IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 96-8164
D.C. Docket No. 4:94-CV-12(DF)
CAROL L. POOLE, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus THE COUNTRY CLUB OF COLUMBUS, INC., VAFA GHALAGHIR, individually and as General Manager, Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia
(November 17, 1997)
Before COX and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and HUNT*, District Judge.
HUNT, District Judge:
Plaintiff Carol L. Poole appeals the district court’s order granting summary judgment to
defendant The Country Club of Columbus (“CCC”) on plaintiff’s age discrimination claims and
dismissing plaintiff’s pendent state law claims. Poole brought suit claiming defendants CCC and
____________________________
*Honorable Willis B. Hunt, Jr., U.S. District Judge for the Northern District of Georgia, sitting
by designation. Vafa Ghalaghir impermissibly discriminated against her because of her age, retaliated against her
for engaging in a statutorily protected activity, and committed various state law torts. In support
of her age discrimination claim, Poole alleges that she was constructively discharged from CCC.
Because we find that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Poole was constructively
discharged, we reverse the district court and remand this action for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
After working as Ghalaghir’s executive secretary for almost two years, plaintiff Carol L.
Poole, who was fifty-six years old at the time, was told that her duties and responsibilities would
be reduced to virtually nothing. Until this, Poole’s duties to Ghalaghir, the General Manager of
CCC, included typing correspondence, taking minutes at board meetings, supervising
receptionists, and purchasing office supplies. The change in the relationship between Ghalaghir
and Poole was not an abrupt shift; tensions between the two had been mounting for some time.
In early 1992, Ghalaghir’s wife routinely displaced Poole from her desk and computer, and began
performing many of the typing duties previously handled by Poole. In July 1992, Poole gave an
unsworn statement in support of six former employees who were suing CCC and Ghalaghir for
age discrimination. Four days later, Ghalaghir sent a security guard to Poole’s home at night to
retrieve her key to Ghalaghir’s office. The security guard stated that Ghalaghir had lost his key,
but Poole’s key was never returned to her. About this same time, Poole injured her right eye while
at work, but Ghalaghir refused to submit Poole’s worker’s compensation claim to the insurance
carrier, instead waiting almost a year and then forcing Poole to submit it herself. Plaintiff offers
2 evidence that Ghalaghir also made remarks to her and to others regarding Poole’s age. For
example, Ghalaghir allegedly said to Poole that “you’re as old as my mother,” and said to others
that he was “too fast paced for an elderly secretary” and that Poole “was too old, had too many
lines in her face, and too many gray hairs.”
Beginning in April 1992, Poole began taking anti-depressant medication after contacting
her regular physician complaining of stress related disorders. This was Poole’s fourth episode of
seeking medical advice for stress since 1989. In August 1992, Poole’s physician recommended
to CCC that Poole take a five day vacation, a request which CCC granted, and that CCC enact
provisions to reduce Poole’s stress. Poole returned to work on a Tuesday, and that day, as well
as the two following days, Poole was not allowed to use her desk or computer, which were
occupied by Ghalaghir’s wife. Instead, Poole was sent to the business office, and spent three days
stuffing envelopes and correcting two letters that had already been entered into a word processor.
On Friday of that week, Ghalaghir told Poole that she was being relieved of all existing
responsibilities and that she was being transferred to the business office, but that her pay and
benefits would not decrease. Plaintiff alleges that Ghalaghir instructed other employees not to
speak to her, that once in the business office she was given only a chair with no desk, that she was
not allowed to pack her belongings herself, and that, because Poole had no place to store her
belongings, they were placed next to her chair in boxes. Moreover, Plaintiff alleges that no duties
or responsibilities attached to her new position. Poole spent only a few days in her new job before
resigning.
3 After filing a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission, plaintiff brought suit against defendants in the United States District Court for the
Middle District of Georgia. Plaintiff’s complaint seeks damages under the Age Discrimination
in Employment Act of 1967, 29 U.S.C. §623(a) and (d) (“ADEA”), and for intentional infliction
of emotional distress, negligent supervision, and negligent retention under laws of the State of
Georgia. The district court dismissed plaintiff’s claims as to defendant Ghalaghir, relying on
Eleventh Circuit law that holds that only the employer, and not the individual wrongdoer, is liable
for ADEA violations.1 The district court granted defendant CCC’s motion for summary judgment
on the ADEA claim and dismissed without prejudice the supplemental state law claims. Without
reaching the issue of whether defendant CCC was motivated by impermissible discriminatory
intent, the district court found that, as a matter of law, plaintiff voluntarily resigned, and thus was
not constructively discharged. In light of this finding, the district court held that plaintiff could
not succeed on her ADEA claim, since plaintiff suffered no adverse employment decision, an
element of a successful claim.
