Powelson v. Sausalito Police Department

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: November 8, 2023
• Docket: 3:23-cv-01360
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 ROBBIE POWELSON, Case No. 23-cv-01360-EMC

8 Plaintiffs, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND 9 v. DENYING IN PART CITY DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS 10 SAUSALITO POLICE DEPARTMENT, et al., 11 Docket No. 23 Defendants. 12 13 14 Plaintiff Robert Powelson has filed suit against the City of Sausalito and several of its 15 employees (collectively, the “City Defendants”). The suit concerns the City Defendants’ 16 responses to Mr. Powelson’s conduct and activities in support of a homeless encampment, first 17 located at Dunphy Park and later Marinship Park in Sausalito. Now pending before the Court is 18 the City Defendants’ motion to dismiss. Having considered the papers submitted, as well as the 19 oral argument of counsel and Mr. Powelson (proceeding pro se), the Court hereby GRANTS in 20 part and DENIES in part the motion to dismiss.1 21 I. FACTUAL & PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 22 This is the third lawsuit in which Mr. Powelson has been a litigant based on events related 23 to Dunphy and Marinship Parks. The first suit (No. C-21-1143 EMC), filed in February 2021, was 24 brought by the Sausalito/Marin County Chapter of the California Homeless Union and various 25 individuals affiliated with the union, including Mr. Powelson. The second suit (No. C-22-1809 26 1 Mr. Powelson has voluntarily dismissed the Federal Defendants (i.e., the United States, the U.S. 27 Army Corps of Engineers, and one of its employees). See Docket No. 39 (notice of voluntary 1 EMC), filed in March 2022 was brought by Mr. Powelson alone. In that action, Mr. Powelson 2 sought injunctive relief only. This pending action, filed in March 2023, was brought by Mr. 3 Powelson alone. He now seeks declaratory relief and damages. 4 In the operative first amended complaint (“FAC”), Mr. Powelson alleges as follows. 5 Generally speaking, there are five different instances in which the City Defendants have allegedly 6 violated Mr. Powelson’s rights. 7 A. Incident on June 29, 2021 (Sgt. Vereios, Lt. Gregory, and Capt. Fraass) 8 This incident concerns three officers: Sgt. Vereios, Lt. Gregory, and Capt. Fraass. 9 On June 29, 2021, Mr. Powelson led a protest objecting to the closure of the encampment 10 at Dunphy Park. See FAC ¶ 47. Mr. Powelson had advertised the protest on social and news 11 media. He was clearly protesting as evidenced by his “waving political symbols” (a Camp 12 Cormorant flag which “had become a symbol of local resistance”) and “carr[ying] a bull horn to 13 communicate.” FAC ¶¶ 47, 51. 14 During the protest, Mr. Powelson saw a police officer, Sgt. Vereios, “become combative” 15 with an elderly camper, Daniel Eggink. FAC ¶ 52. Because Mr. Powelson was “concerned” that 16 the situation would escalate, he “got between [the two] with arms stretched out.” FAC ¶ 54. Sgt. 17 Vereios then arrested Mr. Powelson, charging him with “obstruction, inciting a riot, and illegal 18 camping.” FAC ¶ 56. Lt. Gregory and Capt. Fraass were present at the time, including during the 19 arrest. See FAC ¶ 55; see also FAC ¶ 61 (alleging that Lt. Gregory and Capt. Fraass were direct 20 supervisors of Sgt. Vereios, witnessed the incident, and “abetted it”). The police did not arrest 21 anyone else during the protest. See FAC ¶ 57. 22 The Marin County D.A.’s Office did not pursue any charges against Mr. Powelson. See 23 FAC ¶ 59. 24 Based on the above allegations, Mr. Powelson has asserted three causes of action against 25 Sgt. Vereios, Lt. Gregory, and Capt. Fraass (in both their individual and official capacities). Sgt. 26 Vereios and Capt. Fraass are not named as defendants in the caption or in the section of the FAC 27 that discusses the named defendants. However, they are later specified as defendants in Counts 3 1 • Count 3: False arrest. 2 • Count 4: First Amendment retaliation. 3 • Count 122: Violation of due process. 4 B. First Incident on November 22, 2021 (Officer Mathers and Officer Mitchell) 5 This incident concerns two officers: Officer Mathers and Officer Mitchell. 6 By November 2021, the encampment at Dunphy Park had closed and been relocated to 7 Marinship Park. During the rainy season, there was flooding at Marinship Park, and campers 8 began to get sick because of contamination of the area by, e.g., fecal matter. See FAC ¶ 73. Mr. 9 Powelson asked the City to evacuate the camp and put campers into hotels. After the City refused, 10 Mr. Powelson and others began to “protest[] [the] dangerous conditions at [the camp] by sleeping 11 in tents in public places outside of [Marinship Park].” FAC ¶ 74. 12 On November 15, 2021, Mr. Powelson protested by sleeping in a tent at Dunphy Park. 13 Officers Mathers, accompanied by Officer Mitchell, approached Mr. Powelson and charged him 14 with illegal camping. (The D.A.’s Office never prosecuted.) See FAC ¶ 75. The next morning, 15 the Sausalito Police Department put a notice on Mr. Powelson’s tent, informing him that his tent 16 would be “removed in 72 hours under [the] Sausalito Municipal Code.” FAC ¶ 76. Mr. Powelson 17 and others continued to camp in Dunphy Park for a few more nights and then moved their tents to 18 Robyn Sweeny Park. See FAC ¶ 77. 19 On November 20, 2021, Mr. Powelson’s tent was at Robyn Sweeny Park. The police 20 again put a notice on his tent, informing him that he had 72 hours to vacate. See FAC ¶ 78. 21 On November 22, 2021, Mr. Powelson and others set up their tents in a park in the 22 downtown area. Officer Mathers and Officer Mitchell again approached Mr. Powelson, and 23 Officer Mathers stated that Mr. Powelson “would now be charged with an infraction.” FAC ¶ 78. 24 It appears that Officer Mitchell was the one who actually wrote the ticket for an infraction. See 25 FAC ¶ 79 (alleging that “Officer Mathers instructed his subordinate Mitchell to write an infraction 26 ticket”). 27 1 Based on the above allegations, Mr. Powelson has asserted three causes of action against 2 Officer Mathers and Officer Mitchell (in both their individual and official capacities). 3 • Count 5: Malicious prosecution. 4 • Count 6: First Amendment retaliation. 5 • Count 12: Violation of due process. 6 C. Second Incident on November 22, 2021 (Officer Georges, Officer White, and Officer 7 Smgalski) 8 This incident concerns three officers: Officer Georges, Officer White, and Officer 9 Smgalski. 10 Also on November 22, 2021, several police officers seized Mr. Powelson’s belongings 11 (e.g., tents, blankets), as well as the belongings of other people with whom he was camping. The 12 officers who did so were Officers Georges, White, and Smgalski. See FAC ¶ 89. The officers 13 violated Sausalito’s policy of giving 72 hours of notice before clearing an encampment. See FAC 14 ¶¶ 88-89. When Mr. Powelson and the other individuals asked for their property to be returned, 15 the officers refused. See FAC ¶ 89. 