Mathews, J.
delivered the opinion of the court.
The plaintiff in this case intervened in a suit, which was pending before the court below, between'the defendants and the testamentary executors of the late Julien Poy-dras.
She claims that her daughter and pupil shall be admitted as one of the universal legatees of her grand uncle, who died, leaving a will or testament, by which his nephews and nieces are called to the inheritance of the greater portion of his succession, to take by equal shares.
The court of probates gave judgment against her pretensions, from which thepre-sent appeal was taken.
[157]*157The decision of the cause depends mainly . , on the interpretation or construction which ought to he given to the context of the testament, and the degree of consanguinity in which the claimant stands to her deceased relation, the testator.
The clauses of the testament from which the intention of the deceased must be deduced are the preamble, and that by which the testator disposes of the generality of his property.
They are expressed in the terms following:—
After stating the place of his birth and his parentage, and that he was never married, the testator declares 11 Je me trouvc rd avoir ni “ ascendants ni descendants. Je rdai que des ne- “ veux et nieces, enfans de mes trots freres, Fran-(i gois,Godfroi et Claude Poydras, et de ma sceur {i ainée, qui se sont maries et du manage des- “ quels sont issus et existans mes susdits neneux et “ niecesP qui sont tons résidens en France á Vex- “ ception de mon neveu Benjamin Poydras, ha- “ hitant proprietaire de la Paroisse de la Pomte “ Coupée dans cet Flat de la LouisianeP
Immediately after this preamble, are found several specific legacies, and then the gen[158]*158eral bequest of all the residue of all his estate, which is thus expressed:
tl r^'ous ^cs ^egs susdits que je mens d^tablir, “ prealablement payés et aquittés,je legue a mes a neveux et nieces existants et venus des maria- “ ges de mes trois freres et de masaeur susdtts & “ décédés, la generalité des biens de toute nature “ queje de laisserai au jour de mon décés en quel- “ que lieu qu’ils soient trouvés ou sitúes, les eta- “ blissant mes legataires universels, par portions 4‘ égales entre mes dits neveux 8f nieces
The evidence of the case shows that at the time of the decease of the testator, there were living or in existence, one nephew and eleven nieces, related to him in the first degree, children of his three brothers and one sister, also the present plaintiff, a niece in the second degree, who claims a part of the succession as representative of her father, whowas nephew to thedeceased JulienPoy-dras, and who died before the testator, and before the opening of his succession.
In support of the pretensions of the appellant, her counsel has attempted to introduce several general principles and rules, in relation to the interpretation of testaments, as established by the Roman, [159]*159French and Spanish laws: — 1. The intention of the testator must be pursued, rather than the literal meaning of the words used in the bill — Voluntatempotius quam verba. 2.Tes-taments should receive a full and favorable construction — -Plenius et benigne. 3. Their whole contents should be carefully examined, in connexion with the preamble. 4. In doubtful cases, the interpretation of the dispositions should conform,.to the probable intention of the testator. Finally, that when doubts exist, the presumption is, that the testator intended to make his will, in conformity to the dispositions of law relative to inheritances, Spc. Quia in dubiis, testator videtur se confor-mam cum legis disposiiione et ad earn se referre.
The rule that in doubtful cases the presumption is, that a testator intended to dispose of his property in conformity with the dispositions of the law in cases of intestacy, is applicable only where the dispositions of the testator are so confused and uncertain, that no effect can be giv-i which would, of necessity, leave the distribution of his property to the operation of
[159]*159These rules of interpretation, appear to be proper, and are sanctioned by the authorities cited in support of them. But it would be difficult to find an application for the last, unless in a case, w.fiere the dispositions of a testament are srr extremely confuse and uncertain, that no effect could be given to them; which would of necessity leave the distribution of the testator’s succession to the operation of law.
[160]*160In order to produce a favorable effect, from ,. . „ , . . . , the application of these principles to the cause of his client, the counsel has attempted, with great research, force and ingenuity, to establish, that the will now under consideration, is at ]eagt doubtful, in relation to the persons in-1 tended by the testator to be his general Iega- •> o o tees. ani] that, in construing the words by which they are designated, according to their most extensive meaning, the appellant is entitled to take an equal portion of the generality of the property left at his decease by the testator, with his nephews and nieces in the first degree. To support these propositions, authorities are adduced from the Roman and French laws, by which it appears, that the words “liberi,” in the Latin, and lien-fans,” in the French language, comprehend grand children, down to the latest generation, as well as the immediate or proximate descendants of their parents; and would be embraced in a legacy made to his children by a testator. And as a corollary to tt/s proposition, the conclusion is induced, that a clause in a will, by which nephews and nieces, the children of certain brothers and sisters, are constituted universal legatees, will extend to grand ne[161]*161phews and nieces, per stirpes. This may be . . all true, according to a just interpretation or those laws, in cases where no words of restriction have been used by a testator, in the dispositions of his will. But these laws are without force or effect in this country, except so far as these declarations conform to the principles of. natural right, as recognized by the reasoning power of men. The transmission of property from the owner, causa mor-tis, whether by testament or according to provisions of law, when in a direct or collateral line, to his relations, is the creature of municipal regulations, produced by the legislative power of each state or political community, according to the will of its legislators. In the present case, we have been favored with but few quotations, from the laws of Spain, or our own legislative enactments, on the part of the appellant, and these relate principally, to the distribution of successions db intestatis. We are, however, called on to give an interpretation to a testament, and must endeavor, from its expressions, to ascertain the intentions of the testator. The parts of the instrument, which have reference to the present contest, must be construed in connexion; and [162]*162meaning and effect are to be given to all the words therein contained', according to their legal acceptation.
