellants elaborated in their surreply in opposition to Zurich’s motion for Rule 137

sanctions that “Prate’s personal damages began when he started making payments on the stipulated

settlement dated 9/10/15 [sic] from the fraudulent transfer case,” and that “the instant case was

filed July 20, 2020.” Appellants reasoned, therefore, that “[a]ll of Mr. Prate’s damages came

within five years.”

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Zurich’s alleged failure to file the Terms and Conditions was “an operative fact [that was] not

present in the history of litigation between Zurich and MAP,” because “Prate alleges one fact that

was never pleaded before.” Finally, regarding standing, they argued that Prate personally suffered

harm “because of Zurich’s [UFTA] case against Prate, which case arose out of the confirmed

arbitration award.” They reasoned that, “[h]ad there been no arbitration, Mr. Prate would never

have had to defend Zurich’s [UFTA] claim and suffer harm therefrom.”

¶ 14 On February 16, 2021, Zurich filed a surresponse. It argued that section 13-207 of the

Code had no application because the statute applied only to counterclaims and setoffs—of which

the complaint was neither. It also denied that insurance filings with the Department are not public

records under FOIA, and it pointed out that, under FOIA, the records in the custody or possession

of a public body, such as the Department, are presumed to be available for public inspection. See

5 ILCS 140/1.2 (West 2020). Concerning its res judicata argument, Zurich reiterated that the

doctrine bars not only the claims that were previously decided, but also those claims that could

have been raised, but were not. In Zurich’s view, appellants’ argument concerning the non-filing

of the Terms and Conditions was merely a new argument to attack the arbitration award that was

confirmed via a final judgment in July 2013, which predated the filing of the complaint by seven

years. It also reiterated its argument that Prate lacked standing.

¶ 15 On February 24, 2021, after hearing oral argument, the circuit court granted Zurich’s

motion and dismissed the complaint with prejudice based on two grounds. First, the court reasoned

that the complaint was barred by res judicata because the case “ended many years ago,” and the

complaint raised only issues that could have been previously litigated or, in fact, were previously

litigated. It also rejected the argument that Zurich’s alleged non-filing of the Terms and Conditions

was new evidence, as the non-filing of the document was a circumstance that “existed and was

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discoverable.” For the second ground, the court concluded that the claims were barred by the

statute of limitations because, as argued by Zurich, the complaint contained no facts that were

alleged to have occurred within five years of its filing. Finally, the court commented that there

was “a standing issue” because, as best it could tell, the complaint purported to raise derivative

claims on behalf of MAP, and “not Mr. Prate’s claim[s].” It stated, however, that a lack of standing

did not necessarily require dismissal with prejudice, but that the complaint would nevertheless be

barred by res judicata and the statute of limitations—even with a proper plaintiff. Appellants

moved for reconsideration, which the court denied on August 17, 2021.

¶ 16 On March 25, 2021, Zurich filed a motion for sanctions against appellants pursuant to Rule

137. It asserted that the dismissed claims were brought in bad faith and represented the

culmination of a “decade-long pattern of harassment.” As in its motion to dismiss, Zurich argued

that the complaint was barred by the statute of limitations, standing, and res judicata—all of which

should have been known by appellants. Zurich also argued that the complaint included assertions

of fact that Prate and his counsel knew were false. It pointed to count II, which alleged that, in

2008, Zurich’s collections attorney threatened and intimidated Prate until he signed the promissory

note. Zurich pointed out that Prate made the same assertion in his August 2014 answer to Zurich’s

complaint under the UFTA, but that he later retracted the claim after he realized Zurich did not

retain the attorney who allegedly coerced him until after the note was executed. 3 Specifically, it

noted that Prate, in April 2015, filed an amended answer that removed the allegations of duress

and the allegations concerning the attorney’s involvement in the execution of the promissory note.

3 In answer to Zurich’s UFTA claims, Prate acknowledged that Prate executed a promissory

note for $701,095, but that he “did so only under duress from *** counsel for Plaintiff.”

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¶ 17 In its sanctions motion, Zurich also informed the court that, after the complaint was

dismissed with prejudice, certain actions undertaken by Saternus demonstrated an intent to

continue litigating these “long-resolved” issues. It detailed that, in the days following the

dismissal, Saternus contacted Zurich seeking proof that Zurich had filed the Terms and Conditions

with the Department. Zurich’s counsel also received several phone calls from an individual

purporting to be a television producer and seeking to discuss the case. Zurich explained that, while

the instant proceedings were ongoing, Prate informed Zurich’s counsel that he had a television

producer friend who was interested in the case and who was in negotiations with a film studio to

produce the story.

