Whittle, P.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This was a proceeding by warrant issued by a police justice of the city, of Charlottesville against the plaintiff in error to show cause why it should not be fined for conducting intrastate telegraph business therein without having paid the license tax of $100 imposed by city ordinance for that privilege. The punishment prescribed for violation of the ordinance is a fine of not less than $2.50 nor more than $10.00 for each day’s default. From a judgment of the police justice imposing a fine of $200 for continuing delinquencies the company appealed to the corporation court of the city; and neither party requiring a jury the court found the defendant guilty as charged in the warrant and fixed its fine at $190. To that judgment this writ, of error was awarded.
‘"Plaintiff in error assigns two errors:
First: Because the court did not have jurisdiction to proceed by criminal warrant, the remedy being by civil process only; and
Second: Because the ordinance is unconstitutional, imposing a burden on interstate commerce.
[1, 2] 1. Whatever may have been the holding of earlier cases as to the non-liability of a corporation to indictment or other criminal process, the rule has long been otherwise, in many States of the Union, including Virginia. Commonwealth v. Swift Run Gap Co., 2 Va. Cas. (4 Va.) 362; N. & W. Ry. Co. v. Commonwealth, 93 Va. 749, 24 S. E. 837, 34 L. R. A. 105, 57 Am. St. Rep. 827. See also, 7 R. C. L. 764 et seq., where the subject is discussed. Moreover, the charter of the city of Charlottesville expressly confers jurisdiction to proceed by criminal warrant for violation of [803]*803ordinances imposing license taxes. Acts 1914, sec. 31, p. 419; City Code, sec. 213.
It is'true the ordinance prescribing the license tax in the instant case provides that the delinquent may be summoned before the police justice to show cause why it should not be fined for violation of the ordinance, but that procedure is not exclusive; and though in form the process was a criminal warrant, nevertheless, no arrest was made under it, and it was merely treated as a summons to show cause. If objectionable in form, the process could have been corrected under Va. Code, 1904, sec. 4107. Besides, the procedure in this, instance was similar to that employed in Postal Telegraph-Cable Co. v. City of Norfolk, 118 Va. 455, 87 S. E. 555, where a fine was imposed upon the same company for’ violation of a similar ordinance.
[3] It is obvious that plaintiff in error was not prejudiced by the form of the process; and the irregularity, if irregularity it was, does not constitute reversible error. Burks’ Pl. & Pr. 774.
[4, 5] 2. The second assignment upon which a reversal of thfe judgment is askfed is, “that the ordinance is unconstitutional, being a burden upon interstate commerce.”
To maintain that contention plaintiff in. error introduced its books and two witnesses, the assistant treasurer and district superintendent. The former was not the bookkeeper and did not make the original entries; and the district superintendent admitted that he had no connection with the “financial end of the business.” These witnesses necessarily relied upon information derived from others, and, in the absence of relevant facts within their own knowledge, sought to formulate a theory largely based upon the ratio that expense bears to revenue between the intrastate and interstate telegraphic traffic to show that if the tax be sustained it must trench upon interstate revenue.
The intelligent judge of the corporation court, who tried [804]*804this case without a jury, was of opinion that the evidence, if admissible, was insufficient to establish the contention that the ordinance was unconstitutional. In these , circumstances, the judgment of the lower court is entitled to the same weight as the verdict of a jury. Burks’ PI. & Pr. 767. Besides, that character of evidence has been condemned as insufficient both by this court and by the Supreme Court of the United States. Postal Telegraph-Cable Co. v. City of Norfolk, supra; Postal Telegraph-Cable Co. v. City of Richmond, 249 U. S. 252, 39 Sup. Ct. 265, 63 L. Ed. 590.