In the 7th Partida, tit. 33,
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Mathews, J.
delivered the opinion of the court.
The plaintiff in this case intervened in a suit, which was pending before the court below, between'the defendants and the testamentary executors of the late Julien Poy-dras.
She claims that her daughter and pupil shall be admitted as one of the universal legatees of her grand uncle, who died, leaving a will or testament, by which his nephews and nieces are called to the inheritance of the greater portion of his succession, to take by equal shares.
The court of probates gave judgment against her pretensions, from which thepre-sent appeal was taken.
[157]*157The decision of the cause depends mainly . , on the interpretation or construction which ought to he given to the context of the testament, and the degree of consanguinity in which the claimant stands to her deceased relation, the testator.
The clauses of the testament from which the intention of the deceased must be deduced are the preamble, and that by which the testator disposes of the generality of his property.
They are expressed in the terms following:—
After stating the place of his birth and his parentage, and that he was never married, the testator declares 11 Je me trouvc rd avoir ni “ ascendants ni descendants. Je rdai que des ne- “ veux et nieces, enfans de mes trots freres, Fran-(i gois,Godfroi et Claude Poydras, et de ma sceur {i ainée, qui se sont maries et du manage des- “ quels sont issus et existans mes susdits neneux et “ niecesP qui sont tons résidens en France á Vex- “ ception de mon neveu Benjamin Poydras, ha- “ hitant proprietaire de la Paroisse de la Pomte “ Coupée dans cet Flat de la LouisianeP
Immediately after this preamble, are found several specific legacies, and then the gen[158]*158eral bequest of all the residue of all his estate, which is thus expressed:
tl r^'ous ^cs ^egs susdits que je mens d^tablir, “ prealablement payés et aquittés,je legue a mes a neveux et nieces existants et venus des maria- “ ges de mes trois freres et de masaeur susdtts & “ décédés, la generalité des biens de toute nature “ queje de laisserai au jour de mon décés en quel- “ que lieu qu’ils soient trouvés ou sitúes, les eta- “ blissant mes legataires universels, par portions 4‘ égales entre mes dits neveux 8f nieces
The evidence of the case shows that at the time of the decease of the testator, there were living or in existence, one nephew and eleven nieces, related to him in the first degree, children of his three brothers and one sister, also the present plaintiff, a niece in the second degree, who claims a part of the succession as representative of her father, whowas nephew to thedeceased JulienPoy-dras, and who died before the testator, and before the opening of his succession.
In support of the pretensions of the appellant, her counsel has attempted to introduce several general principles and rules, in relation to the interpretation of testaments, as established by the Roman, [159]*159French and Spanish laws: — 1. The intention of the testator must be pursued, rather than the literal meaning of the words used in the bill — Voluntatempotius quam verba. 2.Tes-taments should receive a full and favorable construction — -Plenius et benigne. 3. Their whole contents should be carefully examined, in connexion with the preamble. 4. In doubtful cases, the interpretation of the dispositions should conform,.to the probable intention of the testator. Finally, that when doubts exist, the presumption is, that the testator intended to make his will, in conformity to the dispositions of law relative to inheritances, Spc. Quia in dubiis, testator videtur se confor-mam cum legis disposiiione et ad earn se referre.
The rule that in doubtful cases the presumption is, that a testator intended to dispose of his property in conformity with the dispositions of the law in cases of intestacy, is applicable only where the dispositions of the testator are so confused and uncertain, that no effect can be giv-i which would, of necessity, leave the distribution of his property to the operation of
[159]*159These rules of interpretation, appear to be proper, and are sanctioned by the authorities cited in support of them. But it would be difficult to find an application for the last, unless in a case, w.fiere the dispositions of a testament are srr extremely confuse and uncertain, that no effect could be given to them; which would of necessity leave the distribution of the testator’s succession to the operation of law.
