CpLCOCK, J.
The circumstances of the case as they appeared upon the trial, was as follows :• The' plaintiff had purchased from the defendant a tract of land, which the defendant had originally purchased from the State, and for which he owed a balance of two hundred and twenty pounds : For that sum the treasurer of the State held his bonds or obligations, when the present plaintiff purchased from the defendant the aforesaid tract of land. He agreed to give defendant six hundred pounds, paid him the sum of three hundred, and eight pounds cash ; and agreed at the same time to pay to the State treasurer, two hundred and twenty pounds for the .defendant, whose bond had been given as aforesaid, but no definite [382]*382period was fixed for the payment of the same, it was understood, however, by the present plaintiff, that he should pay the balance ^ue bv the defendant to the treasury, in the same manner that debts of a similar nature were uniformly paid, that is to say, to pay the annual interest, which the plaintiff did, and to discharge the principal whenever the State should think proper to require the same ; that the State never did require the payment of the principal, and, therefore, the plaintiff did not fail to comply with his agreement. But the defendant voluntarily paid the said balance of two hundred and twenty pounds, without being required or coerced to do the same, and verdict was given against the present plaintiff therefor; from which decision he appeals, upon the ground, that he never failed to comply with his contract made with the defendant, and w'as not, therefore, liable to refund the money which had been voluntarily paid by the defendant, but was only compelled to pay the said sum of money, which he is willing to do consistent with his contract, whenever the State think proper to require the same.
This case, in my judgment, turns upon the construction of the agreement. Now, no particular time being mentioned, a reasonable one must be supposed to have been intended by the parties; and a reasonable time, was in my opinion, given to the defendant. He contends that he was to have all the time the public would give him. Can this be possible ? I think not. At all events, it is not so expressed by the agreement, and it is not even presumable ; for what man without the hope of gain, would run a risk ? and Col. Postell would certainly have been a sufferer. If this land, which was mortgaged to the public, should have been sold for less than the amount of his bond to the public, and Doctor Ramsay had become insolvent, circumstances likely to occur when he interfered : further, the Doctor was benefited by the payment, his property was relieved from an incumbrance, and of course must have sold for so much more.
But I am at all times averse to granting new trials when I think justice has been done ; and in this case, to say, that the plaintiff should lose his money paid to the public, would, in my humble judgment, be great injustice. I am, therefore, against the motion.
BrevaRd, J.
The plaintiff, in 1792, bargained and sold to the defendant a tract of land on Charleston Neck, and took from him, in addition to certain pecuniary, and other considerations, a note in writing, in the words and figures following: “ I promise to pay Col. Postell, what he owes to the loan office, for paper medium borrowed on the mortgage of a plantation on Charleston Neck, [383]*383called Paradise, this day bought by me ; th,e, sum supposed to be about 223 pounds. David Ramsay. August 27th, 1792.” It appeared that it was usual with the borrowers of the paper medium, to pay the annual interest on the sums borrowed, and that while this was regularly done, no call was made by the loan office for the principal. The defendant had paid the interest on the sum mentioned in the note, but had not paid the balance of the principal which remained due. The principal, however, had not been demanded by the loan office. No suit had been commenced against the plaintiff, on the part of the State, for the balance due by him. Yet, under an apprehension that he might, ultimately, be a sufferer, unless the balance was recovered from the defendant speedily, he voluntarily paid what remained due to the loan office, and then brought this action for money paid, laid out, &c., for the defendant.
I am rather disposed to believe the plaintiff was under very serious .apprehensions that, unless ho took this step, he would eventually be compelled to do that which he did, when he paid this balance to the loan office, with an accumulation of interest, and that he would finally fail in obtaining an indemnity from the defendant on his note, unless he hastened the settlement of the debt at the loan office. In this view of the case, his conduct cannot be regarded as officious and without probable cause. Nevertheless, 1 am of opinion, he had no right, according to the terms of the contract, to hasten the payment of the money due at the loan office, so as to produce any inconvenience to the defendant, to which he would ■not otherwise have been exposed. By the contract, he had placed ■the defendant, as to this loan, in his own shoes, and could have no recourse to him, until he had suffered.through his fault. Here was only an impending danger of suffering, but no actual loss had accrued. It was a voluntary and unauthorized advance of money, when there was no pressing necessity for payment. I am, therefore, constrained to say, that the defendant is legally entitled to a new trial. -
Smith, J.
James Postell had' mortgaged a tract-of land, that lay on Charleston Neck, to the loan office; and on the 27th August, 1792, he sold the land to the defendant for £603, three hundred and eighty of which defendant paid in cash, and gave the following security for the balance : “I promise'to pay for Col. Pos-tell, what he owes to the loan office for- paper medium, borrowed on the mortgage of a plantation on Charleston Neck, called Paradise, this day bought by me, the sum supposed to be about two hundred and twenty pounds. August 27th, 1793. David Ramsay.”