¶ 18 On June 9, 2021, appellants filed a response to Zurich’s motion for sanctions, wherein they

denied that the complaint contained facts that were knowingly false, and they emphasized that

Rule 137 is not meant to penalize litigants or their attorneys merely because they were unsuccessful

in the litigation.

¶ 19 On September 21, 2021, following oral argument, the Court granted Zurich’s motion for

Rule 137 sanctions. The court prefaced its ruling by stating that it did not consider any matters

that occurred outside of the court proceedings, “[e]ven though they may be harassing or causing

issues with [Zurich] or [its] counsel.” The court then explained its decision as follows:

“I’m basing my rulings on the pleadings, the motion to dismiss with the exhibits

that I have reviewed, [and] the briefs that were accompanying the motion for sanctions.

And the Court finds that the motion for sanctions is well grounded. I don’t think that there

is any legal or factual basis to deal with the issue of the statute of limitations, res judicata[,]

or the standing issue. There is no factual basis.

If the Court remembers correctly, part of the argument was that you avoid the

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statute of limitations based on 735 ILCS 5/13-207, which is something that applies only to

counterclaims. That was the justification for this [complaint] initially and that shows the

thinking and the analysis and the lack of research and really vigorous vetting of the facts

of this case and the applicable law to this case.

Despite the posture of this case, I mean, there was still persistence with respect to

standing and there were no allegations that Mr. Prate has standing in this matter.

I’m going to grant the motion for sanctions.”

¶ 20 On December 15, 2021, the circuit court entered an order awarding Zurich its attorney fees

in the amount of $130,183.64 jointly and severally against appellants.

¶ 21 This timely appeal followed.

¶ 22 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 23 On appeal, appellants argue that the circuit court abused its discretion in awarding

sanctions because: (1) they were not required to anticipate Zurich’s affirmative defenses of the

statute of limitations, the doctrine of res judicata, and standing in order to avoid sanctions; and (2)

the court’s findings regarding the reasons for its imposition of sanctions were not sufficiently

specific and therefore failed to comport with Rule 137.

¶ 24 At the outset, it is necessary to clarify the scope of this appeal, because two notices of

appeal were filed in this case. Prate filed the first notice of appeal on September 14, 2021, seeking

review of the circuit court’s ruling dismissing the complaint and later denying reconsideration of

that ruling. We docketed the appeal as No. 2-21-0537. Appellants filed a second notice of appeal

on March 23, 2022, seeking review of the court’s orders imposing Rule 137 sanctions and

thereafter denying reconsideration. We docketed that appeal as No. 2-22-0097. We consolidated

the appeals for briefing, argument, and decision on April 20, 2022, which was before any briefs

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were filed in either appeal. Appellants, in their opening brief, acknowledge both notices of appeal,

but they make no argument that the court erred in granting Zurich’s motion to dismiss, and they

do not substantively argue in favor of the merits of the complaint. Instead, they expressly confine

their arguments to addressing “only the issues [of] Rule 137 sanctions and the associated attorney’s

[sic] fees awarded.” Prate therefore affirmatively waives any argument related to the propriety of

court’s decision to dismiss the complaint, and we need not consider it. See Illinois Supreme Court

Rule 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct. 1, 2020) (requiring that the appellant’s brief contain “[a]rgument, which

shall contain the contentions of the appellant and the reasons therefor, with citation of the

authorities and the pages of the record relied on,” and providing that “[p]oints not argued are

forfeited”). Having clarified that only the court’s imposition of Rule 137 sanctions is at issue in

this appeal, we proceed to the merits.

¶ 25 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 137 allows the circuit court to impose sanctions on a party or

their attorney for filing a pleading, motion, or other document that is not well-grounded in fact, is

not warranted by existing law or a good-faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal

of existing law, or where it is interposed for an improper purpose, such as to harass or cause

unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of the litigation. “The purpose of Rule 137 is

to prevent the filing of false and frivolous lawsuits.” Sanchez v. City of Chicago, 352 Ill. App. 3d

1015, 1020 (2004). See also Dismuke v. Rand Cook Auto Sales, Inc., 378 Ill. App. 3d 214, 217

(2007) (“The purpose of Rule 137 is to prevent parties from abusing the judicial process by

imposing sanctions on litigants who file vexatious and harassing actions based upon unsupported

allegations of fact or law”). The rule is not meant to punish litigants or their attorneys merely

because they were zealous, yet unsuccessful in the litigation. Peterson v. Randhava, 313 Ill. App.

3d 1, 7 (2000). See also Polsky v. BDO Seidman, 293 Ill. App. 3d 414, 428 (a court “should not

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impose sanctions on a party who presents objectively reasonable arguments for his position,

regardless of whether the arguments are deemed to be unpersuasive or incorrect”). Rule 137 is

penal in nature and must be strictly construed, and courts should reserve sanctions for the most

egregious cases. Patton v. Lee, 406 Ill. App. 3d 195, 202 (2010). The party seeking to impose

sanctions under Rule 137 bears the burden of establishing a violation of the rule. Yassin v.