16 In addition to the above, Mr. Powelson’s rights were further violated when he acted to 17 assist another camper, Holly Wild, who was trying to secure the return of an albuterol inhaler that 18 she used for a chronic respiratory illness. Mr. Powelson tried to “deescalate the situation” 19 between the police and Ms. Wild by “moving towards [her] to try to coax her to let go of the tent 20 she was struggling [over] with [Officer White],” and, “[w]ithout warning, Officer White arrested 21 [him].” FAC ¶ 93. Furthermore, Officer Georges grabbed Mr. Powelson’s throat while Officer 22 White applied handcuffs. Officer Smgalski “also grasped” Mr. Powelson. FAC ¶ 93. The Marin 23 County D.A.’s Office “never pressed charges from the incident.” FAC ¶ 100. 24 Based on the above allegations, Mr. Powelson has asserted three causes of action against 25 Officer Georges, Officer White, and Officer Smgalski (in both their individual and official 26 capacities). 27 • Count 7: Unlawful seizure, false arrest, and excessive force. 1 • Count 12: Violation of due process. 2 D. Incident on March 15, 2022 (Det. Rose) 3 This incident concerns Det. Rose only. 4 On March 15, 2022, Mr. Powelson was “documenting [i.e. video recording] a raid on [the 5 Marinship Park encampment], where police were seizing the tents, possessions, and vehicles of 6 unhoused people living there.” FAC ¶ 107. A parking enforcement officer towed two vehicles, 7 neither belonging to Mr. Powelson. See FAC ¶ 111. Officer Mathers then asked for a DMV 8 check on Mr. Powelson’s vehicle. Officer Mathers saw that Mr. Powelson had 15 parking tickets 9 that he was challenging. See FAC ¶ 114. 10 Although Officer Mathers could see that Mr. Powelson was appealing the tickets, the 11 officer “used the tickets as a pretext to tow [Mr. Powelson’s truck] and force him out of the camp 12 so [that] he could not record” what was taking place. FAC ¶ 115. After the parking enforcement 13 officer filled out the paperwork to impound Mr. Powelson’s truck, she left the paperwork on the 14 dash of her patrol vehicle. Mr. Powelson walked over to record the documents. When Mr. 15 Powelson was about to record, he was attacked by Det. Rose, who “shoved [Mr. Powelson] at a 16 running pace, nearly throwing [him] to the ground.” FAC ¶ 116. 17 Based on the above allegations, Mr. Powelson has asserted three causes of action against 18 Det. Rose (in both his individual and official capacities). 19 • Count 9: First Amendment retaliation. 20 • Count 10: Excessive force. 21 • Count 12: Violation of due process. 22 E. Parking Tickets (Officer Mathers, Mr. Holt, and City) 23 Finally, Mr. Powelson has asserted a cause of action against three of the City Defendants – 24 specifically, Officer Mathers, Mr. Holt, and the City – based on parking tickets that Mr. Powelson 25 was issued. 26 As noted above, Officer Mathers ordered the towing of Mr. Powelson’s truck on March 15, 27 2022. He did so even though he “knew or should have known [Mr.] Powelson was still waiting 1 Mr. Powelson had sent “multiple emails” to Mr. Holt, the parking enforcement 2 administrator, asking for a hearing on his parking tickets, but Mr. Holt ignored him. Mr. Holt 3 “knew or should have known that not providing [Mr. Powelson] with a hearing would cause him 4 to be subject to being towed.” FAC ¶ 126. 5 Based on these allegations, Mr. Powelson has asserted the following cause of action 6 against Officer Mathers, Mr. Holt, and the City: 7 • Count 11: Violation of procedural due process. 8 In addition to the above, Mr. Powelson seems to challenge as a violation of procedural due 9 process the adjudicatory scheme related to parking tickets – i.e., because the superior court 10 declined to hear his appeal of the traffic referee’s decision on the basis that “all appeals must be 11 authorized by state statute, and . . . there was no state statute for an appeal on the traffic referee[‘]s 12 ruling.” FAC ¶ 134. Mr. Powelson also asserts that he was “deprived of [the] right to cross 13 examine and confront witnesses, . . . subpoena evidence . . . , and other basic provisions of law.” 14 FAC ¶ 136. 15 II. DISCUSSION 16 A. Legal Standard 17 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires a complaint to include “a short and plain 18 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). A 19 complaint that fails to meet this standard may be dismissed pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 20 Procedure 12(b)(6). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To overcome a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss 21 after the Supreme Court’s decisions in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), and Bell Atlantic 22 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544 (2007), a plaintiff’s “factual allegations [in the complaint] ‘must . 23 . . suggest that the claim has at least a plausible chance of success.’” Levitt v. Yelp! Inc., 765 F.3d 24 1123, 1135 (9th Cir. 2014). The court “accept[s] factual allegations in the complaint as true and 25 construe[s] the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Manzarek v. St. 26 Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). But “allegations in a 27 complaint . . . may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action [and] must contain sufficient 1 effectively.” Levitt, 765 F.3d at 1135 (internal quotation marks omitted). “A claim has facial 2 plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable 3 inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “The 4 plausibility standard is not akin to a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer 5 possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 6 B. Counts Raising Both § 1983 and § 1985 Claims 7 For several of the counts above, Mr. Powelson has claimed a violation of his constitutional 8 rights and sought relief based on not only 42 U.S.C. § 1983 but also § 1985. Those counts are as 9 follows: 10 • Counts 3 and 4 (Sgt. Vereios, Lt. Gregory, and Capt. Fraass) – based on an incident 11 on June 29, 2021. 12 • Counts 5 and 6 (Officer Mathers and Officer Mitchell) – based on an incident on 13 November 22, 2021. 14 • Counts 7 and 8 (Officer Georges, Officer White, and Officer Smgalski) – based on 15 an incident on November 22, 2021. 16 Section 1985(3) provides for a claim for relief where:

