2014 IL App (3d) 140338
Opinion filed December 11, 2014 _____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
A.D., 2014
PRAIRIE RHEUMATOLOGY ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ASSOCIATES, S.C., ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit, ) Will County, Illinois. Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-Appellee, ) ) Appeal No. 3-14-0338 v. ) Circuit No. 14-CH-24 ) MARIA FRANCIS, D.O., ) ) The Honorable Defendant-Appellee and ) John Anderson, Cross-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
_____________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE LYTTON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Carter and O'Brien concurred in the judgment and opinion. _____________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff, Prairie Rheumatology Associates (PRA), brought an action for injunctive relief
against its former employee, Maria Francis, D.O., seeking to enforce a restrictive covenant in the
parties' employment agreement. The trial court granted preliminary injunctive relief to enforce
the covenant as to PRA's current patients and denied preliminary injunctive relief as to former
patients and any future clients. PRA appeals, arguing that the trial court misapplied the
restrictive covenant test set forth in Reliable Fire Equipment Co. v. Arredondo, 2011 IL 111871, ¶ 17, and abused its discretion in declining to enforce the restrictive covenant as to the general
public and potential future clients. Dr. Francis cross-appeals, claiming that the trial court's order
to enforce the restrictive covenant should be reversed because the noncompete agreement lacked
adequate consideration. We affirm in part, reverse in part and remand.
¶2 PRA is a medical practice that offers rheumatology services in Joliet, Illinois. Dr. Maria
Sosenko is a licensed physician who has been practicing as a rheumatologist in Joliet since 1986.
She is the sole shareholder and president of PRA. PRA provides rheumatology services at its
principal office in Joliet and at two area hospitals, Presence Saint Joseph Medical Center (Saint
Joseph) in Joliet and Silver Cross Hospital (Silver Cross) in New Lenox. The majority of PRA’s
patients come from referrals from physicians, including many physicians on staff at the two area
hospitals.
¶3 Defendant, Dr. Francis, is also a licensed physician specializing in rheumatology. On
January 7, 2012, she entered a "Physician Agreement" with PRA with an effective date of April
9, 2012. The agreement provided Francis with an annual salary and required PRA to assist her in
gaining staff privileges at the two hospitals and pay her hospital dues. PRA also agreed to
introduce Dr. Francis to PRA patients and referral sources, particularly the physicians on staff at
the affiliate hospitals. The employment agreement included a 2-year, 14-mile noncompetition
agreement in favor of PRA. The agreement provided:
"Physician covenants and agrees that she will not enter into a Competitive
Practice (as hereinafter defined) at any time during the period beginning on the
Effective Date and ending 24 months after the date of the Physician’s termination
of employment, whether such termination is voluntary or involuntary, for cause or
without cause. The term 'Competitive Practice' shall mean the full-time or part-
2 time practice of rheumatology, directly or indirectly, alone or in any capacity, for,
with or on behalf of another person, partnership, corporation, or other entity with
a radius of 14 miles of Corporation's office[s] at which Physician regularly
provided services *** or at any other facility at which Physician has regularly
provided services on behalf of the Corporation ***."
The parties agreed that as part of Dr. Francis entering the agreement and complying with its
terms, she would be considered to become a shareholder of PRA after 18 months.
¶4 Dr. Francis began her employment with PRA on April 16, 2012. Prior to that time, she
had been practiced medicine for two years in Kankakee. Once she began employment with
PRA, she continued to market herself to build her reputation in the Joliet area. She attended
seminars, established community events, conducted speaking engagements and met with referral
doctors at both Saint Joseph and Silver Cross. During her employment with PRA, Dr. Francis
treated 1,118 patients. About 136 patients followed her from her Kankakee practice to PRA and
948 were new patients. According to Dr. Sosenko, less than 8% of the new patients Francis
treated while working for PRA had a prior relationship with PRA and most of those new patients
were referred by physicians.
¶5 In July 2013, Dr. Francis gave notice that she was voluntarily terminating her
employment with PRA effective November 22, 2013. Francis indicated that she would honor the
noncompetition agreement in her employment contract and informed PRA that she would be
providing rheumatology services to patients at Hinsdale Orthopedics, a medical group with
offices located in Hinsdale and New Lenox.
¶6 On January 3, 2014, Dr. Francis began performing services as a rheumatologist at
Hinsdale Orthopedics’ New Lenox office. Hinsdale Orthopedics’ New Lenox office is adjacent
3 to Silver Cross Hospital and is nine miles from PRA’s principal office. Dr. Francis was also
providing services at the Hinsdale office, which is not within the restricted area.