Certified Grocers of Illinois, Inc., 133 Ill. 2d 458, 467 (1990). In evaluating whether sanctions are

warranted under Rule 137, trial courts utilize an objective standard of what was reasonable under

the circumstances at the time the alleged violation occurred rather than in hindsight. Schinkel v.

Board of Fire and Police Comm’n of Village of Algonquin, 262 Ill. App. 3d 310, 323 (1994).

¶ 26 On review, we must evaluate whether the circuit court’s decision was “informed, was based

on valid reasoning, and follows logically from the facts.” Deutsche Bank National Trust Co. v.

Ivicic, 2015 IL App (2d) 140970, ¶ 25. The court is required under Rule 137 to “set forth with

specificity the reasons and basis of any sanction *** either in the judgment order itself or in a

separate written order.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 137(d) (eff. Jan. 1, 2018). An appellate court may only affirm

the imposition of sanctions based upon the reasons specified by the trial court. US Bank Trust,

N.A. as Trustee for LSF11 Master Participation Trust v. Burnett, 2021 IL App (1st) 210135, ¶ 39.

We give considerable deference to the trial court’s decision to impose sanctions, and we will not

reverse that decision absent an abuse of discretion. Burrows v. Pick, 306 Ill. App. 3d 1048, 1051

(1999). A court abuses its discretion in imposing sanctions only where no reasonable person would

take the view adopted by it. In re Marriage of LaRocque, 2018 IL App (2d) 160973, ¶ 111.

¶ 27 Here, the circuit court acted within its discretion in granting Zurich’s motion for Rule 137

sanctions because the complaint was not objectively reasonable under the circumstances at the

time it was filed. As noted by the court in entering its sanctions order, the complaint lacked any

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factual or legal basis to overcome Zurich’s affirmative defenses that the claims included in the

complaint were barred by the statute of limitations and res judicata. See Wren v. Feeney, 176 Ill.

App. 3d 364 (1988) (holding that dismissal of a medical malpractice complaint based on the statute

of limitations was a proper ground to impose sanctions because the complaint was not “warranted

by existing law” and therefore “should not have been commenced”). These affirmative defenses

were insurmountable under the facts of this case, and that conclusion would have been apparent to

anyone who conducted a reasonable investigation into the timeline of the facts alleged in the

complaint and the extensive litigation history between Zurich and MAP.

¶ 28 As noted, appellants initiated this matter on July 30, 2020, when they filed a three-count

verified complaint against Zurich sounding in common law fraud, which has a five-year statute of

limitations. See 735 ILCS 5/13-205 (West 2018); Doe A. v. Diocese of Dallas, 234 Ill. 2d 393,

413 (2009); Gillespie Community Unit School District No. 7, Macoupin County v. Wight & Co.,

2014 IL 115330, ¶ 51; and Parille, 2016 IL App (2d) 150286, ¶ 13. Count I alleged that, between

2001 and 2008, Zurich intentionally failed to file the Terms and Conditions (which appellants

alleged was the sole source of the duty to arbitrate disputes between Zurich and MAP) with the

Department and, as a result, it “obtained an advantage [over MAP] that the [Department] would

have denied Zurich—the right to an arbitration and the avoidance of facing potential plaintiffs in

a court of law.” Count II alleged that, in 2008, Zurich’s outside counsel threatened and intimidated

Prate until he signed the promissory note on behalf of MAP. Count III asserted that Zurich,

between 2001 and 2008, “used the late signing of [the] Terms and Conditions to force Prate to

accept the arbitration provision.” Appellants alleged that Zurich annually presented the document

for Prate’s signature after the insurance coverage for the particular policy year was already in

effect, and that this late presentation of the document deprived Prate of the ability to reject the

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Terms and Conditions out of fear that he would be left without workers’ compensation insurance

if he refused to sign it. Each of the counts sought damages in excess of $10 million.

¶ 29 Critically, all of the facts pertinent to the three counts were alleged to have occurred

between March 2001, when MAP first purchased workers’ compensation insurance from Zurich,

and July 23, 2013, when the Cook County circuit court entered a final judgment confirming the

arbitration award in favor of Zurich. No appeal of the judgment confirming the arbitration award

was filed. Thus, the most recent occurrence even mentioned in the complaint predated its filing

by more than seven years, and appellants made no argument upon which one could reasonably

conclude that it was filed within five years of any action taken by Zurich—much less any action

that was alleged to be fraudulent. Even assuming that Zurich secured the judgment confirming the

arbitration award through fraud, the matter concluded more than seven years before appellants

initiated this matter. Appellants also made no argument, either in the circuit court or in this appeal,

that the judgment is void such that it may be collaterally attacked at any time. See People v.