17 two or more persons in any State or Territory conspire or go in disguise on the highway or on the premises of another, for the 18 purpose of depriving, either directly or indirectly, any person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal 19 privileges and immunities under the laws . . . 20 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3). Under § 1985(3), “a properly pleaded claim must include an allegation of 21 racial or class-based animus. To establish racial or class-based animus, a plaintiff must show 22 ‘invidiously discriminatory motivation . . . behind the conspirators’ action.’” Usher v. Los 23 Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir. 1987); see also RK Ventures, Inc. v. City of Seattle, 307 F.3d 24 1045, 1056 (9th Cir. 2002) (“To bring a cause of action successfully under § 1985(3), a plaintiff 25 must demonstrate a deprivation of a right motivated by ‘some racial, or perhaps otherwise class- 26 based, invidiously discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ action.’”). The City Defendants 27 argue that Mr. Powelson has failed to plead a claim for relief under § 1985(3) because he has not 1 Powelson is considered “a ‘political activist,’ ‘unhoused person’ or ‘pro se litigant,’ none of those 2 are protected classes for § 1985 purposes”). See, e.g., Martin v. City of Los Angeles, No. CV 20- 3 11828 TJH (PVC), 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20777, at *20 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 5, 2023) (stating that 4 “Plaintiff’s § 1985(3) claim . . . fails because it is predicated on Plaintiff’s status as a homeless 5 person, not his race, and the homeless are not a suspect class”); cf. Joel v. City of Orlando, 232 6 F.3d 1353, 1357 (11th Cir. 2000) (in addressing an equal protection claim, stating that “[h]omeless 7 persons are not a suspect class, nor is sleeping out-of-doors a fundamental right”); Sanchez v. City 8 of Fresno, 914 F. Supp. 2d 1079, 1108 (E.D. Cal. 2012) (in addressing an equal protection claim, 9 stating that “no court has ever held the homeless to be a suspect class”). 10 In his opposition, Mr. Powelson essentially concedes that he has failed to plead a claim for 11 relief under § 1985(3). Furthermore, he does not make any argument that he could amend his 12 complaint to state a claim for relief under the statute. See, e.g., Opp’n at 10 (“My intention with 13 the § 1985 claims was to indicate that their [sic] was a conspiracy between the officers between 14 during [sic] the incidents. . . . Therefore, I can voluntarily dismiss the 42 USC § 1985 claims – but 15 the basic premise of conspiracy between the different officers still survives under 42 USC § 16 1983.”); see also Docket No. 38 (notice) (Mr. Powelson stating that he is dismissing his claim 17 under “§ 1985 against Sausalito with prejudice”). Accordingly, the Court grants the motion to 18 dismiss the counts above to the extent they are based on § 1985(3). 19 To the extent Mr. Powelson maintains that he has a claim for conspiracy under § 1983, he 20 is correct that “‘[i]t is permissible to state a civil cause of action for conspiracy, based on § 1983.’” 21 Park v. Thompson, 851 F.3d 910, 918 (9th Cir. 2017). In its reply brief, however, the City argues 22 that Mr. Powelson “has made no showing supporting the elements of such a cause of action.” 23 Reply at 14; see also Buckey v. County of Los Angeles, 968 F.2d 791, 794 (9th Cir. 1992) (stating 24 that complaint failed to “allege specific facts to support the existence of a conspiracy among the 25 defendants”); Bonnette v. Dick, No. 1:18-cv-0046-DAD-BAM, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 108896, at 26 *9 (E.D. Cal. June 22, 2020) (in discussing claim for conspiracy under § 1983, stating that 27 “[c]onspiracy allegations must be more than mere conclusory statements”). 1 agreement to violate his civil rights. See Fonda v. Gray, 707 F.2d 435, 438 (9th Cir. 1983) 2 (indicating that, to prove a conspiracy under § 1983, “an agreement or ‘meeting of the minds’ to 3 violate constitutional rights must be shown”); Lalonde v. City of Ogdensburg, No. 8:22-CV-0164 4 (LEK/DJS), 2023 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 44122, at *38 (N.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 2023) (stating that, “‘[t]o 5 prevail on a Section 1983 conspiracy claim, the plaintiff must establish: (1) an agreement between 6 two or more state actors or between a state actor and a private entity; (2) to act in concert to inflict 7 an unconstitutional injury; and (3) an overt act done in furtherance of that goal causing 8 damages’”); Bonnette, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 108896, at *9 (stating that, for a § 1983 conspiracy 9 claim, a “[p]laintiff must allege that defendants conspired or acted jointly in concert and that some 10 overt act was done in furtherance of the conspiracy”). The problem for the City is that this 11 argument was raised for the first time in reply – i.e., the City never argued that there was a failure 12 to plead the elements of a conspiracy in its opening brief. The Court therefore does not 13 entertain the City’s challenge to the conspiracy allegation. 14 C. Named Defendants 15 On pages 5 through 6 of his complaint, Mr. Powelson lists out the names of ten City 16 Defendants and gives a brief description of each. (This list is consistent with the caption of his 17 complaint.) 18 (1) The Sausalito Police Department. 19 (2) The City. 20 (3) Corporal Brian Mathers. 21 (4) Sgt. Thomas Georges. 22 (5) Corporal Nick White. 23 (6) Officer Sean Smgalski. 24 (7) Officer Bryce Mitchell. 25 (8) Officer Davin Rose. 26 (9) Lt. Stacie Gregory. 27 (10) Chief John Rohrbacher. 1 persons: 2 (11) Sgt. Steven Vereios. 3 (12) Capt. Bill Fraass. 4 (13) Elliott Holt. 5 However, those three persons are later identified in the complaint when Mr. Powelson pleads his 6 specific causes of action. For example, for Counts 3 and 4, Sgt. Vereios and Capt. Fraass are both 7 identified as persons against whom the claims are asserted. 8 In their motion, the City Defendants ask the Court to dismiss Counts 3 and 4 because Mr. 9 Powelson has failed to clearly assert that Sgt. Vereios and Capt. Fraass are named defendants. 10 Likewise, the City Defendants seek dismissal of Count 11 because Mr. Powelson has failed to 11 clearly assert that Mr. Holt is a named defendant. The City Defendants maintain that the Court 12 should dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(7) – i.e., for failure to join persons 13 (Sgt. Vereios, Capt. Fraass, and Mr. Holt) whose presence is needed for just adjudication under 14 Rule 19. 15 The Court denies the motion to dismiss, as well as the alternative motion to compel 16 Mr. Powelson to amend his complaint and join the individuals at issue. The Court liberally 17 construes Mr. Powelson’s complaint given his pro se status. Even though Mr. Powelson may not 18 have formally included Sgt. Vereios, Capt. Fraass, and Mr. Holt in his list of defendants or in the 19 caption of the complaint, it is clear from the pleading that he intended to sue them for alleged 20 misconduct. 21 The Court notes that it appears summons were not issued for Sgt. Vereios, Capt. Fraass, 22 and Mr. Holt. See Opp’n at 10 (conceding such). However, this problem is curable and, 23 presumably, counsel for the City Defendants will be representing these individuals as well such 24 that counsel can accept service on their behalf. The Court expects the parties to meet and confer 25 to resolve the issue of service. 