¶7 PRA filed a complaint for injunctive relief to enforce the restrictive covenant prohibiting
Dr. Francis from practicing within a 14-mile radius of the office and the hospitals for 2 years
after termination of her employment. At the preliminary injunction hearing, both parties agreed
that in January of 2014 there were two full-time rheumatologists practicing at PRA, Dr. Sosenko
and Dr. Susan Muthalaly. PRA also hired a full-time nurse practitioner and had another part-
time rheumatologist on staff. Two other rheumatologists not affiliated with PRA also worked in
the restricted area. However, no other rheumatologists worked within a six-mile radius of PRA’s
principal office. Dr. Sosenko testified that patients seeking an appointment at PRA had to wait
six to eight weeks to see a doctor. She further testified that the practice did not advertise but
obtained clients primarily through the hospitals’ referrals.
¶8 Dr. Sosenko described Dr. Francis as a "go-getter." She admitted that Dr. Francis
actively pursued relationships with other doctors at Saint Joseph and Silver Cross and frequently
conducted her own community seminars to increase her client base. Dr. Sosenko could not
identify any referring physicians to whom she introduced Dr. Francis during the 19 months Dr.
Francis was employed by PRA. Dr. Sosenko stated that she had no problem with Dr. Francis
treating current PRA patients outside the area of the restrictive covenant.
¶9 The trial court entered a preliminary injunction enjoining Dr. Francis from treating
PRA’s current patients but allowing her to treat patients she had prior to joining PRA as well as
potential future patients. In its written order, the court first determined that the restrictive
covenant was ancillary to the main employment contract and was supported by adequate
consideration. It then held that the restrictive covenant was reasonable as to PRA's current
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2014 IL App (3d) 140338
Opinion filed December 11, 2014 _____________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
THIRD DISTRICT
A.D., 2014
PRAIRIE RHEUMATOLOGY ) Appeal from the Circuit Court ASSOCIATES, S.C., ) of the 12th Judicial Circuit, ) Will County, Illinois. Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-Appellee, ) ) Appeal No. 3-14-0338 v. ) Circuit No. 14-CH-24 ) MARIA FRANCIS, D.O., ) ) The Honorable Defendant-Appellee and ) John Anderson, Cross-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.
_____________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE LYTTON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Carter and O'Brien concurred in the judgment and opinion. _____________________________________________________________________________
OPINION
¶1 Plaintiff, Prairie Rheumatology Associates (PRA), brought an action for injunctive relief
against its former employee, Maria Francis, D.O., seeking to enforce a restrictive covenant in the
parties' employment agreement. The trial court granted preliminary injunctive relief to enforce
the covenant as to PRA's current patients and denied preliminary injunctive relief as to former
patients and any future clients. PRA appeals, arguing that the trial court misapplied the
restrictive covenant test set forth in Reliable Fire Equipment Co. v. Arredondo, 2011 IL 111871, ¶ 17, and abused its discretion in declining to enforce the restrictive covenant as to the general
public and potential future clients. Dr. Francis cross-appeals, claiming that the trial court's order
to enforce the restrictive covenant should be reversed because the noncompete agreement lacked
adequate consideration. We affirm in part, reverse in part and remand.
¶2 PRA is a medical practice that offers rheumatology services in Joliet, Illinois. Dr. Maria
Sosenko is a licensed physician who has been practicing as a rheumatologist in Joliet since 1986.
She is the sole shareholder and president of PRA. PRA provides rheumatology services at its
principal office in Joliet and at two area hospitals, Presence Saint Joseph Medical Center (Saint
Joseph) in Joliet and Silver Cross Hospital (Silver Cross) in New Lenox. The majority of PRA’s
patients come from referrals from physicians, including many physicians on staff at the two area
hospitals.
¶3 Defendant, Dr. Francis, is also a licensed physician specializing in rheumatology. On
January 7, 2012, she entered a "Physician Agreement" with PRA with an effective date of April
9, 2012. The agreement provided Francis with an annual salary and required PRA to assist her in
gaining staff privileges at the two hospitals and pay her hospital dues. PRA also agreed to
introduce Dr. Francis to PRA patients and referral sources, particularly the physicians on staff at
the affiliate hospitals. The employment agreement included a 2-year, 14-mile noncompetition
agreement in favor of PRA. The agreement provided:
"Physician covenants and agrees that she will not enter into a Competitive
Practice (as hereinafter defined) at any time during the period beginning on the
Effective Date and ending 24 months after the date of the Physician’s termination
of employment, whether such termination is voluntary or involuntary, for cause or
without cause. The term 'Competitive Practice' shall mean the full-time or part-
2 time practice of rheumatology, directly or indirectly, alone or in any capacity, for,
with or on behalf of another person, partnership, corporation, or other entity with
a radius of 14 miles of Corporation's office[s] at which Physician regularly
provided services *** or at any other facility at which Physician has regularly
provided services on behalf of the Corporation ***."