Castleberry, 2015 IL 116916, ¶ 11.

¶ 30 Zurich moved to dismiss the complaint on the ground that all three counts were barred by

the five-year statute of limitations applicable to fraud, among other reasons. In response,

appellants sought to invoke the common law “discovery rule” as to Count I and argued that the

limitations period should be tolled until January 2020, which is when Prate “discovered” that

Zurich had not filed the Terms and Conditions relative to MAP’s workers’ compensation insurance

policies that were in place between 2001 and 2008. 4

4 Appellants made no argument that the discovery rule should toll the limitations period for

count II (which alleged Zurich’s counsel “threaten[ed] and intimidate[d]” Prate until he signed

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¶ 31 A cause of action “accrues” for purposes of determining when the statute of limitations

begins to run when facts exist that authorize the bringing of a cause of action. Henderson Square

Condominium Association v. LAB Townhomes, LLC, 2015 IL 118139, ¶ 52. However, courts in

Illinois recognize the “discovery rule,” which postpones the start of the limitations period until the

plaintiff knows or reasonably should know that he or she has been injured and that the injury was

wrongfully caused. Id.; Knox College v. Celotex Corp., 88 Ill. 2d 407, 415 (1981). This judicially

created rule is intended “to prevent the unduly harsh result of a statute of limitations barring a

plaintiff’s lawsuit before she was even aware that she was injured.” Hawkins v. Nalick, 2012 IL

App (5th) 110553, ¶ 15. See also Hermitage Corp. v. Contractors Adjustment Co., 166 Ill. 2d 72,

77-78 (1995) (stating that the discovery rule avoids the mechanical application of a statute of

limitations where potential plaintiffs would be barred from suit even before they become aware of

the injury).

¶ 32 As noted, appellants argued that dismissal of the complaint on timeliness grounds was

unwarranted because Prate “first found out only recently about Zurich’s fraudulent failure to [file]”

in January 2020, following several FOIA requests directed to the Department that were initiated

by an insurance auditor that he engaged for that purpose several months earlier. In essence, their

[the] promissory note) or count III (which alleged Zurich “used the late signing of Terms and

Conditions to force Prate to accept the arbitration provision”). In fact, based on our review of the

response, it appears appellants made no argument that counts II and III were timely. Instead, they

conceded that the complaint was “perhaps less artfully” presented than it should have been, but

they stated that, “at the court’s leave,” they would replead to “include MAP and PI *** and

simplify the pleadings to a single count of fraud.”

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argument before the circuit court was that the 5-year statute of limitations should be tolled because

they did not investigate the public records of the Department relative to the insurance policies Prate

purchased from Zurich until after the limitations period had already run. This argument was

patently meritless.

¶ 33 Foremost, the argument focused on when Prate gained actual knowledge of the purported

non-filing of the Terms and Conditions. As we have already stated, application of the discovery

rule does not exclusively hinge on when a potential plaintiff actually learns of the injury and that

it was wrongfully caused. Rather, the discovery rule incorporates a constructive knowledge

component, in that the limitations period commences when a person knows or reasonably should

know of the injury. (Emphasis added.) Khan v. Deutsche Bank AG, 2012 IL 112219, ¶ 20. At

that point, “the statute begins to run and the party is under an obligation to inquire further to

determine whether an actionable wrong was committed.” One Fish Two Fish, LLC v. Struif, 2021

IL App (1st) 191441, ¶ 45 (quoting Nolan v. Johns-Manville Asbestos, 85 Ill. 2d 161, 171 (1981).

“The rule encourages diligent investigation by potential plaintiffs without foreclosing any claims

about which the plaintiffs could not have been aware.” Scottsdale Insurance Co. v. Lakeside

Community Committee, 2016 IL App (1st) 141845, ¶ 25. The point at which the plaintiff knew or

should have known of both the injury and its wrongful cause is generally a question of fact, but it

becomes a question of law where the facts are undisputed and show that only one conclusion can

be drawn. Resgaitis v. Waterstone Financial Group, Inc., 2013 IL App (2d) 111112, ¶ 30.

¶ 34 Under this standard, it is immaterial that Prate “first found out only recently about Zurich’s

fraudulent failure to disclose to the [Department] the arbitration provision.” It has long been held

in Illinois that parties are deemed to be aware, and thus have constructive knowledge, of

information contained in the public record. Wheeler v. McEldowney, 60 Ill. 358, 360 (1871)

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(holding that recording a bond for a deed on commercial property constituted notice to the public).

See also Tillman v. Pritzker, 2021 IL 126387, ¶ 27 (“[i]t is well established that matters of public

record constitute constructive notice to a plaintiff for purposes of applying laches”); Ropiy v.