26 D. False Arrest and Excessive Force Claims – Qualified Immunity 27 The bulk of Mr. Powelson’s claims are claims for First Amendment retaliation. However, 1 malicious prosecution, unlawful seizure, and excessive force. The City Defendants have moved 2 for dismissal of some of those claims based on qualified immunity. Specifically, they argue that 3 Count 3 (false arrest), Count 7 (false arrest), and Count 7 (excessive force) should be dismissed 4 pursuant to that doctrine.3 5 • Count 3 (Sgt. Vereios, Lt. Gregory, and Capt. Fraass) – based on an incident on 6 June 29, 2021. This is the incident in which Mr. Powelson was arrested after he (as 7 alleged) tried to deescalate a situation between Sgt. Vereios and an elderly camper, 8 Mr. Eggink. FAC ¶ 52. Mr. Powelson was charged with “obstruction, inciting a 9 riot, and illegal camping.” FAC ¶ 56. The D.A.’s Office did not pursue any 10 charges. 11 • Count 7 (Officer Georges, Officer White, and Officer Smgalski) – based on the 12 second incident on November 22, 2021. This is the incident in which Mr. 13 Powelson (as alleged) tried to deescalate a situation between the officers and 14 another camper, Ms. Wild. According to Mr. Powelson, Officer White arrested 15 him without warning, and Officer Georges grabbed his throat while Officer White 16 applied handcuffs. In addition, Officer Smgalski “grasped” Mr. Powelson. FAC ¶ 17 93. The Marin County D.A.’s Office “never pressed charges from the incident.” 18 FAC ¶ 100. 19 1. Legal Standard for Qualified Immunity

20 Qualified immunity is an affirmative defense that shields public officials facing liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 unless “(1) they 21 violated a federal statutory or constitutional right, and (2) the unlawfulness of their conduct was clearly established at the time” of 22 the violation. [A court has] discretion to decide which question to consider first. 23 24 Nunes v. Arata, Swingle, Van Egmond & Goodwin (PLC), 983 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2020). 25 With respect to the second element,

27 3 There is another excessive force claim (Count 10) for which the City Defendants do not seek [a] right is clearly established when its “contours [are] sufficiently 1 definite that any reasonable official in the defendant’s shoes would have understood that he was violating it.” A clearly established 2 right is one that has a “sufficiently clear foundation in then-existing precedent.” That is, the rule must be “settled law,” meaning it is 3 “dictated by controlling authority or a robust consensus of cases of persuasive authority.” There need not be a “case directly on point,” 4 but existing precedent must place the statutory or constitutional question “beyond debate.” The Supreme Court has repeatedly 5 instructed us not to define clearly established law at a high level of generality. [¶] “[S]pecificity is especially important in the Fourth 6 Amendment context, where the Court has recognized that it is sometimes difficult for an officer to determine how the relevant 7 legal doctrine . . . will apply to the factual situation the officer confronts.” 8 9 Id. at 1112-13. 10 In the instant case, the Court bears in mind that the City Defendants are making a qualified 11 immunity argument at the 12(b)(6) stage, and not at summary judgment.

12 [R]esolving claims of qualified immunity at the motion-to-dismiss stage can sometimes present “special problems for legal decision 13 making,” particularly when we are “aided only by the skeletal . . . factual picture sketched out in the complaint.” Thus, it is 14 understandable that district courts sometimes delay a decision on qualified immunity until the parties have had the opportunity to 15 develop a more comprehensive factual record. 16 Mohamed Sabra v. Maricopa Cnty. Cmty. Coll. Dist., 44 F.4th 867, 892 (9th Cir. 2022). “[A] 17 Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal based on qualified immunity ‘is not appropriate unless we can determine, 18 based on the complaint itself, that qualified immunity applies.’” Id. at 893; see also Bledsoe v. 19 Carreno, 53 F.4th 589, 607 (10th Cir. 2022) (“Because they turn on a fact-bound inquiry, 20 ‘qualified immunity defenses are typically resolved at the summary judgment stage’ rather than on 21 a motion to dismiss. . . . On a motion to dismiss, ‘it is the defendant’s conduct as alleged in the 22 complaint that is scrutinized for [constitutionality].’”) (emphasis in original). 23 2. False Arrest Claims (Counts 3 and 7) 24 “The absence of probable cause is a necessary element of a § 1983 false arrest . . . claim[].” 25 Yousefian v. City of Glendale, 779 F.3d 1010, 1014 (9th Cir. 2015). The City Defendants argue 26 that, for the false arrest claims (Counts 3 and 7), it was not clearly established that probable cause 27 was lacking based on the allegations as pled in the complaint. According to the City Defendants, 1 precedent holding an officer liable . . . for arresting someone for obstruction when they intervened between an officer and another 2 person, under similar circumstances to this case. . . . In fact, although not decided by the U.S. Supreme Court or Ninth Circuit . . 3 . , precedent exists for the opposite finding – that willfully standing between a police officer and person to whom the officer was writing 4 [the] citation was [a] basis for finding that [the] defendant obstructed the officer in lawful performance of their duties. People 5 v. Williams, 26 Cal. App. 5th 71, 236 . . . (2018). 6 Mot. at 16. 7 Mr. Powelson argues that qualified immunity does not apply here because the relevant 8 officers had no probable cause to arrest him. In his opposition, he asserts that he was not engaging 9 in any wrongdoing but was simply engaging in speech to challenge the officers and support Mr. 10 Eggink and Ms. Wild. 11 For the incident involving Mr. Eggink, the Court finds that qualified immunity does obtain, 12 at least in part. Specifically, to the extent Mr. Powelson was arrested for obstruction,4 there is 13 qualified immunity. His complaint contains no allegations about verbal challenges or criticisms. 14 Rather, the complaint contains allegations that Mr. Powelson physically interjected himself 15 between Mr. Eggink and a police officer. See, e.g., FAC ¶¶ 52-53 (alleging that Sgt. Vereios 16 became combative with Mr. Eggink and was walking toward him in an aggressive manner; that 17 Mr. Eggink was walking away from Sgt. Vereios to get away; that both men were agitated; and 18 that “Plaintiff was concerned that Sergeant Vereios and Eggink would escalate the situation, and 19 so Plaintiff got between Eggink and Vereios with arms stretched out, as Eggink was walking 20 away”). Given that Mr. Powelson physically interjected himself, there was probable cause for the 21 police to arrest him for obstruction, and this necessarily means there is qualified immunity (i.e., no 22 clearly established violation of a constitutional right). It is irrelevant that Mr. Eggink was not – as 23 claimed by Mr. Powelson – suspected of committing a crime. The issue is whether the police 24 were acting to discharge their duties. Mr. Powelson has made no allegations that, e.g., the police 25 were doing something unlawful. Cf. Hill v. City of Fountain Valley, 70 F.4th 507, 516 (9th Cir. 26 4 See Cal. Pen. Code § 148(a)(1) (providing that “[e]very person who willfully resists, delays, or 27 obstructs any public officer, peace officer, or an emergency medical technician . . . in the 1 2023) (citing cases where qualified immunity was denied – “situations in which it was clear the 2 plaintiff’s action was not an obstruction, the refusal [to cooperate] was only verbal, or the plaintiff 3 was obstructing an unlawful police act”). Accordingly, the Court finds that, based on the 4 allegations in the complaint, there is qualified immunity for the arrest based on obstruction. 