The last-named case in essence holds that the superadded circumstances relied on by plaintiff in error to differentiate the instant case from the Norfolk city case are inadequate to establish the contention that the ordinance is a disguised attempt to tax interstate commerce. The identity of the questions presented by the record in this case and in Postal Tel., etc., Co. v. City of Richmond, supra, is vouched for in the following excerpt from the petition for a writ of error (the same counsel representing the telegraph company in both cases) : “There is now pending in the Supreme Court of the United States the case of Postal Tel.-Cable Co. v. City of Richmond, which presents this very question and in which the court has refused the motion of the city to dismiss or affirm. That case is expected to be reached for argument in December.” In point of fact, the unanimous opinion of the court affirming the decree of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Virginia, was handed down by Mr. Justice Clarke on March 17, 1919. There, as here, the effort was made by supplementary evidence to strengthen the weak places pointed out in the opinion of this court in the Norfolk case. The learned justice (249 U. S. at page 257, 39 Sup. Ct. 265, 63 L. Ed. 590) observes: “Except for the contention that this record" shows affirmatively and clearly that the taxes complained' of are necessarily unreasonable and a burden upon inter[805]*805state commerce; the case could well be disposed of without discussion, on the authority of decided cases.” Again, 249 U. S. at page 258, 39 Sup. Ct. 266 (63 L. Ed. 590), it is said: “* * * a careful examination of the récord fails tó convince us that it contains that clear and convicing evidence that the tax thus falls upon interstate commerce, which is necessary to justify a finding that the ordinance is unconstitutional and void.” On page 259 of 249 U. S., at page 266 of 39 Sup. Ct. (63 L. Ed. 590) we quote: “Even if the net returns from the intrastate business should not equal such tax, and it must be paid from interstate earnings, this alone would not be conclusive against its validity. If the method of doing interstate business necessarily imposes duties and liabilities upon a municipality, it may not be charged with the cost of these without just compensation. Even interstate business must pay its way —in this case for its right of way and the expense to others incident to the use of it * * *. Such compensation should also include the expense of inspection of the poles and wires used, and of such supervision of the business conducted in the streets, as may be reasonably necessary to secure the safety of life and property of the inhabitants and of the uses of the streets; but with the authority in the courts, on proper application, to determine whether, under the conditions prevailing in given case, the charge made is reasonably proportionate to the service to be rendered and the liabilities involved, or whether it is a disguised attempt to impose a burden on interstate commerce.” Concluding, at page 261 of 249 U.
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Whittle, P.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
This was a proceeding by warrant issued by a police justice of the city, of Charlottesville against the plaintiff in error to show cause why it should not be fined for conducting intrastate telegraph business therein without having paid the license tax of $100 imposed by city ordinance for that privilege. The punishment prescribed for violation of the ordinance is a fine of not less than $2.50 nor more than $10.00 for each day’s default. From a judgment of the police justice imposing a fine of $200 for continuing delinquencies the company appealed to the corporation court of the city; and neither party requiring a jury the court found the defendant guilty as charged in the warrant and fixed its fine at $190. To that judgment this writ, of error was awarded.
‘"Plaintiff in error assigns two errors:
First: Because the court did not have jurisdiction to proceed by criminal warrant, the remedy being by civil process only; and
Second: Because the ordinance is unconstitutional, imposing a burden on interstate commerce.
[1, 2] 1. Whatever may have been the holding of earlier cases as to the non-liability of a corporation to indictment or other criminal process, the rule has long been otherwise, in many States of the Union, including Virginia. Commonwealth v. Swift Run Gap Co., 2 Va. Cas. (4 Va.) 362; N. & W. Ry. Co. v. Commonwealth, 93 Va. 749, 24 S. E. 837, 34 L. R. A. 105, 57 Am. St. Rep. 827. See also, 7 R. C. L. 764 et seq., where the subject is discussed. Moreover, the charter of the city of Charlottesville expressly confers jurisdiction to proceed by criminal warrant for violation of [803]*803ordinances imposing license taxes. Acts 1914, sec. 31, p. 419; City Code, sec. 213.
It is'true the ordinance prescribing the license tax in the instant case provides that the delinquent may be summoned before the police justice to show cause why it should not be fined for violation of the ordinance, but that procedure is not exclusive; and though in form the process was a criminal warrant, nevertheless, no arrest was made under it, and it was merely treated as a summons to show cause. If objectionable in form, the process could have been corrected under Va. Code, 1904, sec. 4107. Besides, the procedure in this, instance was similar to that employed in Postal Telegraph-Cable Co. v. City of Norfolk, 118 Va. 455, 87 S. E. 555, where a fine was imposed upon the same company for’ violation of a similar ordinance.
[3] It is obvious that plaintiff in error was not prejudiced by the form of the process; and the irregularity, if irregularity it was, does not constitute reversible error. Burks’ Pl. & Pr. 774.
[4, 5] 2. The second assignment upon which a reversal of thfe judgment is askfed is, “that the ordinance is unconstitutional, being a burden upon interstate commerce.”