Hernandez, 363 Ill. App. 3d 47, 54 (2005) (“[w]here no affirmative acts of deception have

occurred, ‘matters which are public record serve as constructive notice.’ ” (quoting De Kalb Bank

v. Purdy, 166 Ill. App. 3d 709, 725 (1988)); Ashby v. Pinnow, 2020 IL App (2d) 190765, ¶ 36

(recording of deeds with county recorder put plaintiff on notice of the deeds’ existence); and

Hachem v. Chicago Title Insurance Co., 2015 IL App (1st) 143188, ¶ 27 (stating “where an

instrument of conveyance or a mortgage is recorded in the appropriate public office, the public

record provides constructive notice to the whole world”). A plaintiff may be charged with the

absence of information contained in a public record, even if they fail to investigate. See Diotallevi

v. Diotallevi, 2013 IL App (2d) 111297, ¶ 35 (finding claims barred due to statute of limitations

where property titles and corporate records were matters of public record). Put simply, Prate had

constructive notice of the Department’s public filings relative to his policies with Zurich by, at the

latest, 2010, when Zurich moved to compel arbitration.

¶ 35 In their responses to the motion to dismiss, appellants offered no serious argument that

Zurich’s alleged “failure to file” could not have been discovered any earlier than January 2020.

Instead, they asserted that insurance policies filed with the Department are “not for public

consumption,” and they disputed that the relevant documents could have been retrieved with ease

from the Department, because “[o]nly an insurance expert would know how to file a FOIA request

with the Department *** and where to file it.” Both arguments were entirely baseless. Subject to

certain exceptions that appellants did not argue were applicable, the Illinois Insurance Code

expressly provides that the Department “shall be a public office” and its records “accessible to the

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inspection of the public.” 215 ILCS 5/404(1)(a) (West 2020). Additionally, appellants cited no

support for an “expert exception” to the constructive notice aspect of the discovery rule, and, even

if they had, the assistance of an expert to retrieve public records from the Department would have

been unnecessary (see Southern Illinoisan v. Illinois Department of Public Health, 218 Ill. 2d 390,

416 (2006) (stating the purpose of FOIA is “to provide the public with easy access to government

information”)), especially for a sophisticated businessperson such as Prate or his counsel, Saternus.

¶ 36 As a last-ditch effort to buttress the argument that the claim could not have reasonably been

discovered any earlier, appellants underscored that Prate’s counsel in the 2011 Lake County suit

did not raise the “fraudulent failure to file” issue, despite having previously represented businesses

against Zurich in arbitration. If anything, the 2011 Lake County litigation was yet another missed

opportunity for Prate to have “discovered” his new theory to challenge the arbitration within the

limitations period. At that point, Prate had actual knowledge of his contractual duty to arbitrate

no later than January 2012, which is when he agreed to dismiss the 2011 Lake County litigation in

order to allow MAP and Zurich to arbitrate the payment dispute. Between 2010 (when Zurich

demanded arbitration) and 2013 (when the Cook County circuit court entered a final judgment

confirming the arbitration award), it was incumbent upon Prate to investigate the circumstances of

Zurich’s claim and to marshal all the relevant facts, evidence, and the law to challenge those

proceedings. That appellants devised a new theory in January 2020, when nothing prohibited the

theory from being raised during any of the prior proceedings, was plainly insufficient to make a

colorable claim to unwind the arbitration that was resolved seven years prior.

¶ 37 In addition to the discovery rule, appellants also sought to avoid dismissal of the complaint

by arguing (for the first time) in their surreply that the complaint was timely under section 13-207

of the Code. Appellants reasoned that the complaint was filed within the limitations period for

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fraud claims because it was filed within five years of the entry of the stipulated judgment in the

Cook County action that had raised claims under the UFTA. Indeed, the entirety of the argument,

as expressed in the surreply, was as follows:

“The wrongful transfer case resulted in a stipulated judgment dated 9/10/15 [sic]

which caused Mr. Prate to pay to Zurich the amount of at least $120,000 after 9/10/15. The

case before the court was now filed 7/30/2020, within the statute of limitations of 735 ILCS

5/13-207.”

Appellants did not reference the discovery rule in the surreply and, thus, it is unclear whether they

intended to abandon that argument, or whether the argument premised on section 13-207 was

meant to serve as an additional, alternative basis to support the complaint. Either way, this

argument, too, was completely meritless.

¶ 38 Section 13-207 provides that, despite the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations

period, counterclaims may be brought in a pending action as follows:

“A defendant may plead a set-off or counterclaim barred by the statute of limitation

or the statute of repose, while held and owned by him or her, to any action, the cause of

which was owned by the plaintiff or person under whom he or she claims, before such set-

off or counterclaim was so barred, and not otherwise.” 735 ILCS 5/13-207 (West 2020).