5 Mr. Powelson has leave to amend if he can do so in good faith. 6 On the other hand, the Court bears in mind that, for the Eggink situation, it appears that 7 Mr. Powelson was arrested not only for obstruction but also for inciting a riot and illegal camping. 8 Nothing about his stepping between Mr. Eggink and the police would support inciting a riot and 9 illegal camping. Accordingly, at this juncture, the Court finds no qualified immunity with 10 respect to the arrest for inciting a riot and illegal camping, at least based on the allegations 11 in the complaint. 12 As for the situation involving Ms. Wild, the Court rejects the City Defendants’ 13 argument that there is qualified immunity based on the facts alleged in the complaint. It 14 appears that Mr. Powelson was arrested once again for obstruction. But unlike the situation with 15 Mr. Eggink, there are no allegations that Mr. Powelson physically interjected himself in between 16 Ms. Wild and the police. See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 91-92 (alleging that Ms. Wild’s property have been 17 seized, including her albuterol inhaler; that the police would not return the property; and that 18 “Plaintiff tried to deescalate the situation, moving towards Holly Wild to try to coax her to let go 19 of the tent she was struggling [over] with [with Officer] White and avoid her being arrested and to 20 convince the Officers to release her property to her”). The Court acknowledges that, “where 21 probable cause is a close call, qualified immunity becomes a factor.” Flynn v. City of Santa Clara, 22 388 F. Supp. 3d 1158, 1168 (N.D. Cal. 2019). But at least based on the allegations in the 23 complaint, which the Court must construe in Mr. Powelson’s favor, there is not a close call. 24 Accordingly, the Court rules as follows: 25 • The motion to dismiss Count 3 is granted in part and denied in part. To the extent 26 Mr. Powelson was arrested for obstruction, it was not clearly established that the 27 officers lacked probable cause to arrest; in fact, based on the allegations in the 1 warrants dismissal, but Mr. Powelson has leave to amend. To the extent Mr. 2 Powelson was arrested for inciting a riot and illegal camping, there is no qualified 3 immunity. This does not preclude the City Defendants from raising qualified 4 immunity at a later stage of the proceedings. 5 • The motion to dismiss Count 4 is denied. Based on the allegations in the 6 complaint, there is not a close call on probable cause, and therefore qualified 7 immunity does not obtain. As above, this does not preclude the City Defendants 8 from raising qualified immunity at a later stage of the proceedings. 9 3. Excessive Force Claim (Count 7) 10 With respect to a claim for excessive force, the Ninth Circuit has noted as follows:

11 We approach an excessive force claim in three stages. First, we “assess the severity of the intrusion on the individual’s Fourth 12 Amendment rights by evaluating the type and amount of force inflicted.” Then, we evaluate the government’s interests by 13 assessing the severity of the crime; whether the suspect posed an immediate threat to the officers’ or public’s safety; and whether the 14 suspect was resisting arrest or attempting to escape. Finally, we “balance the gravity of the intrusion on the individual against the 15 government’s need for that intrusion.” 16 Thompson v. Rahr, 885 F.3d 582, 586 (9th Cir. 2018). 17 For Mr. Powelson’s excessive force claim (Count 7), the City Defendants make an 18 argument similar to that above, i.e., that there is no

19 precedent holding an officer liable . . . for grabbing a person’s throat, under similar circumstances to this case. . . . 20 Although once again merely persuasive, precedent exists countering 21 Powelson’s claim. “We agree that the ‘application of force to a person’s throat is a dangerous and sensitive activity’ and that it ‘is 22 the type of force that, more than any other, is likely to result in violent resistance,’ but the application of such force is not . . . per se 23 unreasonable, excessive, or a threat to a defendant’s health or safety.” People v. Cappellia, 208 Cal. App. 3d 1331, 1338, 256 Cal. 24 Rptr. 695, 699 (Ct. App. 1989) (quoting People v. Trevino, supra, 72 Cal. App. 3d at p. 692, 140 Cal. Rptr. 243). 25 26 Mot. at 16-17. 27 Surprisingly, Mr. Powelson did not raise a substantive argument with respect to the 1 and not the excessive force aspect). Accordingly, the Court deems any argument waived and 2 dismisses the claim with prejudice. Although Mr. Powelson is pro se, he is at this point a fairly 3 experienced litigator; certainly, he has sufficient experience to understand the consequences of a 4 failure to oppose. 5 E. First Amendment Retaliation Claims – Probable Cause 6 In Counts 4, 6, and 8, Mr. Powelson has asserted claims for First Amendment retaliation. 7 • Count 4 concerns the incident in which Mr. Powelson allegedly tried to deescalate 8 a situation between the police and Mr. Eggink (another camper). 9 • Count 6 concerns the incident in which Mr. Powelson was cited for an infraction 10 after he put up his tent and camped in the downtown area. 11 • Count 8 concerns the incident in which Mr. Powelson allegedly tried to deescalate 12 a situation between the police and Ms. Wild (another camper). 13 The City Defendants argue each of the retaliation claims should be dismissed for failure to allege a 14 lack of probable cause. 15 The predicate for the City Defendants’ argument is the Supreme Court case Nieves v. 16 Bartlett, 139 S. Ct. 1715 (2019). There, the Supreme Court held that, where a plaintiff brings a 17 First Amendment retaliation claim based on a retaliatory arrest (similar to a retaliatory 18 prosecution), the plaintiff must first plead and prove the absence of probable cause. Id. at 1724. 19 “[I]f the plaintiff establishes the absence of probable cause, ‘then . . . [t]he plaintiff must show 20 that the retaliation was a substantial or motivating factor behind the [arrest], and, if that showing is 21 made, the defendant can prevail only by showing that the [arrest] would have been initiated 22 without respect to retaliation.’” Id. at 1725; see also id. at 1722 (“It is not enough to show that an 23 official acted with a retaliatory motive and the plaintiff was injured – the motive must cause the 24 injury. Specifically, it must be a ‘but-for’ cause, meaning that the adverse action against the 25 plaintiff would not have been taken absent the retaliatory motive.”). However, if there is probable 26 cause for an arrest, then, as a general matter, a claim for a retaliatory arrest must fail. See id. at 27 1727 (“[P]robable cause should generally defeat a retaliatory arrest claim . . . .”). 1 plead and prove an absence of probable cause.