[160]*160In order to produce a favorable effect, from ,. . „ , . . . , the application of these principles to the cause of his client, the counsel has attempted, with great research, force and ingenuity, to establish, that the will now under consideration, is at ]eagt doubtful, in relation to the persons in-1 tended by the testator to be his general Iega- •> o o tees. ani] that, in construing the words by which they are designated, according to their most extensive meaning, the appellant is entitled to take an equal portion of the generality of the property left at his decease by the testator, with his nephews and nieces in the first degree. To support these propositions, authorities are adduced from the Roman and French laws, by which it appears, that the words “liberi,” in the Latin, and lien-fans,” in the French language, comprehend grand children, down to the latest generation, as well as the immediate or proximate descendants of their parents; and would be embraced in a legacy made to his children by a testator. And as a corollary to tt/s proposition, the conclusion is induced, that a clause in a will, by which nephews and nieces, the children of certain brothers and sisters, are constituted universal legatees, will extend to grand ne[161]*161phews and nieces, per stirpes. This may be . . all true, according to a just interpretation or those laws, in cases where no words of restriction have been used by a testator, in the dispositions of his will. But these laws are without force or effect in this country, except so far as these declarations conform to the principles of. natural right, as recognized by the reasoning power of men. The transmission of property from the owner, causa mor-tis, whether by testament or according to provisions of law, when in a direct or collateral line, to his relations, is the creature of municipal regulations, produced by the legislative power of each state or political community, according to the will of its legislators. In the present case, we have been favored with but few quotations, from the laws of Spain, or our own legislative enactments, on the part of the appellant, and these relate principally, to the distribution of successions db intestatis. We are, however, called on to give an interpretation to a testament, and must endeavor, from its expressions, to ascertain the intentions of the testator. The parts of the instrument, which have reference to the present contest, must be construed in connexion; and [162]*162meaning and effect are to be given to all the words therein contained', according to their legal acceptation.
In the 7th Partida, tit. 33, and Law 5, concerning the signification of words, the following rule is laid down, in relation to the interpretation of wills: — “Las palabras del u fazedor del testamento, deben ser inlen- “ didas manaente, assi como illas suenan, “ e non se debe él jugador partir del entende 41 miente dellas; fueras ende, quando pare- “ ciere ciertamente, que la voluntad del tes- “ tador fuera otra, que non suenan las pala- “ bros que están escritas''1
According to this rule, in ascertaining the intention of a testator, judges are not permitted to depart from the plain and literal meaning of the words used by him,
Menochius, in his Commeniarius de Pre-sumtionibus, conjecturis signis et indiciis, quae circa ultimas dispositiones,el volentates morientium versantur, in Boole 4, Presumption 94, No. 15, declares his opinion, that when, in the state or place (in civitate et loco} where the testator disposes of his property, there exists a law or statute, that words of a testament shall be understood, according to [163]*163their plain and literal meaning, ad literam et utjacent et sonant — -Hoc etiam casu appel-latione filiorum non continentur nepotes. This opinion is in conformity with a response found in his Book of Counsels or Responses, ad Consilium 215, Nos. 15 &> 16, given in relation.to the very law of the Partidas, above cited. If this rule of interpretation, be applicable to the dispute between tho parties to the present suit, (and that it is, no doubt can be entertained,) the question arising on the testament of the late Julien Poydras, must be decided in favor of the pretensions of the ap-pellees, even admitting that no words of restriction were to be found in the instrument, limiting the bequest to his nephews and nieces in the first degree; for the same principles should prevail, in this respect, in cases concerning the interest of collaterals, as in those which concern that of descendants, so far as by law they are placed on the same footing. But, in our opinion, the will does contain words, by which the intention of the testator, was evidently to confine the general legacy, to be divided in equal portions amongst his nephews and nieces of the first degree.
[164]*164In the preamble of his will, he describes the situation of his relations, who all resided France, with the exception of his nephew, Benj. Poydras, according to the knowledge which he had of them. He says, they were nephews and nieces, children of his brothers and one sister, borne to them in marriage. These nephews and nieces, existing and produced by the marriages of his brothers and sister, ( Venant des marriages, dpc.) he constitutes universal legatees of the residue of his estate, See.
Now, it appears to us, without doubt, that the whole context of these two clauses of the will, (which constitute the only part of the instrument applicable to the present contest,) limits the legacy to the children of his brothers and sister, who might be in existence at the time of the decease of the testator. The degree of relationship of the persons, to whom the testator intended to extend his beneficence, is fixed and certain, and beyond that degree it cannot be extended, even according to the most liberal interpretation,'authorized by the Roman and French laws, relating to testamentary dispositions.
[165]*165It is, therefore, ordered, adjudged and decreed, that the judgment of the court of probates be affirmed with costs.