DISCUSSION
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same
standard the district court applied. Killinger v. Sanford Univ., 113 F.3d 196, 198 (11th Cir. 1997);
Walls v. Button Gwinnett Bancorp., Inc., 1 F.3d 1198, 1200 (11th Cir. 1993). Pursuant to Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), summary judgment shall be granted “if the pleadings, depositions,
1 Plaintiff has not appealed this portion of the district court’s order.
4 answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A fact is material if, under applicable substantive law,
it might affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 106
S. Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L. Ed.2d 202 (1986); Tipton v. Bergrohr GMBH-Siegen, 965 F.2d 994, 998
(11th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 911, 113 S. Ct. 1259, 122 L. Ed.2d 657 (1993).
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IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
No. 96-8164
D.C. Docket No. 4:94-CV-12(DF)
CAROL L. POOLE, Plaintiff-Appellant, versus THE COUNTRY CLUB OF COLUMBUS, INC., VAFA GHALAGHIR, individually and as General Manager, Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia
(November 17, 1997)
Before COX and BARKETT, Circuit Judges, and HUNT*, District Judge.
HUNT, District Judge:
Plaintiff Carol L. Poole appeals the district court’s order granting summary judgment to
defendant The Country Club of Columbus (“CCC”) on plaintiff’s age discrimination claims and
dismissing plaintiff’s pendent state law claims. Poole brought suit claiming defendants CCC and
____________________________
*Honorable Willis B. Hunt, Jr., U.S. District Judge for the Northern District of Georgia, sitting
by designation. Vafa Ghalaghir impermissibly discriminated against her because of her age, retaliated against her
for engaging in a statutorily protected activity, and committed various state law torts. In support
of her age discrimination claim, Poole alleges that she was constructively discharged from CCC.
Because we find that a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether Poole was constructively
discharged, we reverse the district court and remand this action for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
After working as Ghalaghir’s executive secretary for almost two years, plaintiff Carol L.
Poole, who was fifty-six years old at the time, was told that her duties and responsibilities would
be reduced to virtually nothing. Until this, Poole’s duties to Ghalaghir, the General Manager of
CCC, included typing correspondence, taking minutes at board meetings, supervising
receptionists, and purchasing office supplies. The change in the relationship between Ghalaghir
and Poole was not an abrupt shift; tensions between the two had been mounting for some time.
In early 1992, Ghalaghir’s wife routinely displaced Poole from her desk and computer, and began
performing many of the typing duties previously handled by Poole. In July 1992, Poole gave an
unsworn statement in support of six former employees who were suing CCC and Ghalaghir for
age discrimination. Four days later, Ghalaghir sent a security guard to Poole’s home at night to
retrieve her key to Ghalaghir’s office. The security guard stated that Ghalaghir had lost his key,
but Poole’s key was never returned to her. About this same time, Poole injured her right eye while
at work, but Ghalaghir refused to submit Poole’s worker’s compensation claim to the insurance
carrier, instead waiting almost a year and then forcing Poole to submit it herself. Plaintiff offers
2 evidence that Ghalaghir also made remarks to her and to others regarding Poole’s age. For
example, Ghalaghir allegedly said to Poole that “you’re as old as my mother,” and said to others
that he was “too fast paced for an elderly secretary” and that Poole “was too old, had too many
lines in her face, and too many gray hairs.”
Beginning in April 1992, Poole began taking anti-depressant medication after contacting
her regular physician complaining of stress related disorders. This was Poole’s fourth episode of
seeking medical advice for stress since 1989. In August 1992, Poole’s physician recommended
to CCC that Poole take a five day vacation, a request which CCC granted, and that CCC enact
provisions to reduce Poole’s stress. Poole returned to work on a Tuesday, and that day, as well
as the two following days, Poole was not allowed to use her desk or computer, which were
occupied by Ghalaghir’s wife. Instead, Poole was sent to the business office, and spent three days
stuffing envelopes and correcting two letters that had already been entered into a word processor.
On Friday of that week, Ghalaghir told Poole that she was being relieved of all existing
responsibilities and that she was being transferred to the business office, but that her pay and
benefits would not decrease. Plaintiff alleges that Ghalaghir instructed other employees not to
speak to her, that once in the business office she was given only a chair with no desk, that she was
not allowed to pack her belongings herself, and that, because Poole had no place to store her
belongings, they were placed next to her chair in boxes. Moreover, Plaintiff alleges that no duties
or responsibilities attached to her new position. Poole spent only a few days in her new job before
resigning.