2 Although probable cause should generally defeat a retaliatory arrest claim, a narrow qualification is warranted for circumstances where 3 officers have probable cause to make arrests, but typically exercise their discretion not to do so. In such cases, an unyielding 4 requirement to show the absence of probable cause could pose “a risk that some police officers may exploit the arrest power as a 5 means of suppressing speech.” 6 Id. at 1727 (emphasis added). Therefore, a plaintiff need not plead and prove the absence of 7 probable cause “when [the] plaintiff presents objective evidence that he was arrested when 8 otherwise similarly situated individuals not engaged in the same sort of protected speech had not 9 been. That showing addresses [the] causal concern by helping to establish that ‘non-retaliatory 10 grounds [we]re in fact insufficient to provoke the adverse consequences.” Id. (emphasis added). 11 1. Counts 4 and 8 12 For the First Amendment retaliation claims in Counts 4 and 8, the City Defendants argue 13 that, based on the allegations in the complaint, there was probable cause to arrest Mr. Powelson 14 because he came in between the police and another camper (Mr. Eggink and Ms. Wild, 15 respectively). In its reply brief, the City Defendants also point out that Mr. Powelson did not 16 directly address their argument on Counts 4 and 8. Although, as a formal matter, this seems to be 17 true, it would be hypertechnical to dismiss on this procedural ground – especially when Mr. 18 Powelson took the position on the false arrest claims in Counts 3 and 7 (the causes of action 19 affiliated with Counts 4 and 8) that qualified immunity did not apply because there was clearly a 20 lack of probable cause. 21 The Court dismisses Count 4 in part because, as discussed above, there was probable 22 cause to arrest Mr. Powelson for obstruction during the Eggink situation, and there are no 23 factual allegations that would establish the exception under Nieves here; but Mr. Powelson 24 has leave to amend if he can do so in good faith. However, there does not appear to have 25 been probable cause to arrest Mr. Powelson for inciting a riot or illegal camping (at least 26 based on the allegations in the complaint). 27 The Court does not dismiss Count 8 because there is at least a question of fact as to 1 Wild situation. See McKenzie v. Lamb, 738 F.2d 1005, 1007-08 (9th Cir. 1984) (“[I]n a § 1983 2 action the factual matters underlying the judgment of reasonableness generally mean that probable 3 cause is a question for the jury; and summary judgment is appropriate only if no reasonable jury 4 could find that the officers did or did not have probable cause to [act].”). 5 2. Count 6 6 For Count 6, the City Defendants note that it is not clear from the complaint what 7 infraction was cited but, assuming that the infraction was illegal camping, they argue that there 8 was probable cause to support such – i.e., because the preliminary injunction that this Court issued 9 in the Sausalito case only applied to Dunphy Park (and then Marinship Park) and did not bar the 10 City from citing for illegal camping elsewhere.5 11 In response, Mr. Powelson does not dispute that he was cited for illegal camping. He 12 contends, however, that there was First Amendment retaliation because the police knew that his 13 camping was a form of protest activity and because the Nieves exception applies such that he need 14 not plead and prove the absence of probable cause for the citation. Mr. Powelson notes that, in the 15 days before he was cited, the police simply issued notices to vacate when the protestors camped 16 outside of Dunphy or Marinship Park, but did not cite anyone (including Mr. Powelson). 17 According to Mr. Powelson, the police “changed their tactic once our expressive activities were 18 gaining momentum and had entered into the downtown.” Opp’n at 6. 19 Mr. Powelson asserts the Nieves exception applies because only he, and not others were 20 subject to the citations. The City, however, has a valid argument as to why the Nieves exception 21 does not apply. That is, in Nieves, the Supreme Court stated that a plaintiff need not plead and 22 prove the absence of probable cause “when [the] plaintiff presents objective evidence that he was 23 arrested when otherwise similarly situated individuals not engaged in the same sort of protected 24 speech had not been. That showing addresses [the] causal concern by helping to establish that 25 ‘non-retaliatory grounds [we]re in fact insufficient to provoke the adverse consequences.” Nieves, 26 139 S. Ct. at 1727 (emphasis added). 27 1 Powelson has not presented objective evidence that other unhoused people who were not protesting or engaging in the same expressive 2 conduct were not given citations for illegal camping, while he was. All he has shown is that SPD officers decided not to issue citations 3 against protestors, including himself, at the Dunphy and Robyn Sweeney Park protest campsites until they moved into the 4 downtown area. These individuals were still engaged in the same protected activity that he was, and therefore, does not evidence 5 differential treatment based on his protected speech. 6 Reply at 15 (emphasis in original). 7 The Court, therefore, dismisses this First Amendment retaliation claim but with leave 8 to amend. 9 F. Malicious Prosecution Claim – Favorable Termination 10 In Count 5, Mr. Powelson asserts a claim for malicious prosecution. The factual predicate 11 for this claim is his being cited for an infraction after camping in the downtown area as a form of 12 protest.6 In its opening brief, the City Defendants argued that this claim should be dismissed 13 because he has failed to plead an essential element – i.e., a favorable termination. See Mills v. City 14 of Covina, 921 F.3d 1161, 1168 (9th Cir. 2019) (noting that, for a § 1983 malicious prosecution 15 claim, “[f]ederal courts rely on state common law” for the elements of the claim; “California law 16 requires a plaintiff . . . to establish ‘that the prior action (1) was commenced by or at the direction 17 of the defendant was pursued to a legal termination in his, plaintiff’s favor; (2) was brought 18 without probable cause; and (3) was initiated with malice,” plus that the prosecution was for the 19 purpose of denying the plaintiff equal protection or another specific constitutional right). The City 20 Defendants implicitly acknowledge the allegation in Mr. Powelson’s complaint that “Plaintiff 21 would ultimately not be found guilty of the charges.” FAC ¶ 80. However, they contend that Mr. 22 Powelson must plead more – i.e., something to indicate that he was factually innocent of the 23 charge. See Mot. at 22 (arguing that “[t]he touchstone is whether or not Powelson was entirely 24 absolved of the conduct underpinning the arrest or infraction, not whether the case was terminated 25