The parties agreed that as part of Dr. Francis entering the agreement and complying with its
terms, she would be considered to become a shareholder of PRA after 18 months.
¶4 Dr. Francis began her employment with PRA on April 16, 2012. Prior to that time, she
had been practiced medicine for two years in Kankakee. Once she began employment with
PRA, she continued to market herself to build her reputation in the Joliet area. She attended
seminars, established community events, conducted speaking engagements and met with referral
doctors at both Saint Joseph and Silver Cross. During her employment with PRA, Dr. Francis
treated 1,118 patients. About 136 patients followed her from her Kankakee practice to PRA and
948 were new patients. According to Dr. Sosenko, less than 8% of the new patients Francis
treated while working for PRA had a prior relationship with PRA and most of those new patients
were referred by physicians.
¶5 In July 2013, Dr. Francis gave notice that she was voluntarily terminating her
employment with PRA effective November 22, 2013. Francis indicated that she would honor the
noncompetition agreement in her employment contract and informed PRA that she would be
providing rheumatology services to patients at Hinsdale Orthopedics, a medical group with
offices located in Hinsdale and New Lenox.
¶6 On January 3, 2014, Dr. Francis began performing services as a rheumatologist at
Hinsdale Orthopedics’ New Lenox office. Hinsdale Orthopedics’ New Lenox office is adjacent
3 to Silver Cross Hospital and is nine miles from PRA’s principal office. Dr. Francis was also
providing services at the Hinsdale office, which is not within the restricted area.
¶7 PRA filed a complaint for injunctive relief to enforce the restrictive covenant prohibiting
Dr. Francis from practicing within a 14-mile radius of the office and the hospitals for 2 years
after termination of her employment. At the preliminary injunction hearing, both parties agreed
that in January of 2014 there were two full-time rheumatologists practicing at PRA, Dr. Sosenko
and Dr. Susan Muthalaly. PRA also hired a full-time nurse practitioner and had another part-
time rheumatologist on staff. Two other rheumatologists not affiliated with PRA also worked in
the restricted area. However, no other rheumatologists worked within a six-mile radius of PRA’s
principal office. Dr. Sosenko testified that patients seeking an appointment at PRA had to wait
six to eight weeks to see a doctor. She further testified that the practice did not advertise but
obtained clients primarily through the hospitals’ referrals.
¶8 Dr. Sosenko described Dr. Francis as a "go-getter." She admitted that Dr. Francis
actively pursued relationships with other doctors at Saint Joseph and Silver Cross and frequently
conducted her own community seminars to increase her client base. Dr. Sosenko could not
identify any referring physicians to whom she introduced Dr. Francis during the 19 months Dr.
Francis was employed by PRA. Dr. Sosenko stated that she had no problem with Dr. Francis
treating current PRA patients outside the area of the restrictive covenant.
¶9 The trial court entered a preliminary injunction enjoining Dr. Francis from treating
PRA’s current patients but allowing her to treat patients she had prior to joining PRA as well as
potential future patients. In its written order, the court first determined that the restrictive
covenant was ancillary to the main employment contract and was supported by adequate
consideration. It then held that the restrictive covenant was reasonable as to PRA's current
4 patients but unreasonable as to PRA’s future patients and the public in general based on the
three-pronged reasonableness test discussed in Reliable Fire Equipment Co. v. Arredondo, 2011
IL 111871, ¶ 17. The court then concluded that PRA had a right in need of protection, would
suffer irreparable harm, had no adequate legal remedy and had established a likelihood of
success on the merits only as to its current patients and entered a limited injunction following
that analysis.
¶ 10 ANALYSIS
¶ 11 PRA appeals, claiming that the trial court misapplied the test in Reliable and abused its
discretion in concluding that the enforcement of the covenant would be injurious to the general
public and future patients. Dr. Francis cross-appeals, arguing that the preliminary injunction
cannot stand because the restrictive covenant lacked adequate consideration. Whether injunctive
relief should issue to enforce a restrictive covenant not to compete in an employment contract
depends on the validity of the covenant, the determination of which is a question of law.
Mohanty v. St. John Heart Clinic, S.C., 225 Ill. 2d 52, 63 (2006).
