JUDGE LEWIS
DELIVERED THE OPINION OE THE COURT.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the Kenton circuit court ordering to probate a paper dated June '8,. 1868, as the last will of Mrs. Lucy L. Porter, who died in 1881.
The paper was wholly written and subscribed by her. But a,t the date it bears she was a married woman, the-wife of Thomas Porter, who died in 1875.
By it she devised to her daughter," Mrs. Lucy E. Ford, her residence in the city of Covington, and all her personal property except certain specific legacies, which she directed paid to the Baptist Home Missions, to her son, Thomas Porter, Jr., and two grandchildren. There is also a clause directing that her husband shall have the full benefit of a home with her daughter and necessary furniture.
Mrs. Pprter received the real estate mentioned under the will of her father; the personal property was subsequently acquired by the will of her husband.
It appears that the paper in contest was found after her death in a trunk where she kept her private papers, that only herself and her grandson, whom she instructed, knew how to open. And when found it was. inside an envelope, which was inclosed in tw® others,, [193]*193the outer one only being then sealed, though the other two appear to have been previously sealed. There is an endorsement in her handwriting upon each envelope. Upon the first are written the words “Lucy Porter, private;” upon the next,’ “private, Lucy Porter;” and upon the outer one, which is the largest, “private, not to be opened until my death} Lucy Porter.”
Subsequent to the death of her husband, Mrs. Porter frequently stated she had made a will devising all her property, except a few legacies, to her daughter, Mrs. Ford, giving as her reason for so disposing of it that her other children had received more than their shares from their father, and also said that her will would be found after her death in her trunk.
There were originally in the body of the instrument two gifts to Lucy Ford, now Mrs. Whitlock, a daughter of Mrs. Ford; one of them being a silk quilt and the other one thousand dollars. ■ Both of these gifts have been erased, though by close inspection they may be indistinctly seen. To Mrs. Ford the testatrix said, in explanation, that she had given to Mrs. Whitlock the silk quilt, but having afterwards made a bridal present of it to another person, she erased the gift from the will. And to Mrs. Whitlock she stated she had given her one thousand dollars by her will, but since her, Mrs. Whitlock’s marriage, she had erased it, inasmuch as she was then well provided for and did not need the money as much as her mother. As both the occurrences, which constituted the reasons for the two erasures, took place subsequent to the death of Mrs. Porter’s husband, the changes must have been made after that event.
[194]*194The disposition of her property by the paper in contest, as well as the reasons therefor, as stated in it, are ■entirely consistent with the repeated expression of her wishes and intentions made after the death of her husband, as well as with the declarations of both of them made before he died. And when the erasures made by her, the condition of the envelopes and endorsements thereon corresponding with, if not conclusive evidence of the changes made by her from time to time, and the ■care with which it was finally sealed up and placed in her trunk, are considered in connection with her frequent consistent and uniform declarations in respect to it, the conclusion is inevitable that the paper in contest was after the death of her husband deliberately adopted, recognized, and intended by Mrs. Porter to be her last will.
Such being the case, and no controversy arising as to the paper being wholly written or subscribed by her, nor as to her mental capacity to make a will, the only question presented is, whether it should be held a valid will, notwithstanding it was written in 1868, while she was a married woman.
The sections of chapter 113, General Statutes, which have any application, are as follows:
“Section 2. Every person of sound mind not being under twenty-one years of age, nor a married woman, may, by will, dispose of any estate, right, or interest in real or personal estate that he may be entitled to at his ■death, which would otherwise descend to his heirs or pass to his personal representatives; and though he may become so entitled after the execution of his wiU.”
“ Section 5. No will shall be valid unless it is in writ[195]*195ing, with the name of the testator subscribed thereto by himself, or by some other person in his presence, and by his direction ; and, moreover, if not toholly written by the testator the subscription shall be made, or the will acknowledged by him in the presence of at least two credible witnesses, who shall subscribe the will with their names in the presence of the testator.”
We have not been able to find any case arising under the statutes of wills in this State or similar statutes ■ elsewhere in which the exact question now presented has been definitely decided. Nor is there any provision of the General Statutes which fully meets this case. It must, therefore, be determined according to the reason and analogy of the law.”
“Publication, when spoken of a will, signifies that a testator has done some act from which it can be concluded that he intended the instrument to operate as a will.” Bouvier’s Law Dictionary. And in order to insure identity and prevent fraudulent additions to, or alterations of, the instrument, the General Statutes require in every case, when the will is not wholly written by the testator, that “the subscription shall be made, or the will acknowledged by him in the presence of at least two witnesses, who shall subscribe the will with their names in the presence of the testator.”
But in the case of a holograph will, no acknowledgment by the testator, attestation by witnesses, nor any other mode of publication than that it be wholly written and subscribed by the testator, is necessary to make it valid.
By section 11 it is provided, that £ £ no will or codicil, or any part thereof which shall be in any manner [196]*196revoked, shall after being revoked, be revived otherwise than by re-execution thereof, or by a codicil executed in the manner hereinbefore required; and then only to the extent to which an intention to revive the same is shown thereby.”
Even if it be conceded that this section has reference to a will wholly written by the testator, as well as to one that is required to be acknowledged and attested in the manner prescribed in section 5, still, as the object of the section is merely to provide the mode in which a will that has been revoked may be revived, it can have no application to the will of a married woman, which,, being invalid or inoperative during coverture, can not,, in the meaning of the statute, be revoked.
In this case there has been no revocation, and consequently, the will could not be a revived in the sense-the word is used in section eleven. But the paper which was wholly written and subscribed by the testatrix, while she was a married woman, has, after the death of her husband, and when she became capable of' making a will, been adopted, identified, and left by her as her will.
Does the law require more to be done than has been done in this case ? We think not.
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JUDGE LEWIS
DELIVERED THE OPINION OE THE COURT.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the Kenton circuit court ordering to probate a paper dated June '8,. 1868, as the last will of Mrs. Lucy L. Porter, who died in 1881.
The paper was wholly written and subscribed by her. But a,t the date it bears she was a married woman, the-wife of Thomas Porter, who died in 1875.
By it she devised to her daughter," Mrs. Lucy E. Ford, her residence in the city of Covington, and all her personal property except certain specific legacies, which she directed paid to the Baptist Home Missions, to her son, Thomas Porter, Jr., and two grandchildren. There is also a clause directing that her husband shall have the full benefit of a home with her daughter and necessary furniture.
Mrs. Pprter received the real estate mentioned under the will of her father; the personal property was subsequently acquired by the will of her husband.
It appears that the paper in contest was found after her death in a trunk where she kept her private papers, that only herself and her grandson, whom she instructed, knew how to open. And when found it was. inside an envelope, which was inclosed in tw® others,, [193]*193the outer one only being then sealed, though the other two appear to have been previously sealed. There is an endorsement in her handwriting upon each envelope. Upon the first are written the words “Lucy Porter, private;” upon the next,’ “private, Lucy Porter;” and upon the outer one, which is the largest, “private, not to be opened until my death} Lucy Porter.”
Subsequent to the death of her husband, Mrs. Porter frequently stated she had made a will devising all her property, except a few legacies, to her daughter, Mrs. Ford, giving as her reason for so disposing of it that her other children had received more than their shares from their father, and also said that her will would be found after her death in her trunk.
There were originally in the body of the instrument two gifts to Lucy Ford, now Mrs. Whitlock, a daughter of Mrs. Ford; one of them being a silk quilt and the other one thousand dollars. ■ Both of these gifts have been erased, though by close inspection they may be indistinctly seen. To Mrs. Ford the testatrix said, in explanation, that she had given to Mrs. Whitlock the silk quilt, but having afterwards made a bridal present of it to another person, she erased the gift from the will. And to Mrs. Whitlock she stated she had given her one thousand dollars by her will, but since her, Mrs. Whitlock’s marriage, she had erased it, inasmuch as she was then well provided for and did not need the money as much as her mother. As both the occurrences, which constituted the reasons for the two erasures, took place subsequent to the death of Mrs. Porter’s husband, the changes must have been made after that event.
[194]*194The disposition of her property by the paper in contest, as well as the reasons therefor, as stated in it, are ■entirely consistent with the repeated expression of her wishes and intentions made after the death of her husband, as well as with the declarations of both of them made before he died. And when the erasures made by her, the condition of the envelopes and endorsements thereon corresponding with, if not conclusive evidence of the changes made by her from time to time, and the ■care with which it was finally sealed up and placed in her trunk, are considered in connection with her frequent consistent and uniform declarations in respect to it, the conclusion is inevitable that the paper in contest was after the death of her husband deliberately adopted, recognized, and intended by Mrs. Porter to be her last will.
Such being the case, and no controversy arising as to the paper being wholly written or subscribed by her, nor as to her mental capacity to make a will, the only question presented is, whether it should be held a valid will, notwithstanding it was written in 1868, while she was a married woman.
The sections of chapter 113, General Statutes, which have any application, are as follows:
“Section 2. Every person of sound mind not being under twenty-one years of age, nor a married woman, may, by will, dispose of any estate, right, or interest in real or personal estate that he may be entitled to at his ■death, which would otherwise descend to his heirs or pass to his personal representatives; and though he may become so entitled after the execution of his wiU.”
“ Section 5. No will shall be valid unless it is in writ[195]*195ing, with the name of the testator subscribed thereto by himself, or by some other person in his presence, and by his direction ; and, moreover, if not toholly written by the testator the subscription shall be made, or the will acknowledged by him in the presence of at least two credible witnesses, who shall subscribe the will with their names in the presence of the testator.”
We have not been able to find any case arising under the statutes of wills in this State or similar statutes ■ elsewhere in which the exact question now presented has been definitely decided. Nor is there any provision of the General Statutes which fully meets this case. It must, therefore, be determined according to the reason and analogy of the law.”
“Publication, when spoken of a will, signifies that a testator has done some act from which it can be concluded that he intended the instrument to operate as a will.” Bouvier’s Law Dictionary. And in order to insure identity and prevent fraudulent additions to, or alterations of, the instrument, the General Statutes require in every case, when the will is not wholly written by the testator, that “the subscription shall be made, or the will acknowledged by him in the presence of at least two witnesses, who shall subscribe the will with their names in the presence of the testator.”
But in the case of a holograph will, no acknowledgment by the testator, attestation by witnesses, nor any other mode of publication than that it be wholly written and subscribed by the testator, is necessary to make it valid.
By section 11 it is provided, that £ £ no will or codicil, or any part thereof which shall be in any manner [196]*196revoked, shall after being revoked, be revived otherwise than by re-execution thereof, or by a codicil executed in the manner hereinbefore required; and then only to the extent to which an intention to revive the same is shown thereby.”
Even if it be conceded that this section has reference to a will wholly written by the testator, as well as to one that is required to be acknowledged and attested in the manner prescribed in section 5, still, as the object of the section is merely to provide the mode in which a will that has been revoked may be revived, it can have no application to the will of a married woman, which,, being invalid or inoperative during coverture, can not,, in the meaning of the statute, be revoked.
In this case there has been no revocation, and consequently, the will could not be a revived in the sense-the word is used in section eleven. But the paper which was wholly written and subscribed by the testatrix, while she was a married woman, has, after the death of her husband, and when she became capable of' making a will, been adopted, identified, and left by her as her will.
Does the law require more to be done than has been done in this case ? We think not. For certainly there-is no provision in the General Statutes which either in terms or by necessary implication requires the holograph will of a married woman to be re-written or re-subscribed after she becomes dis-covert in order to make it valid. Nor is there any reason why the will in this case should not be held valid.
It is as fully identified, and as certainly and entirely the will of Mrs. Porter, as if she had re-written and. [197]*197■dated .it after the death of her husband. For, when ■competent to make a will, she acknowledged, recognized, and by repeated and unequivocal acts and •declarations made it conclusive - that she desired and intended the instrument to operate'as her will.
The - objection urged that oral testimony must be -relied on in this case in order to establish the paper in contest as the will of Mrs. Porter applies here no -more than in any other case. For this will, like every -other valid will, speaks - for itself, and the simple inquiry is whether it is her will, and to that extent, and for that purpose only, is it necessary to rely upon oral ■testimony.
As has been often held '“in every adjudication of this court involving the publication and attestation •of wills, a substantial, rather than a literal compliance •with the statute, has been demanded, and if its object •and intent were reached without a violation of its express language, that is all that has been required.” 'Howard v. Soward, 1 Duvall, 126.
As the paper in contest, beyond any controversy, disposes of the estate left by Mrs. Porter according to her ■wish and intention, and was, while she was competent, .and had the right under the law to make a will, ■adopted, recognized, and left for her will, it should be ■admitted to probate as such. For, in our opinion, it ■can be done without a violation of either the letter .or spirit of the statute.
Wherefore the judgment is affirmed.