26 6 For purposes of this opinion, the Court assumes that being cited for an infraction can be a criminal prosecution. Cf. Shatford v. L.A. Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, No. CV 15-1767 BRO (AJW), 27 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 52473, at *65 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2016) (“assuming that an infraction 1 for some other reason[;] [a]bsent a showing that the dismissal reflected the District Attorney’s 2 assessment that the case lacked merit, rather than an assessment that the DA’s office’s resources 3 would be better allocated elsewhere, Powelson’s argument that the action was terminated in his 4 favor is lacking”). 5 In response, Mr. Powelson points to a Supreme Court decision from 2022, Thompson v. 6 Clark, 142 S. Ct. 1332 (2022). There, the Supreme Court noted as follows:

7 To maintain [a] Fourth Amendment claim [for malicious prosecution] under §1983, a plaintiff . . . must demonstrate, among 8 other things, that he obtained a favorable termination of the underlying criminal prosecution. This case requires us to flesh out 9 what a favorable termination entails. Does it suffice for a plaintiff to show that his criminal prosecution ended without a conviction? Or 10 must the plaintiff also demonstrate that the prosecution ended with some affirmative indication of his innocence, such as an acquittal or 11 a dismissal accompanied by a statement from the judge that the evidence was insufficient? 12 We conclude as follows: To demonstrate a favorable termination of 13 a criminal prosecution for purposes of the Fourth Amendment claim under §1983 for malicious prosecution, a plaintiff need only show 14 that his prosecution ended without a conviction. 15 Id. at 1335; see also id. at 1339 (indicating that “a plaintiff could maintain a malicious prosecution 16 claim when, for example, the prosecutor abandoned the criminal case or the court dismissed the 17 case without providing a reason”). 18 In their reply brief, the City Defendants do not have any real response, and they revert 19 instead to a new argument – i.e., that the malicious prosecution claim is deficient because there 20 was probable cause to support the citation for illegal camping. Although technically this is a new 21 argument, the Court recognizes that Count 5 (malicious prosecution) and Count 6 (First 22 Amendment retaliation) are related claims, and the City Defendants did raise a probable cause 23 argument for Count 6 (as discussed above). Accordingly, the Court dismisses Count 5 (as it did 24 with Count 6) because Mr. Powelson has failed to plead a lack of probable cause. The 25 dismissal is with leave to amend. 26 G. Unlawful Seizure – Standing 27 Count 7 is in part a claim for unlawful seizure. It is related to the incident in which Mr. 1 Mr. Powelson tried to intervene while Ms. Wild and the police were struggling over her property. 2 The City Defendants move to dismiss the unlawful seizure claim on the basis that Mr. Powelson 3 lacks standing – i.e., it was Ms. Wild’s property at issue and not his. The Court rejects this 4 argument because the City Defendants ignore other allegations in the complaint from which 5 it can reasonably be inferred that Mr. Powelson’s property was seized as well. See FAC ¶ 89 6 (alleging that the tents and blankets of the campers were seized, and Mr. Powelson, as alleged 7 earlier, was a camper). 8 In their reply brief, the City Defendants do not raise much of a response but instead raise a 9 new argument – invoking qualified immunity. The Court rejects the qualified immunity 10 argument since it was not previously raised. The Court also notes that, given the allegations in 11 the complaint, the qualified immunity argument seems weak. See, e.g., FAC ¶ 90 (alleging that 12 the officers lacked probable cause “to take the tents, because Sausalito policy was to post for 72 13 hours before abating a camp”). 14 H. Claims Related to Parking Tickets – Court’s Prior Order 15 In Counts 9, 10, and 11, Mr. Powelson asserts claims for First Amendment retaliation, 16 excessive force, and violation of procedural due process. They are factually related (at least to 17 some degree) as they all concern parking tickets. Specifically, they are all are predicated on an 18 incident in which the police were going to tow Mr. Powelson’s truck based on parking tickets, 19 even though he was appealing them, and Mr. Powelson was allegedly attacked by Det. Rose. 20 For each of these counts, the City Defendants argue that they should be dismissed because 21 of a Court order issued in Mr. Powelson’s earlier case (No. C-22-1809 EMC, his individual case) 22 in which he sought only injunctive relief. There, the Court stated as follows:

23 [T]he Court does agree with the City that Mr. Powelson lacks standing to proceed with his individual suit and/or that his individual 24 suit is moot. With respect to standing, Mr. Powelson has sought only injunctive relief in his complaint. For injunctive relief, Mr. 25 Powelson must show that there is a threat of future injury – and that the threatened injury is certainly impending or that there is a 26 substantial risk that harm will occur. See Wright v. SEIU, 48 F.4th 1112, 1118 (9th Cir. 2022). Now that the encampment is closed, 27 Mr. Powelson has not demonstrated a likelihood of future injury in 1 The Court acknowledges that, at the hearing, Mr. Powelson indicated for the first time that he may be considering a suit for 2 damages. However, based on his statements at the hearing, that mostly appears to be based on other alleged misconduct by the City 3 and/or its employees, and not the specific alleged misconduct here (e.g., being prevented from entering the encampment, being 4 threatened with a ticket, and nearly being pushed off of his feet by an officer). 5 Accordingly, the Court hereby GRANTS the City’s motion to 6 dismiss. Although the motion to dismiss has formally been brought by the City alone, the reasoning of this Court’s order applies to all 7 City employees and therefore the Court dismisses not just the City but all City employees as well. The Court notes that Mr. Powelson 8 has sued one private actor, the Citation Processing Center, but it is not alleged to have engaged in any wrongdoing itself. Accordingly, 9 all Defendants are dismissed, and the entirety of this case is now resolved. To be clear, although this case against the City and its 10 employees is resolved, the Court is not opining of the merits of the claims against the City and its employees, and the Court is 11 dismissing the claims against them in this suit based on jurisdictional grounds. The Court’s ruling here does not preclude 12 Mr. Powelson from filing suit against the City based on other alleged misconduct. 13 14 Powelson v. City of Sausalito, No. C-22-1809 EMC (N.D. Cal.) (Docket No. 90) (Order at 1-2). 