The purpose of this section is to prevent plaintiffs from intentionally filing their claims as late as

possible and thus deprive the defendants of a reasonable opportunity to file counterclaims within

the original limitations period. Village of Glendale Heights v. Glen Ayre Enterprises, Inc., 404 Ill.

App. 3d 205, 211 (2010). See also Patsis v. Zion-Benton Township High School, No. 126, 234 Ill.

App. 3d 232, 235 (1992) (observing that “[o]ne purpose of section 13-207 is to protect parties who

have shorter limitations periods than their opponents”). It is a saving provision that “allows a

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counterclaim to proceed despite the failure to comply with the appropriate statute of limitations

period.” Barragan v. Casco Design Corp., 216 Ill. 2d 435, 446 (2005). See also Barragan v.

Casco Design Corp., 216 Ill. 2d 435, 441 (stating that untimely counterclaims may be brought in

a pending action as provided in section 13-207).

¶ 39 Section 13-207 was facially inapplicable to the underlying complaint, and that inescapable

conclusion should have been apparent to anyone who had simply taken the time to read its

provisions. The clear and unambiguous language in section 13-207 makes clear that only a

“defendant may plead a set-off or counterclaim” that would otherwise be barred by the statute of

limitations in the same suit. Appellants make a number of statements in their briefs that appear

aimed at casting Prate having occupied a defensive posture in the underlying proceedings. For

instance, they assert that “[w]e are here because Zurich handed [Prate] a bill for $701,095,” as well

as that “[Saternus] zealously represented his client, who sought to defend himself from claims

brought against him by Zurich.” They also stated that “[Prate] already is the non-prevailing party

in the arbitration matter and that is how this matter should conclude.” Appellants fail to grasp that

the dispute between Zurich and MAP had concluded in precisely that way in July 2013, when the

circuit court of Cook County entered a final judgment confirming the arbitration award. Prate, of

his own choosing, initiated these proceedings in July 2020 by filing a free-standing complaint

sounding in fraud. Prate clearly was not a defendant, and the complaint could not seriously be

viewed as a counterclaim to any proceeding, including Zurich’s collection efforts relative to the

confirmed arbitration award. Indeed, the circuit court pointed to appellants’ erroneous reliance on

section 13-207 in imposing sanctions, stating that it “applies only to counterclaims.” In the court’s

view, appellants’ erroneous reliance on section 13-207 demonstrated “the thinking and the analysis

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and the lack of research and really vigorous vetting of the facts of this case and the appliable law

to this case.”

¶ 40 Tellingly, appellants make no effort to argue on appeal that their reliance on section 13-

207 was an objectively reasonable position to take in response to Zurich’s motion to dismiss.

Rather, they attempt to minimize their reliance on this section of the Code by stating that it was

not “integral to [Prate’s] claims or his efforts to rebut the defenses raised by Zurich,” and they

stress that they “did not even argue the point at the hearing on the motion to dismiss.” However,

pursuant to Rule 137, by signing and filing the surreply to Zurich’s motion to dismiss, Saternus

certified that the document was, to the best of his knowledge, warranted by existing law, and

appellants overlook the fact that Zurich expended resources and incurred legal fees in responding

to this frivolous argument. Trial counsel’s cavalier attitude in this regard further underscores our

determination that the trial court’s order imposing sanctions was not an abuse of discretion.

¶ 41 Appellants also should have known that the complaint was not warranted by existing law

because it was clearly barred by the doctrine of res judicata. “The doctrine of res judicata provides

that a final judgment [from] a court of competent jurisdiction on the merits is conclusive as to the

rights of the parties and their privies, and, as to them, constitutes an absolute bar to a subsequent

action [that involves] the same claim, demand, or cause of action.” Pepper Construction Co. v.

Palmolive Tower Condominiums, LLC, 2016 IL App (1st) 142754, ¶ 73 (quoting Nowak v. St. Rita

High School, 197 Ill. 2d 381, 389 (2001). These principles apply not only to questions that were

actually litigated, but also to all questions which could have been raised or litigated. Spiller v.

Continental Tube Co., 95 Ill. 2d 423, 432 (1983). In order for the doctrine to apply and

procedurally bar an action, three requirements must be satisfied: (1) a court of competent

jurisdiction rendered a final judgment on the merits; (2) the cause of action in the present preceding

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is the same as in the prior proceeding; and (3) the party asserting res judicata and the party against

whom res judicata is asserted were parties to the prior action or were in privity with the parties to

the prior action. Kanfer v. Busey Trust Co., 2013 IL App (4th) 121144, ¶ 76.

¶ 42 Appellants, in the court below, effectively conceded two of the three elements of res

judicata, namely that the 2013 circuit court judgment confirming the arbitration award was a final

judgment on the merits by a court of competent jurisdiction, and that Prate was in privity with

MAP. See Pepper Construction, 2016 IL App (1st) 142754, ¶ 73 (observing that arbitration

awards generally have the same res judicata effect as court judgments); and State Farm Fire &

Casualty Co. v. John J. Rickhoff Sheet Metal Co., 394 Ill. App. 3d 548, 559-60 (2009) (observing

that stockholders to closely held corporations are privies in proceedings touching the corporation

for purposes of res judicata). Instead, appellants disputed only the second element, namely, that

there was an identity of cause of action. Appellants highlighted that Zurich’s alleged non-filing of

the Terms and Conditions was not previously “pled in any case by Mr. Prate or his privies and was

thus an “operative fact [that] is unique.” The argument was not objectively reasonable because

res judicata extends not only to questions that were actually litigated, but also to all questions

which could have been raised or litigated. Spiller, 95 Ill. 2d at 432. Appellants were well aware

of the arbitration proceeding at the time the complaint was filed, and they even attached the

arbitration panel’s written final opinion and award to the complaint. As we have already stated,

when Zurich demanded arbitration in October 2010, it was on Prate to investigate all possible

avenues for prevailing in those proceedings. That he only devised a new ground to challenge the

arbitration proceedings ten years later, in 2020, is not an exception to the doctrine of res judicata.

¶ 43 Sanctions are appropriate for dismissals on grounds of res judicata where the case neither

raises new issues nor issues that could not have been raised previously, and where the court finds

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there was no conceivable basis for the action other than to waste the court’s time, generate legal

fees, and harass the defendant. Singer v. Brookman, 217 Ill. App. 3d 870, 880 (1991). In the court

below, appellants failed to raise any issues that could not have been raised previously, and it found

that the complaint was not warranted by existing law. Accordingly, the court’s decision to impose

sanctions on the basis that they knew or reasonably should have known that the complaint was

barred by res judicata was not an abuse of discretion.

¶ 44 Because we agree with the ruling of the circuit court that Zurich’s affirmative defenses of

the statute of limitations and res judicata were so insurmountable that the complaint lacked any

basis in law, we need not review appellants’ argument that the lack of standing was an improper

basis to award sanctions. We would be remiss, however, if we did not comment on the glaring

incongruity in appellants’ argument. On appeal, they assert that the “record is clear that there was

an intention to add MAP and PI and the purportedly proper plaintiffs depending upon the trial

court’s ruling on the motion to dismiss.” They further lament that, “[g]iven the state of the

proceedings at the time of the dismissal and the trial court’s ruling, the trial court’s disposition of

the motion cannot be said to stand in support of an award of sanctions on the issue of standing

before [appellants] even had a chance to move to amend [the complaint] to add MAP and PI as

plaintiffs.” This assertion largely mirrored their response to Zurich’s motion to dismiss, wherein

appellants stated that they were “ready to amend [the] complaint to include MAP and PI as co-

plaintiffs.”

¶ 45 Counsel ignores that, on March 26, 2021, appellants moved to reconsider the ruling

dismissing the complaint with prejudice. That motion included a request that the court “[g]rant

*** leave to replead the instant complaint to insert Mr. Prate as the proper plaintiff and with such

other amendments which may be needed.” In other words, appellants requested leave to file an

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amended complaint in order to replace Prate as plaintiff with himself. Appellants attached a

proposed “Verified Amended Complaint” containing a single count of fraud based on the alleged

“failure to file” issue. The circuit court, on August 17, 2021, denied the motion to reconsider and,

by extension, the motion to file the amended complaint. Critically, the proposed amended

complaint lists only Prate, individually, as plaintiff, just as in the original, dismissed complaint.

Thus, the “standing issue” noted by the circuit court clearly remains. Moreover, appellants’

abandonment of counts II and III in the proposed amended complaint serves as a tacit concession

that those counts were not well grounded in fact and law, thus illustrating appellants’ improper

purpose in bringing the underlying action in the first place.

¶ 46 Appellants next argue that the sanctions order should be set aside because the circuit court’s

findings “contained little to no detail regarding the basis for the award,” in contravention of Rule

137, which provides that a judge imposing sanctions “shall set forth with specificity the reasons

and basis of any sanction so imposed either in the judgment order itself or in a separate written

order.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 137(d) (eff. Jan. 1, 2018).

¶ 47 Here, although the circuit court’s September 21, 2021, written order did not detail the need

to impose sanctions, it did state that “the motion for sanctions is granted for the reasons stated on

the record.” Thus, the court incorporated, by reference, the oral findings it made during the hearing

on Zurich’s motion, which was appropriate. See Law Offices of Brendan R. Appel, LLC v.