3 After filing a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission, plaintiff brought suit against defendants in the United States District Court for the
Middle District of Georgia. Plaintiff’s complaint seeks damages under the Age Discrimination
in Employment Act of 1967, 29 U.S.C. §623(a) and (d) (“ADEA”), and for intentional infliction
of emotional distress, negligent supervision, and negligent retention under laws of the State of
Georgia. The district court dismissed plaintiff’s claims as to defendant Ghalaghir, relying on
Eleventh Circuit law that holds that only the employer, and not the individual wrongdoer, is liable
for ADEA violations.1 The district court granted defendant CCC’s motion for summary judgment
on the ADEA claim and dismissed without prejudice the supplemental state law claims. Without
reaching the issue of whether defendant CCC was motivated by impermissible discriminatory
intent, the district court found that, as a matter of law, plaintiff voluntarily resigned, and thus was
not constructively discharged. In light of this finding, the district court held that plaintiff could
not succeed on her ADEA claim, since plaintiff suffered no adverse employment decision, an
element of a successful claim.
DISCUSSION
We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same
standard the district court applied. Killinger v. Sanford Univ., 113 F.3d 196, 198 (11th Cir. 1997);
Walls v. Button Gwinnett Bancorp., Inc., 1 F.3d 1198, 1200 (11th Cir. 1993). Pursuant to Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c), summary judgment shall be granted “if the pleadings, depositions,
1 Plaintiff has not appealed this portion of the district court’s order.
4 answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). A fact is material if, under applicable substantive law,
it might affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 106
S. Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L. Ed.2d 202 (1986); Tipton v. Bergrohr GMBH-Siegen, 965 F.2d 994, 998
(11th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 911, 113 S. Ct. 1259, 122 L. Ed.2d 657 (1993). “It is
genuine if the record taken as a whole could lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving
party.” Tipton, 965 F.2d at 998 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The movant has the burden of showing the absence of a genuine issue of material fact, and
a court, in deciding whether the burden has been satisfied, must view the evidence and all
reasonable inferences arising from it in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Adickes
v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S. Ct. 1598, 1608, 26 L. Ed.2d 142 (1970); Allen v.
Tyson Foods, Inc., 121 F.3d 642, 646 (11th Cir. 1997). Once the movant has satisfied its burden,
the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to present evidence sufficient to make a “showing that
the jury could reasonably find for that party.” Allen, 121 F.3d at 646 (citations omitted).
Poole claims that she was constructively discharged by CCC in violation of the ADEA.2
To successfully claim constructive discharge, a plaintiff must demonstrate that working conditions
2 One of the elements of a prima facie case of age discrimination in violation of the ADEA is that plaintiff must show the employer engaged in an adverse employment decision. See 29 U.S.C. §623 (1985); Benson v. Tocco, Inc., 113 F.3d 1203, 1208 (11th Cir. 1997). Constructive discharge qualifies as an adverse employment decision. Maddow v. Procter & Gamble, 107 F.3d 846, 852 (11th Cir. 1997); Stamey v. Southern Bell Tel. & Tel. Co., 859 F.2d 855, 859-60 (11th Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 490 U.S. 1116, 109 S. Ct. 3178, 104 L. Ed.2d 1040 (1989).
5 were “so intolerable that a reasonable person in her position would have been compelled to
resign.” Thomas v. Dillard Dep’t Stores, Inc., 116 F.3d 1432, 1433-34 (11th Cir. 1997), cert.
denied, 512 U.S. 1221, 114 S. Ct. 2708, 129 L. Ed.2d 836 (1994); see also Morgan v. Ford, 6 F.3d
750, 755 (11th Cir. 1993). Stripped of all responsibility, given only a chair and no desk, and
isolated from conversations with other workers, Poole has presented evidence suggesting that a
reasonable person might find the conditions under which she was working intolerable.
Consequently, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, we hold that
genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether plaintiff was constructively discharged from
CCC. Of course, because other evidence suggests that Poole’s job responsibilities were slashed
due to her stress related conditions, the question remains open as to whether the plaintiff will
ultimately meet her burden of persuasion on the issue of constructive discharge. The Court also
leaves unresolved the question whether the constructive discharge was motivated either by age
discrimination or in retaliation for Poole exercising her statutory right to assist former employees
in the litigation of their ADEA claims.
Because the district court dismissed the federal claim against defendant Ghalaghir and
granted summary judgment to defendant CCC, it exercised its discretion and dismissed the
remaining supplemental state law claims without prejudice. Since the record does not support the
district court’s grant of summary judgment, the dismissal of the state law claims must also be
reversed.
CONCLUSION
6 After considering all the evidence, we conclude that reasonable jurors exercising impartial
judgment might reach different conclusions as to whether Poole was constructively discharged.
Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s order granting summary judgment to the defendants
and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED and REMANDED.