[384]*384Doctor Ramsay, it appeared, had regularly ever since, paid up to ihe loan office the interest each year, according to the requisitions of the law, but had never been called on to pay th'e principal, But Col. Posteli grew impatient, and without being called on by the loan office, voluntarily paid the amount of the principal of the bond thou due, and commenced his action against the defendant, to-recover it back again.
Circumstances might have occurred, that would have authorized-1 Col. Posteli to pursue this coarse. Had the treasury department threatened him with a suit on the bond, after they should have sold1 the land, for that is the course which has been pursued in similar instances, the plaintiff would not only have had the right, but would have exercised a just prudence towards himself, in paying; the money, and then bringing suit against the defendant to recover it back again. Here would have been a motive, and an act of self defence. I Bacon. “Assumpsit,” one writer says, “isanaction-the law gives a party injured, by the breach or non-performance of a contract legally entered into,” &c. There must be a breach of the contract, either expressed or implied, before the right of action attaches.
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CpLCOCK, J.
The circumstances of the case as they appeared upon the trial, was as follows :• The' plaintiff had purchased from the defendant a tract of land, which the defendant had originally purchased from the State, and for which he owed a balance of two hundred and twenty pounds : For that sum the treasurer of the State held his bonds or obligations, when the present plaintiff purchased from the defendant the aforesaid tract of land. He agreed to give defendant six hundred pounds, paid him the sum of three hundred, and eight pounds cash ; and agreed at the same time to pay to the State treasurer, two hundred and twenty pounds for the .defendant, whose bond had been given as aforesaid, but no definite [382]*382period was fixed for the payment of the same, it was understood, however, by the present plaintiff, that he should pay the balance ^ue bv the defendant to the treasury, in the same manner that debts of a similar nature were uniformly paid, that is to say, to pay the annual interest, which the plaintiff did, and to discharge the principal whenever the State should think proper to require the same ; that the State never did require the payment of the principal, and, therefore, the plaintiff did not fail to comply with his agreement. But the defendant voluntarily paid the said balance of two hundred and twenty pounds, without being required or coerced to do the same, and verdict was given against the present plaintiff therefor; from which decision he appeals, upon the ground, that he never failed to comply with his contract made with the defendant, and w'as not, therefore, liable to refund the money which had been voluntarily paid by the defendant, but was only compelled to pay the said sum of money, which he is willing to do consistent with his contract, whenever the State think proper to require the same.
This case, in my judgment, turns upon the construction of the agreement. Now, no particular time being mentioned, a reasonable one must be supposed to have been intended by the parties; and a reasonable time, was in my opinion, given to the defendant. He contends that he was to have all the time the public would give him. Can this be possible ? I think not. At all events, it is not so expressed by the agreement, and it is not even presumable ; for what man without the hope of gain, would run a risk ? and Col. Postell would certainly have been a sufferer. If this land, which was mortgaged to the public, should have been sold for less than the amount of his bond to the public, and Doctor Ramsay had become insolvent, circumstances likely to occur when he interfered : further, the Doctor was benefited by the payment, his property was relieved from an incumbrance, and of course must have sold for so much more.
But I am at all times averse to granting new trials when I think justice has been done ; and in this case, to say, that the plaintiff should lose his money paid to the public, would, in my humble judgment, be great injustice. I am, therefore, against the motion.
BrevaRd, J.
The plaintiff, in 1792, bargained and sold to the defendant a tract of land on Charleston Neck, and took from him, in addition to certain pecuniary, and other considerations, a note in writing, in the words and figures following: “ I promise to pay Col. Postell, what he owes to the loan office, for paper medium borrowed on the mortgage of a plantation on Charleston Neck, [383]*383called Paradise, this day bought by me ; th,e, sum supposed to be about 223 pounds. David Ramsay. August 27th, 1792.” It appeared that it was usual with the borrowers of the paper medium, to pay the annual interest on the sums borrowed, and that while this was regularly done, no call was made by the loan office for the principal. The defendant had paid the interest on the sum mentioned in the note, but had not paid the balance of the principal which remained due. The principal, however, had not been demanded by the loan office. No suit had been commenced against the plaintiff, on the part of the State, for the balance due by him. Yet, under an apprehension that he might, ultimately, be a sufferer, unless the balance was recovered from the defendant speedily, he voluntarily paid what remained due to the loan office, and then brought this action for money paid, laid out, &c., for the defendant.