To maintain that contention plaintiff in. error introduced its books and two witnesses, the assistant treasurer and district superintendent. The former was not the bookkeeper and did not make the original entries; and the district superintendent admitted that he had no connection with the “financial end of the business.” These witnesses necessarily relied upon information derived from others, and, in the absence of relevant facts within their own knowledge, sought to formulate a theory largely based upon the ratio that expense bears to revenue between the intrastate and interstate telegraphic traffic to show that if the tax be sustained it must trench upon interstate revenue.
The intelligent judge of the corporation court, who tried [804]*804this case without a jury, was of opinion that the evidence, if admissible, was insufficient to establish the contention that the ordinance was unconstitutional. In these , circumstances, the judgment of the lower court is entitled to the same weight as the verdict of a jury. Burks’ PI. & Pr. 767. Besides, that character of evidence has been condemned as insufficient both by this court and by the Supreme Court of the United States. Postal Telegraph-Cable Co. v. City of Norfolk, supra; Postal Telegraph-Cable Co. v. City of Richmond, 249 U. S. 252, 39 Sup. Ct. 265, 63 L. Ed. 590.
The last-named case in essence holds that the superadded circumstances relied on by plaintiff in error to differentiate the instant case from the Norfolk city case are inadequate to establish the contention that the ordinance is a disguised attempt to tax interstate commerce. The identity of the questions presented by the record in this case and in Postal Tel., etc., Co. v. City of Richmond, supra, is vouched for in the following excerpt from the petition for a writ of error (the same counsel representing the telegraph company in both cases) : “There is now pending in the Supreme Court of the United States the case of Postal Tel.-Cable Co. v. City of Richmond, which presents this very question and in which the court has refused the motion of the city to dismiss or affirm. That case is expected to be reached for argument in December.” In point of fact, the unanimous opinion of the court affirming the decree of the District Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Virginia, was handed down by Mr. Justice Clarke on March 17, 1919. There, as here, the effort was made by supplementary evidence to strengthen the weak places pointed out in the opinion of this court in the Norfolk case. The learned justice (249 U. S. at page 257, 39 Sup. Ct. 265, 63 L. Ed. 590) observes: “Except for the contention that this record" shows affirmatively and clearly that the taxes complained' of are necessarily unreasonable and a burden upon inter[805]*805state commerce; the case could well be disposed of without discussion, on the authority of decided cases.” Again, 249 U. S. at page 258, 39 Sup. Ct. 266 (63 L. Ed. 590), it is said: “* * * a careful examination of the récord fails tó convince us that it contains that clear and convicing evidence that the tax thus falls upon interstate commerce, which is necessary to justify a finding that the ordinance is unconstitutional and void.” On page 259 of 249 U. S., at page 266 of 39 Sup. Ct. (63 L. Ed. 590) we quote: “Even if the net returns from the intrastate business should not equal such tax, and it must be paid from interstate earnings, this alone would not be conclusive against its validity. If the method of doing interstate business necessarily imposes duties and liabilities upon a municipality, it may not be charged with the cost of these without just compensation. Even interstate business must pay its way —in this case for its right of way and the expense to others incident to the use of it * * *. Such compensation should also include the expense of inspection of the poles and wires used, and of such supervision of the business conducted in the streets, as may be reasonably necessary to secure the safety of life and property of the inhabitants and of the uses of the streets; but with the authority in the courts, on proper application, to determine whether, under the conditions prevailing in given case, the charge made is reasonably proportionate to the service to be rendered and the liabilities involved, or whether it is a disguised attempt to impose a burden on interstate commerce.” Concluding, at page 261 of 249 U. S., at page 267 of 39 Sup. Ct. (63 L. Ed. 590), it is said: “But municipal ordinances which, for constitutional inquiry, are deemed State laws, will be declared void only when clearly shown to be unconstitutional; and this very certainly cannot be said of the ordinances in this case, assailed as they are upon inadequate evidence and upon purely empirical calculations which we are asked to adopt.”
[806]*806[6] In this case the reasonableness of the tax exacted, the character and volume of business considered, would seem to refute the suggestion that it is a disguised attempt to impose a burden on interstate commerce. However that may be, the identity of the question involved being conceded, and the' character of evidence in both cases being substantially the same, the decision in the Richmond case is conclusive and renders further discussion of this case unnecessary.
The judgment complained of is without error and must be affirmed.
Affirmed.