Georgia’s Restaurant and Pancake House, Inc., 2021 IL App (1st) 192523, ¶ 79 (“[W]hen the

order incorporates by reference a document that may be read that contains the trial court’s

reasoning, it would be sufficient”). In announcing its ruling, the court stated as follows:

“First of all, the Court is not going to consider matters that occurred outside of the

court proceedings. Even though they may be harassing or causing issues with the defendant

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or defendant’s counsel, the issue really before the Court is whether what happened in court

with respect to the pleadings should merit sanctions, and activity outside of that is really

not relevant to the Court’s determination of that.

So I’m basing my ruling on the pleadings, the motion to dismiss with the exhibits

that I reviewed, [and] the briefs that were accompanying the motion for sanctions.

And the Court finds that the motion for sanctions is well grounded. I don’t think

that there is any legal or factual basis to deal with the issue of the statute of limitations, res

judicata[,] or the standing issue. There is no factual basis.

If the Court remembers correctly, part of the argument was that you avoid the

statute of limitations based on 735 ILCS 5/13-207, which is something that applies only to

counterclaims. That was the justification for this initially and that shows the thinking and

the analysis and the lack of research and really vigorous vetting of the facts of this case and

the applicable law to this case.

Despite the posture of this case, I mean, there was still persistence with respect to

standing and there was no allegations that Mr. Prate had standing in this matter. I’m going

to grant the motion for sanctions.”

¶ 48 The above oral comments and findings were sufficient to satisfy the specificity requirement

in Rule 137. The circuit court did not merely recite the pertinent language of the Rule in a

conclusory manner. See Bertuli v. Gaull, 215 Ill. App. 3d 603, 606 (1991) (holding that the trial

court failed to express its reasons for imposing sanctions, but rather, set forth only legal

conclusions that parroted the Rule). Instead, it premised its sanctions order on appellants’ lack of

investigation into the factual and legal bases for the complaint, and it emphasized their erroneous

reliance on section 13-207 of the Code, which facially had no application to the case, as an example

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of the inadequate thought, research, and analysis that preceded the filing of the complaint. The

court also specified that the complaint had no legal or factual basis to overcome any of Zurich’s

affirmative defenses, including the statute of limitations, res judicata, or standing. Although brief,

these findings were, in our view, sufficient to satisfy the rule.

¶ 49 Finally, we note that appellants devote the bulk of their reply brief to arguing that the circuit

court abused its discretion by entering sanctions in the full amount of Zurich’s incurred legal fees,

rather than limiting the award to those fees that related directly to the sanctionable conduct.

Appellants assert that, based on a review of Zurich’s itemized fees, “large swaths of activity [were

unrelated] to the defenses that were the subject of the motion to dismiss.” They emphasize that

the court dismissed the complaint with prejudice based on the statute of limitations and the doctrine

of res judicata, and they reason that the court therefore should have “apportion[ed] fees relating

to the activity of asserting” those defenses, which they assert would have totaled just $5,064. This

argument was not raised in appellants’ opening brief, but instead was improperly raised for the

first time in the reply brief. We therefore need not address it. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Oct.

1, 2020) (“Points not argued are waived and shall not be raised in the reply brief, in oral argument,

or on petition for rehearing”). Forfeiture aside, we would find that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in entering a sanctions order in the full amount of Zurich’s incurred legal fees. Rule

137 is penal in nature, and its provisions must be strictly construed. Kensington’s Wine

Auctioneers & Brokers, Inc. v. John Hart Fine Wine, Ltd., 392 Ill. App. 3d 1, 15 (2009).

Accordingly, the court is not obligated to review each and every component of an award that was

imposed as a sanction against a party filing a frivolous lawsuit. Garlick v. Bloomingdale

Township, 2018 IL App (2d) 171013, ¶ 53. See also Riverdale Bank v. Papastratakos, 266 Ill.

App. 3d 31, 43 (1994) (“[t]he isolated focus on each reimbursable component part of preparation

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and trial is not necessary where false allegations made without reasonable cause are determined to

be the cornerstone of the entire baseless lawsuit”). Here, the court emphasized that a sanction

limited to the fees associated with Zurich’s motion to dismiss would be inadequate because “the

complaint *** is barred by the statute of limitations that all the work that was done and was

incurred was reasonable in addressing a complaint that should never have been filed.” It also

emphasized that appellants did not present merely one “frivolous count” in an otherwise potentially

meritorious complaint, but rather, the “total complaint *** was barred.” The circuit court, in light

of these findings, could not have abused its discretion in entering a sanctions award in the full

amount of Zurich’s incurred fees.

¶ 50 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 51 For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Lake County.

¶ 52 Affirmed.

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