I am rather disposed to believe the plaintiff was under very serious .apprehensions that, unless ho took this step, he would eventually be compelled to do that which he did, when he paid this balance to the loan office, with an accumulation of interest, and that he would finally fail in obtaining an indemnity from the defendant on his note, unless he hastened the settlement of the debt at the loan office. In this view of the case, his conduct cannot be regarded as officious and without probable cause. Nevertheless, 1 am of opinion, he had no right, according to the terms of the contract, to hasten the payment of the money due at the loan office, so as to produce any inconvenience to the defendant, to which he would ■not otherwise have been exposed. By the contract, he had placed ■the defendant, as to this loan, in his own shoes, and could have no recourse to him, until he had suffered.through his fault. Here was only an impending danger of suffering, but no actual loss had accrued. It was a voluntary and unauthorized advance of money, when there was no pressing necessity for payment. I am, therefore, constrained to say, that the defendant is legally entitled to a new trial. -
Smith, J.
James Postell had' mortgaged a tract-of land, that lay on Charleston Neck, to the loan office; and on the 27th August, 1792, he sold the land to the defendant for £603, three hundred and eighty of which defendant paid in cash, and gave the following security for the balance : “I promise'to pay for Col. Pos-tell, what he owes to the loan office for- paper medium, borrowed on the mortgage of a plantation on Charleston Neck, called Paradise, this day bought by me, the sum supposed to be about two hundred and twenty pounds. August 27th, 1793. David Ramsay.”
[384]*384Doctor Ramsay, it appeared, had regularly ever since, paid up to ihe loan office the interest each year, according to the requisitions of the law, but had never been called on to pay th'e principal, But Col. Posteli grew impatient, and without being called on by the loan office, voluntarily paid the amount of the principal of the bond thou due, and commenced his action against the defendant, to-recover it back again.
Circumstances might have occurred, that would have authorized-1 Col. Posteli to pursue this coarse. Had the treasury department threatened him with a suit on the bond, after they should have sold1 the land, for that is the course which has been pursued in similar instances, the plaintiff would not only have had the right, but would have exercised a just prudence towards himself, in paying; the money, and then bringing suit against the defendant to recover it back again. Here would have been a motive, and an act of self defence. I Bacon. “Assumpsit,” one writer says, “isanaction-the law gives a party injured, by the breach or non-performance of a contract legally entered into,” &c. There must be a breach of the contract, either expressed or implied, before the right of action attaches. Doctor Ramsay has not bound himself to pay this sum-of money dt any particular time, but promises to pay what CoL-Postell owes to the loan office, on the mortgage on this plantation, and from the nature of the contract, it would seem that the parties' intended this to be an affair, afterwards, between Doctor Ramsay1 and the loan office ; and if he has been dealt with, as other loan-office debtors, indulged, on paying up annually the interest, with-further time to extinguish the principal, I can see no reason for this voluntary interference of the plaintiff. He was not menaced with an action. There was no alarm from an accumulating interest, that might ultimately fall on Col. Posteli, because Dr. Ramsay discharged it annually. And a mere desire on the part of the plain-tiff to have it finally adjusted, could not justify the measure.
Besides, it is to be remembered, that the very land which Doctor' Ramsay purchased from Col. Posteli, is the land to be relieved by the payment of this money. This land was mortgaged at one third of its real value. Col'. Posteli sold it to fooctor Ramsay for its full value, and received in prompt pay all but the mortgage money. The act establishing the loan office and paper medium, says, the land shall bo mortgaged at one third of its value. And by an act to amend this act, passed the year following, the commissioners, where they have good reason to believe the lands mortgaged, were not represented, as to their value, had the power of refusing, them. [385]*385These lands lay almost at the loan office door, and must have been known to the commissioners, to be of. this three-fold value, twenty. seven years ago. The value of lands in this State generally, and especially in the vicinity of Charleston, since that date, has been enhanced more than two hundred percent. The land at this time has all this accumulated value on it, without any drawback of interest accruing, and is subject to be sold in the hands of Doctor Ramsay, for the payment of this loan office debt.
By, the loan office act, the commissioners, after four weeks default or non-payment, have nothing to do but advertise the land three weeks in the gazette, and sell to the highest bidder. And moreover, the plaintiff would not bear the lossj if any should accrue; by such a proceeding, if it should- take place. Doctor Ramsay must bear it, for he is bouud by his writing to the plaintiff, to relieve the Sand from this incumbrance under which he purchased it. Then if he has purchased the land under this incumbrance', and has obligated himself to relieve it from this incumbrance, he should have no recourse against the plaintiff, if the land should be sold by the State under the mortgage. If it could be supposed, under -this view of the value of the land, that it should sell for a less sum than the principal in the mortgage, the plaintiff might be made' liable on this bond for the residue. But until that event, the land only is liable to bear the burthen, and that in 'the hands of Doctor Ramsay. Therefore, I think the plaintiff was under no sort of obligation, moral or legal, to pay the money on the mortgage. The doing so was an act of his own choice, and he must bear the inconvenience. And I am for a new trial.
The other judges concurred.