15 The City Defendants argue that the Court’s order permitted Mr. Powelson to bring suit 16 based on different conduct – i.e., not anything related to the incident in which he was allegedly 17 threatened with a tow and then attacked by Det. Rose. Although the Court is not without some 18 sympathy for the City Defendants’ contention, it rejects their position. The test here is not 19 whether the Court’s statement bars Mr. Powelson from bringing claims based on the same factual 20 predicate; the test is whether there is claim preclusion. The Court’s prior order was predicated on 21 jurisdictional grounds, not the merits. It appears that, where there is a dismissal based on Article 22 III standing, there is no final judgment on the merits, an essential element of res judicata. See 23 Ohio ex rel. Boggs v. City of Cleveland, 655 F.3d 516, 521 (6th Cir. 2011) (finding that res 24 judicata did not bar litigation of claims that had previously been dismissed for lack of standing). 25 Compare Hassanati v. Int’l Lease Fin. Corp., 738 F. App’x 443, 444 (9th Cir. 2018) (finding that 26 where court granted summary judgment because plaintiffs lacked statutory standing, rather than 27 Article III standing, court intended to render a final judgment on the merits, and res judicata was 1 The Court therefore does not dismiss any of the counts at issue, with one exception. 2 As noted above, in part of Count 11, Mr. Powelson appears to challenge as a violation of 3 procedural due process the adjudicatory scheme related to parking tickets. See FAC ¶ 134 4 (alleging that the superior court declined to hear his appeal of the traffic referee’s decision on the 5 basis that “all appeals must be authorized by state statute, and . . . there was no state statute for an 6 appeal on the traffic referee[‘]s ruling”); FAC ¶ 136 (alleging that he was “deprived of [the] right 7 to cross examine and confront witnesses, . . . subpoena evidence . . . , and other basic provisions of 8 law”). The City Defendants are not a part of this adjudicatory scheme; accordingly, the 9 Court dismisses this specific part of Count 11 (although not the remainder for the reasons 10 stated above). 11 I. Count 12 12 Finally, the City Defendants move for dismissal of Count 12 (i.e., the second “Count 11”), 13 which simply incorporates all preceding paragraphs and then alleges that all Defendants deprived 14 him of due process. The City Defendants argue that the claim is conclusory and therefore fails. 15 As noted by the City Defendants, Mr. Powelson has failed to address Count 12 in his 16 opposition brief. Thus, Mr. Powelson has waived his right to challenge dismissal of Count 12, 17 and the Court dismisses the claim with prejudice. Even if he had not, the Court agrees that 18 Count 12 on its face is problematic in that it is conclusory, or at the very least vague. 19 Furthermore, the Court has concerns that what Mr. Powelson may be trying to do here is make a 20 due process claim based on, e.g., the alleged false arrests, excessive force, and unlawful seizure. 21 But

22 [t]he Supreme Court has long held that certain substantive due process claims might be precluded if the same claims could be 23 decided under an “explicit textual source of constitutional protection” rather than under the “generalized notion of ‘substantive 24 due process . . . .’” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 (1989). In other words, under the Graham rule, a substantive due process 25 claim will be preempted if the asserted substantive right can be vindicated under a different – and more precise – constitutional 26 rubric. 27 Action Apt. Ass’n v. Santa Monica Rent Control Opinion Bd., 509 F.3d 1020, 1024-25 (9th Cir. 1 have used excessive force . . . in the course of an arrest, investigatory stop, or other ‘seizure’ of a 2 free citizen should be analyzed under the Fourth Amendment and its ‘reasonableness’ standard, 3 rather than under a ‘substantive due process’ approach.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 4 (1989) (emphasis omitted). 5 III. CONCLUSION 6 For the reasons discussed above, the Court rules as follows. 7 • All § 1985 claims are dismissed with prejudice. 8 • Incident involving deescalation of situation between the police and Mr. Eggink. 9 o Count 3 – false arrest. The false arrest claim is dismissed in part, specifically, to 10 the extent Mr. Powelson was arrested for obstruction. There was probable cause 11 for the arrest, and therefore there is qualified immunity, but Mr. Powelson has 12 leave to amend if he can do so in good faith. To the extent Mr. Powelson was 13 arrested for inciting a riot and illegal camping (as opposed to obstruction), qualified 14 immunity has not been established. This claim remains viable, although the City 15 Defendants are not barred from raising qualified immunity at a later stage. 16 o Count 4 – First Amendment retaliation. Count 4 is dismissed in part with 17 prejudice, i.e., because there was probable cause to arrest Mr. Powelson for 18 obstruction, but Mr. Powelson has leave to amend if he can do so in good faith. To 19 the extent Mr. Powelson was arrested for inciting a riot and illegal camping, the 20 count remains viable. 21 • Incident involving infraction for illegal camping. 22 o Count 5 – malicious prosecution. The count is dismissed because Mr. Powelson 23 has failed to plead an absence of probable cause. Mr. Powelson has leave to 24 amend. 25 o Count 6 – First Amendment retaliation. The count is dismissed with leave to 26 amend, for the same reasons as stated above; also, Mr. Powelson has failed to plead 27 that the Nieves exception applies. 1 o Count 7 — unlawful seizure, false arrest, and excessive force. The motion to 2 dismiss the unlawful seizure claim and the false arrest claim is denied. The Court 3 grants the motion to dismiss the excessive force claim based on a failure to oppose; 4 the dismissal is with prejudice. 5 o Count 8 — First Amendment retaliation. The motion to dismiss is denied. 6 e Incident involving attack by Det. Rose. 7 o Count 9 — First Amendment retaliation. The motion to dismiss is denied. 8 o Count 10 excessive force. The motion to dismiss is denied. 9 e Incident related to parking tickets. 10 o Count 11 — procedural due process. The motion to dismiss is granted to the extent 11 Mr. Powelson challenged the adjudicatory scheme related to parking tickets. 12 e Count 12—due process. The claim is dismissed with prejudice for failure to oppose. 13 Except where there is a dismissal with prejudice, Mr. Powelson has leave to amend to 14 correct the deficiencies identified above, if he can do so in good faith. Mr. Powelson shall file an 15 amended complaint by December 6, 2023. If Mr. Powelson does not file an amended complaint, A 16 || then the City Defendants shall file an answer by December 20, 2023. i 17 This order disposes of Docket No. 23. 18 IT IS SO ORDERED. 19 20 || Dated: November 8, 2023 21 22 £ EDWA > CHEN 23 United States District Judge 24 25 26 27 28