¶ 12 Under Illinois law, a postemployment restrictive covenant is enforceable only if it is
reasonable in geographic and temporal scope and it is necessary to protect an employer’s
legitimate business interest. Abel v. Fox, 274 Ill. App. 3d 811, 813 (1995). The prevailing
standard of reasonableness for an agreement not to compete applies a three-part test. A
restrictive covenant is reasonable only if the covenant (1) is no greater than is required for the
protection of a legitimate business interest of the employer, (2) does not impose undue hardship
on the employee, and (3) is not injurious to the public. Reliable, 2011 IL 111871, ¶ 17.
¶ 13 Before analyzing the reasonableness of a restrictive covenant, however, a court must
make two determinations. Lawrence & Allen, Inc. v. Cambridge Human Resource Group, Inc.,
5 292 Ill. App. 3d 131, 137 (1997). First, the court must find that the covenant is ancillary to either
a valid transaction or a valid relationship; second, the court must determine whether there is
adequate consideration to support the covenant. Id.
¶ 14 We find there is insufficient consideration to uphold the convent. In Illinois, continued
employment for a substantial period of time beyond the threat of discharge is sufficient
consideration to support a restrictive covenant in an employment agreement. McRand, Inc. v.
van Beelen, 138 Ill. App. 3d 1045, 1055 (1985). The traditional rule is that courts do not inquire
into the adequacy of consideration, only its existence. Illinois law excepts restrictive covenants
from this rule. See Curtis 1000, Inc. v. Suess, 24 F.3d 941, 945-46 (7th Cir. 1994). This
departure results from the recognition that a promise of continued employment may be an
illusory benefit where the employment is at will. Id. at 946.
¶ 15 Illinois courts have generally held that two years or more of continued employment
constitutes adequate consideration. See Fifield v. Premier Dealer Services, Inc., 2013 IL App
(1st) 120327, ¶ 19; Diederich Insurance Agency, LLC v. Smith, 2011 IL App (5th) 100048, ¶ 15;
Brown & Brown, Inc. v. Mudron, 379 Ill. App. 3d 724, 728-29 (2008); Lawrence & Allen, Inc.,
292 Ill. App. 3d at 138. This rule is maintained even if the employee resigns on his or her own
instead of being terminated. Fifield, 2013 IL App (1st) 120327, ¶ 19. Unless adequate
consideration has been given, the restrictive covenant will not be enforced. Millard Maintenance
Service Co. v. Bernero, 207 Ill. App. 3d 736, 744 (1990).
¶ 16 In this case, Dr. Francis tendered her resignation 15 months after the start of her
employment with PRA and officially left the practice after being employed for 19 months, 5
months less than the general 2-year rule of thumb that supports adequate consideration. See
Fifield, 2013 IL App (1st) 120327, ¶ 19.
6 ¶ 17 Even so, PRA argues that Dr. Frances received additional consideration in the
employment agreement that supports enforcement of the restrictive covenant. PRA claims that
in addition to her continued employment, Francis received PRA's assistance in obtaining hospital
membership and staff privileges, access to previously unknown referral sources and
opportunities for expedited advancement.
¶ 18 Here, Dr. Francis received little or no additional benefit from PRA in exchange for her
agreement not to compete. See White v. Village of Homewood, 256 Ill. App. 3d 354, 356-57
(1993) (valuable consideration for a contract exists either of some right, interest, profit or benefit
accruing to one party, or some forbearance, detriment, or loss of responsibility given or
undertaken by the other). The evidence at the preliminary injunction hearing indicated that PRA
failed to assist Dr. Francis in obtaining her hospital credentials and neglected to introduce Dr.
Francis to referral sources. PRA provided Francis with credentialing applications but did not pay
the entirety of her credential fee, despite its contractual promise to do so. In addition, PRA did
not implement any procedure to introduce Dr. Francis to the doctors on staff at Saint Joseph or
Silver Cross. During her testimony, Dr. Sosenko could not identify any doctor she introduced
Dr. Francis to while Dr. Francis was practicing at PRA. Instead, Dr. Francis conducted her own
marketing and developed community programs to increase her visibility. As for expedited
advancement and partnership opportunities, those were illusory benefits at best. Even though the
employment agreement provided that PRA would consider Dr. Francis for partnership after 18
months, there was no guarantee she would become a partner and major shareholder.
¶ 19 Because PRA failed to provide adequate consideration, the restrictive covenant is
unenforceable and PRA is unable to show a likelihood of prevailing on the merits. Since we
7 have held that the restrictive covenant is invalid, we need not address the parties' remaining
arguments regarding the reasonableness of the covenant terms.
¶ 20 CONCLUSION
¶ 21 We affirm the portion of the circuit court's order denying the preliminary injunction and
reverse the portion of the court's order granting the preliminary injunction. The cause is
remanded for further proceedings as appropriate.
¶ 22 Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded.