Leonard, C.
The agreement of March, 1851, to extinguish the right to use the railway running transversely through the cellars of the four stores on Ely place, Binghamton, was found by the judge before whom the action was tried at the circuit, on parol evidence, and an exception was there taken to its admissibility, and it must be conceded that if such evidence was illegally admitted, the fact of the agreement so found is not sustained by testimony.
It will be necessary briefly to consider the evidence relating to the origin of the right, so as to ascertain the true aspect of the question. Cyrus Strong is the common source of title of the four stores, and appears to have constructed the railway for the purpose of transporting heavy freight over it from the Chenango canal to each of them. The stores were numbered
respectively 1, 2, 3 and 4, and No. 1, adjoined the tow-path of the canal on the east, and the servitude appears to have been due from the stores nearest the canal, having the smaller numbers, to those situated westerly therefrom, and having the larger numbers. The first conveyance was of No. 1 from Strong to Benjamin F. Sisson, in March, 1849, but it appears from the deeds that an earlier contract was made by Strong for the sale and conveyance of No. 2 to George W. Gregory. In April, 1850, Strong conveyed No. 3 to the defendant, Thomas O’Hara. The railway is referred to in these deeds, and also in that conveying No. 3 to Gregory, in substantially the same terms. The following, as a sample, is from the deed of No. 3, to O’Hara, viz.:
“
The said Cyrus Strong excepting and reserving the railway in the cellar of the premises conveyed, with the right to him and his heirs, or assigns, at all times to pass or repass at their pleasure.” The said three persons, Sisson, Gregory and O’Hara, so owning and occupying the said stores, Nos. 1, 2 and 3, united in purchasing from Strong the store No. 4, which he conveyed to them by deed, April 1, 1851, in which the railway is mentioned as follows, viz.: “ The said Cyrus Strong also hereby releases
by”
(meaning “ to ”) “ the parties of the second part, all his right and title to the railway in the cellars of the adjoining premises heretofore conveyed to Benjamin F. Sisson and Thomas O’Hara, and contracted to be conveyed to George W. Gregory.” It thus appears that Cyrus Strong constructed the railway while he was the owner of all the stores; that he reserved the right to use it, to himself, his heirs and assigns, by each of the deeds conveying stores Nos. 1, 2 and 3, and that each of the successive grantees of Nos. 2 and 3 took the right of common use of the railway by their deeds as the assignee of Strong, while he still remained the owner of store No. 4, having the dominant right to the use of the way as such owner, and that by his deed of No. 4, in March, 1851, he released the entire right of way so that Sisson, Gregory and O’Hara became the owners of the way exclusively. The mode adopted is a very inartificial one for creating a right of way or easement, by
deed or grant, but such is the fair intent and construction. It is the general rule that a right of way or easement acquired by deed, can be extinguished only by a deed. A right acquired by prescription may be lost by non-user, but not when acquired by deed.
(Jewett
v.
Jewett,
16 Barb. R., 150;
Smyles
v.
Hastings,
22 N. Y. 211, 224.) A right of way created by deed is a freehold interest, if the grant be to heirs and assigns. (Kent’s Com., 419, marg.) Were there no exceptions ■to the general statutory rule forbidding an estate or interest in land to be granted, assigned, surrendered or declared unless by operation of law, or by deed in writing, subscribed by the party, it is entirely clear that the evidence would not support the finding of an effective or valid agreement to extinguish the right of way here claimed by the defendant. (2 B. S., 134, § 6, marg.) The tenth section of the same chapter and title provides that the powers of courts of equity to compel the specific performance of agreement in cases of part performance thereof are not abridged by anything in that title contained. In my opinion the present case is an exception to the general rule referred to.
It appears from the facts found by the judge below that the agreement to extinguish the way, and to purchase the store Bo. 4 for that purpose, were one and identical. He finds that “ in March, 1851, Gregory, Sisson and O’Hara, for the purpose of extinguishing the railway, agreed among themselves that they would jointly purchase Strong’s store, Bo. 4, and extinguish and close up this railway.”
Chancellor Walworth says:
“
The principle upon which courts of equity hold that a part performance of a parol agreement is sufficient to take a case out of the statute of frauds, is that a party who has permitted another to perform acts on the faith of an agreement shall not be allowed to insist that the agreement is invalid because it was not in writing, and that he is entitled to treat those acts as if the agreement, in compliance with which they were performed, had not been made.”
(Lowry
v.
Tew,
3 Barb. Ch. R., 413.)
It is said in an analogous case that it would operate as a
fraud, unless the agreement was carried into execution.
(Malins
v. Brown; 4 N. Y., 404, 407;
Lobdell
v. Lobdell, 36 N. Y., 327, 331; 3 Parsons on Contracts, 359; Story’s Eq. Ju., § 759.) These authorities fully sustain the application of the equitable rule in this case.
The defendant united with Gregory and Sisson to purchase the store No. 4, in the faith and confidence that the railway was to be extinguished.
The dominant premises, store No. 4, to which the three others were servient, was purchased, the money of the parties paid, not more for the purpose of acquiring that store than to extinguish the railway. The purpose was carried into effect by Gregory, and the way was closed by a substantial wall of stone and mortar soon after the store No. 4 was purchased, and so remained at the time the plaintiff purchased store No. 2 of Gregory in 1858, and continued until taken down under the said agreement in 1862. It is found that the purpose of extinguishing the railway was the object of the parties. It may well be said, if that object is defeated, it would operate as a fraud upon Sisson and Gregory and their assignees. The plaintiff, as the assignee of Gregory, must be held entitled to the benefit of the extinguishment of the way, so far as it pertained to the premises which were conveyed to him by Gregory or his assignees.
It is urged that secondary evidence was improperly admitted to prove that a provision was inserted by mistake in the deed from Gregory to the plaintiff, executed in 1858, “ excepting and reserving the railway and track through the cellar, to be at all times open for the use of the grantor and his assigns.” This deed was introduced in evidence by the defendant, and was relied on to prove an admission by the parties to the deed, Pope and Gregory, that the right of way was in existence in 1858, when it was executed, and as tending also to impair the credit of Gregory, as a witness for the plaintiff, to prove the agreement between O’Hara, Sisson and Gregory, in 1851, for the extinguishment of the railway.
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Leonard, C.
The agreement of March, 1851, to extinguish the right to use the railway running transversely through the cellars of the four stores on Ely place, Binghamton, was found by the judge before whom the action was tried at the circuit, on parol evidence, and an exception was there taken to its admissibility, and it must be conceded that if such evidence was illegally admitted, the fact of the agreement so found is not sustained by testimony.
It will be necessary briefly to consider the evidence relating to the origin of the right, so as to ascertain the true aspect of the question. Cyrus Strong is the common source of title of the four stores, and appears to have constructed the railway for the purpose of transporting heavy freight over it from the Chenango canal to each of them. The stores were numbered
respectively 1, 2, 3 and 4, and No. 1, adjoined the tow-path of the canal on the east, and the servitude appears to have been due from the stores nearest the canal, having the smaller numbers, to those situated westerly therefrom, and having the larger numbers. The first conveyance was of No. 1 from Strong to Benjamin F. Sisson, in March, 1849, but it appears from the deeds that an earlier contract was made by Strong for the sale and conveyance of No. 2 to George W. Gregory. In April, 1850, Strong conveyed No. 3 to the defendant, Thomas O’Hara. The railway is referred to in these deeds, and also in that conveying No. 3 to Gregory, in substantially the same terms. The following, as a sample, is from the deed of No. 3, to O’Hara, viz.:
“
The said Cyrus Strong excepting and reserving the railway in the cellar of the premises conveyed, with the right to him and his heirs, or assigns, at all times to pass or repass at their pleasure.” The said three persons, Sisson, Gregory and O’Hara, so owning and occupying the said stores, Nos. 1, 2 and 3, united in purchasing from Strong the store No. 4, which he conveyed to them by deed, April 1, 1851, in which the railway is mentioned as follows, viz.: “ The said Cyrus Strong also hereby releases
by”
(meaning “ to ”) “ the parties of the second part, all his right and title to the railway in the cellars of the adjoining premises heretofore conveyed to Benjamin F. Sisson and Thomas O’Hara, and contracted to be conveyed to George W. Gregory.” It thus appears that Cyrus Strong constructed the railway while he was the owner of all the stores; that he reserved the right to use it, to himself, his heirs and assigns, by each of the deeds conveying stores Nos. 1, 2 and 3, and that each of the successive grantees of Nos. 2 and 3 took the right of common use of the railway by their deeds as the assignee of Strong, while he still remained the owner of store No. 4, having the dominant right to the use of the way as such owner, and that by his deed of No. 4, in March, 1851, he released the entire right of way so that Sisson, Gregory and O’Hara became the owners of the way exclusively. The mode adopted is a very inartificial one for creating a right of way or easement, by
deed or grant, but such is the fair intent and construction. It is the general rule that a right of way or easement acquired by deed, can be extinguished only by a deed. A right acquired by prescription may be lost by non-user, but not when acquired by deed.
(Jewett
v.
Jewett,
16 Barb. R., 150;
Smyles
v.
Hastings,
22 N. Y. 211, 224.) A right of way created by deed is a freehold interest, if the grant be to heirs and assigns. (Kent’s Com., 419, marg.) Were there no exceptions ■to the general statutory rule forbidding an estate or interest in land to be granted, assigned, surrendered or declared unless by operation of law, or by deed in writing, subscribed by the party, it is entirely clear that the evidence would not support the finding of an effective or valid agreement to extinguish the right of way here claimed by the defendant. (2 B. S., 134, § 6, marg.) The tenth section of the same chapter and title provides that the powers of courts of equity to compel the specific performance of agreement in cases of part performance thereof are not abridged by anything in that title contained. In my opinion the present case is an exception to the general rule referred to.
It appears from the facts found by the judge below that the agreement to extinguish the way, and to purchase the store Bo. 4 for that purpose, were one and identical. He finds that “ in March, 1851, Gregory, Sisson and O’Hara, for the purpose of extinguishing the railway, agreed among themselves that they would jointly purchase Strong’s store, Bo. 4, and extinguish and close up this railway.”
Chancellor Walworth says:
“
The principle upon which courts of equity hold that a part performance of a parol agreement is sufficient to take a case out of the statute of frauds, is that a party who has permitted another to perform acts on the faith of an agreement shall not be allowed to insist that the agreement is invalid because it was not in writing, and that he is entitled to treat those acts as if the agreement, in compliance with which they were performed, had not been made.”
(Lowry
v.
Tew,
3 Barb. Ch. R., 413.)
It is said in an analogous case that it would operate as a
fraud, unless the agreement was carried into execution.
(Malins
v. Brown; 4 N. Y., 404, 407;
Lobdell
v. Lobdell, 36 N. Y., 327, 331; 3 Parsons on Contracts, 359; Story’s Eq. Ju., § 759.) These authorities fully sustain the application of the equitable rule in this case.
The defendant united with Gregory and Sisson to purchase the store No. 4, in the faith and confidence that the railway was to be extinguished.
The dominant premises, store No. 4, to which the three others were servient, was purchased, the money of the parties paid, not more for the purpose of acquiring that store than to extinguish the railway. The purpose was carried into effect by Gregory, and the way was closed by a substantial wall of stone and mortar soon after the store No. 4 was purchased, and so remained at the time the plaintiff purchased store No. 2 of Gregory in 1858, and continued until taken down under the said agreement in 1862. It is found that the purpose of extinguishing the railway was the object of the parties. It may well be said, if that object is defeated, it would operate as a fraud upon Sisson and Gregory and their assignees. The plaintiff, as the assignee of Gregory, must be held entitled to the benefit of the extinguishment of the way, so far as it pertained to the premises which were conveyed to him by Gregory or his assignees.
It is urged that secondary evidence was improperly admitted to prove that a provision was inserted by mistake in the deed from Gregory to the plaintiff, executed in 1858, “ excepting and reserving the railway and track through the cellar, to be at all times open for the use of the grantor and his assigns.” This deed was introduced in evidence by the defendant, and was relied on to prove an admission by the parties to the deed, Pope and Gregory, that the right of way was in existence in 1858, when it was executed, and as tending also to impair the credit of Gregory, as a witness for the plaintiff, to prove the agreement between O’Hara, Sisson and Gregory, in 1851, for the extinguishment of the railway.
It is to be observed that O’Hara is a stranger to this deed.
As between the parties to that deed, there was no dispute. They were agreed that the provision was there hy mistake, and without any agreement having been made between them that there was any such right in existence or to be reserved. The plaintiff was not estopped from proving the mistake as against O’Hara, the defendant, who was a stranger to the deed. (1 Greenleaf’s Ev., § 211.)
It should be observed that this deed makes a reservation simply, and does not declare that the premises are subject to a right of way in favor of other premises, nor of any person except the grantor and his assigns; it is a
reservation
of a right to the grantor and his assigns only, where the grantor had no premises to which the right could attach, either in his own favor or in favor of an assignee. This is a circumstance strongly corroborating the evidence as given, that the mistake occurred by employing a scrivener who copied the deed from that of Strong to Gregory, and was not read by the parties to the deed.
The deed from Strong to Gregory in 1853, which contains the reservation of the right of way in the cellar in the same form, substantially, as those to Sisson and O’Hara for stores Nos. 1 and 2, having been executed subsequent to the alleged extinguishment of the easement, is urged as a record admission by Gregory of such importance as to estop him and his assignees from making such claim.
Mr. Strong had conveyed the three other stores with the right of way, and, as the right had never been extinguished by deed, he could not be entirely safe against liability on his deeds for the other stores, in respect to such right, unless he made his conveyance of No. 2 to Gregory, so as to continue the right of way. The reservation of the right by the deed to Gregory did not revive or re-create . a right in favor of O’Hara, nor did it injure or affect the rights acquired by the parties to the agreement of March, 1851, for the purchase of store No. 4 and the extinguishment of the easement. The defendant was at liberty to urge, at the trial, such consideration for the deeds from Strong to Gregory, and from Gregory
to the plaintiff, tending to affect the degree of credit to be given to the evidence of Gregory and the plaintiff, as they appeared to demand; but the facts, having been found upon competent evidence, are considered conclusive in a court having the review of errors of law only, and cannot be here examined.
The cases of
Corning
v.
Gould (16
Wend. R., 531) and
Crain
v.
Fox
(16 Barb. R., 184) were urged upon our attention by counsel, but they are not believed to be applicable to the present case. In those cases an obstruction to the easement, erected or created by a party to whom the servitude was due in whole or in part, or by the owner of the dominant estate, was held to extinguish the right. And it was correctly observed by the counsel for the appellant that those cases are in vindication of the rights of purchasers in good faith while the easement was so obstructed.
O’Hara, the owner of Ho. 3 and also of Ho. 4, by deeds from Sisson and from the assignees of Gregory for their two-thirds interest in store Ho. 4, holding the dominant estate until the easement was extinguished, has not erected or created any obstruction to the enjoyment of the right. The present ease is distinguishable from those referred to above in this respect. I will briefly mention two other subjects supposed to entitle the defendant to a new trial.
The intermediate deeds from Gregory and his assignees to O’Hara, for the one-third interest of Gregory in store Ho. 4, contain no reference to the railway, but do grant the appurtenances. The use of the word
ag>j)urtencmces
in those deeds has been correctly held not to recognize or create a right of way across Ho. 2 after the right had been extinguished by the prior agreement of 1851.
The deed of Sisson to O’Hara for his one-third interest in store Ho. 4 is dated in April, 1853, and conveys all the right to the railway, and the right to pass and repass, which he acquired by the deed for that store executed by Strong, April 1st, 1851.
That deed from Sisson could create no right of way in the
cellar of store Mo. 2, if the right had heen previously extinguished, as it has heen found to have been, by the agreement of March, 1851.
■ These deeds, like some of the others before mentioned, might be supposed to have affected, in some degree, the credit of some of the plaintiff’s witnesses who testified to the agreement for the extinguishment of the right of way, but their weight as evidence has been passed upon by the court below, and found not to sustain the claim of the defendant.
The evidence of a parol agreement having been properly admitted and found to be valid, and operative as an equitable estoppel to extinguish the right of way claimed by the defendant, by reason of its part performance, the judgment appealed from should be affirmed with costs.
All concur.
Lott, Oh. 0., concurs on the ground that the writing between the parties controls and estops defendant from questioning acts done under it.
^
Judgment affirmed.