NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 30 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JESSICA PONKEY; THE BRAUN No. 24-5729 GROUP, LLC, a California limited liability D.C. No. company, for themselves individually and 5:21-cv-00518-AB-SHK on behalf of similarly situated persons,
Plaintiffs - Appellants, MEMORANDUM*
v.
LLR, INC., a Wyoming corporation; LULAROE, LLC, a California limited liability company; LENNON LEASING, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; MARK A. STIDHAM, an individual; DEANNE S. BRADY, an individual also known as Deanne Stidham; STRAIGHT AND NARROW, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company; AIRPORT ROAD NO 25, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; YELLOW HUSKY, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; BRADHAM INVESTMENT HOLDINGS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; SEQUOIA HOLDINGS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; SEQUOIA HOLDINGS MANAGEMENT, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; BIG SKY COMPANY
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. VENTURES, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; JOSHUA TREE INVESTMENTS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; BRYCE CANYON INVESTMENTS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; GOLDEN GATE HOLDINGS MANAGEMENT, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; REDWOOD VENTURES, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; LEGAL FUND HOLDINGS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; STORYLAND INVESTMENTS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; 13 CROWNS INVESTMENTS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; CORONA LAND CAMPUS, LLC, a California limited liability company; 823 RINGDAHL CIRCLE, LLC, a California limited liability company; 4048 SUZIE CIRCLE, LLC, a California limited liability company,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California André Birotte, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted October 10, 2025 Pasadena, California
Before: RAWLINSON, MILLER, and JOHNSTONE, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiffs Jessica Ponkey and the Braun Group, LLC, appeal the district
court’s order denying their motion to transfer and dismissing their claims against
defendants LLR, Inc., LuLaRoe, LLC, Lennon Leasing, LLC, and Deanne S.
2 24-5729 Brady (collectively LLR) as barred by a one-year contractual limitations provision.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm the denial of the motion
to transfer but reverse in part the dismissal order.
We review the denial of a motion to transfer pursuant to a forum-selection
clause for abuse of discretion. Sun v. Advanced China Healthcare, Inc., 901 F.3d
1081, 1086 (9th Cir. 2018). We review de novo whether a contractual provision is
invalid as unconscionable, see Coneff v. AT&T Corp., 673 F.3d 1155, 1157 (9th
Cir. 2012), and whether a claim is barred by the statute of limitations, see Pouncil
v. Tilton, 704 F.3d 568, 574 (9th Cir. 2012).
1. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Ponkey’s motion
to transfer the case from the Western Division of the Central District of California
to the Eastern Division. Ponkey sought transfer on the ground that her claims arose
out of her contractual relationship with LLR, and the contract included a forum-
selection clause specifying the Eastern Division. The district court denied the
motion, finding that Ponkey “appears to be judge shopping.”
A district court should deny a motion to transfer based on a valid forum-
selection clause only when “extraordinary circumstances unrelated to the
convenience of the parties clearly disfavor a transfer.” Atlantic Marine Constr. Co.
v. United States Dist. Ct. for W. Dist. of Tex., 571 U.S. 49, 52 (2013).
Extraordinary circumstances exist if “enforcement would contravene a strong
3 24-5729 public policy of the forum in which suit is brought.” Sun, 901 F.3d at 1088
(quoting M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 15 (1972)).
We have recognized that “[j]udge-shopping clearly constitutes ‘conduct
which abuses the judicial process.’” Hernandez v. City of El Monte, 138 F.3d 393,
399 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 44–45
(1991)). The Central District has likewise adopted rules that prohibit dismissing
and refiling cases “for the purpose of obtaining a different judge.” C.D. Cal. Loc.
R. 83-1.2.1. The district court found that Ponkey appeared to be judge-shopping.
Notably, Ponkey did not seek to enforce the forum selection clause, despite
previously considering filing such a motion, until more than two years into the
litigation and after the district court had made substantive rulings unfavorable to
her. The district court’s finding was sufficient to justify denying the motion to
transfer.
2. The one-year contractual limitations provision is unenforceable under
California law. A contract is unconscionable “if one of the parties lacked a
meaningful choice in deciding whether to agree and the contract contains terms
that are unreasonably favorable to the other party.” Ramirez v. Charter Commc’ns,
Inc., 551 P.3d 520, 529 (Cal. 2024) (quoting OTO, LLC v. Kho, 447 P.3d 680, 689
(Cal. 2019)). Under California’s sliding-scale approach, “the more substantively
oppressive [a] term, the less evidence of procedural unconscionability is required,
4 24-5729 and vice versa.” Id. at 530 (quoting Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare
Servs., Inc., 6 P.3d 669, 690 (Cal. 2000)).
A previous panel of this court determined that the contract contains a “low
level of procedural unconscionability,” Ponkey v. LLR, Inc., No. 22-55532, 2023
WL 4863296, at *1 (9th Cir. July 31, 2023), and neither party challenges that
conclusion here. The parties dispute only the substantive unconscionability of the
limitations provision, which requires individual consultants to bring any claims
against LLR “within one year from the date of the alleged conduct giving rise to
the cause of action.”
Three features of this provision support a conclusion that it contains
significant substantive unconscionability. First, it substantially shortens the time to
bring a claim. For example, plaintiffs’ claims for violations of California’s Endless
Chain Law would otherwise be subject to a three-year statute of limitations, Cal.
Civ. Proc. Code § 338(a), which the contract reduces to one year. See Ramirez, 551
P.3d at 535–36 (finding an identical two-thirds reduction to be contrary to public
policy). Second, the provision is unilateral, applying only to Ponkey and not to
LLR. The “lack of mutuality is indicative of substantive unconscionability,” id. at
534, particularly because LLR “does not offer any business-related justification”
for it, Ronderos v.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 30 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
JESSICA PONKEY; THE BRAUN No. 24-5729 GROUP, LLC, a California limited liability D.C. No. company, for themselves individually and 5:21-cv-00518-AB-SHK on behalf of similarly situated persons,
Plaintiffs - Appellants, MEMORANDUM*
v.
LLR, INC., a Wyoming corporation; LULAROE, LLC, a California limited liability company; LENNON LEASING, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; MARK A. STIDHAM, an individual; DEANNE S. BRADY, an individual also known as Deanne Stidham; STRAIGHT AND NARROW, LLC, a Nevada limited liability company; AIRPORT ROAD NO 25, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; YELLOW HUSKY, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; BRADHAM INVESTMENT HOLDINGS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; SEQUOIA HOLDINGS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; SEQUOIA HOLDINGS MANAGEMENT, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; BIG SKY COMPANY
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. VENTURES, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; JOSHUA TREE INVESTMENTS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; BRYCE CANYON INVESTMENTS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; GOLDEN GATE HOLDINGS MANAGEMENT, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; REDWOOD VENTURES, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; LEGAL FUND HOLDINGS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; STORYLAND INVESTMENTS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; 13 CROWNS INVESTMENTS, LLC, a Wyoming limited liability company; CORONA LAND CAMPUS, LLC, a California limited liability company; 823 RINGDAHL CIRCLE, LLC, a California limited liability company; 4048 SUZIE CIRCLE, LLC, a California limited liability company,
Defendants - Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California André Birotte, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted October 10, 2025 Pasadena, California
Before: RAWLINSON, MILLER, and JOHNSTONE, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiffs Jessica Ponkey and the Braun Group, LLC, appeal the district
court’s order denying their motion to transfer and dismissing their claims against
defendants LLR, Inc., LuLaRoe, LLC, Lennon Leasing, LLC, and Deanne S.
2 24-5729 Brady (collectively LLR) as barred by a one-year contractual limitations provision.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm the denial of the motion
to transfer but reverse in part the dismissal order.
We review the denial of a motion to transfer pursuant to a forum-selection
clause for abuse of discretion. Sun v. Advanced China Healthcare, Inc., 901 F.3d
1081, 1086 (9th Cir. 2018). We review de novo whether a contractual provision is
invalid as unconscionable, see Coneff v. AT&T Corp., 673 F.3d 1155, 1157 (9th
Cir. 2012), and whether a claim is barred by the statute of limitations, see Pouncil
v. Tilton, 704 F.3d 568, 574 (9th Cir. 2012).
1. The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Ponkey’s motion
to transfer the case from the Western Division of the Central District of California
to the Eastern Division. Ponkey sought transfer on the ground that her claims arose
out of her contractual relationship with LLR, and the contract included a forum-
selection clause specifying the Eastern Division. The district court denied the
motion, finding that Ponkey “appears to be judge shopping.”
A district court should deny a motion to transfer based on a valid forum-
selection clause only when “extraordinary circumstances unrelated to the
convenience of the parties clearly disfavor a transfer.” Atlantic Marine Constr. Co.
v. United States Dist. Ct. for W. Dist. of Tex., 571 U.S. 49, 52 (2013).
Extraordinary circumstances exist if “enforcement would contravene a strong
3 24-5729 public policy of the forum in which suit is brought.” Sun, 901 F.3d at 1088
(quoting M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 15 (1972)).
We have recognized that “[j]udge-shopping clearly constitutes ‘conduct
which abuses the judicial process.’” Hernandez v. City of El Monte, 138 F.3d 393,
399 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 44–45
(1991)). The Central District has likewise adopted rules that prohibit dismissing
and refiling cases “for the purpose of obtaining a different judge.” C.D. Cal. Loc.
R. 83-1.2.1. The district court found that Ponkey appeared to be judge-shopping.
Notably, Ponkey did not seek to enforce the forum selection clause, despite
previously considering filing such a motion, until more than two years into the
litigation and after the district court had made substantive rulings unfavorable to
her. The district court’s finding was sufficient to justify denying the motion to
transfer.
2. The one-year contractual limitations provision is unenforceable under
California law. A contract is unconscionable “if one of the parties lacked a
meaningful choice in deciding whether to agree and the contract contains terms
that are unreasonably favorable to the other party.” Ramirez v. Charter Commc’ns,
Inc., 551 P.3d 520, 529 (Cal. 2024) (quoting OTO, LLC v. Kho, 447 P.3d 680, 689
(Cal. 2019)). Under California’s sliding-scale approach, “the more substantively
oppressive [a] term, the less evidence of procedural unconscionability is required,
4 24-5729 and vice versa.” Id. at 530 (quoting Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare
Servs., Inc., 6 P.3d 669, 690 (Cal. 2000)).
A previous panel of this court determined that the contract contains a “low
level of procedural unconscionability,” Ponkey v. LLR, Inc., No. 22-55532, 2023
WL 4863296, at *1 (9th Cir. July 31, 2023), and neither party challenges that
conclusion here. The parties dispute only the substantive unconscionability of the
limitations provision, which requires individual consultants to bring any claims
against LLR “within one year from the date of the alleged conduct giving rise to
the cause of action.”
Three features of this provision support a conclusion that it contains
significant substantive unconscionability. First, it substantially shortens the time to
bring a claim. For example, plaintiffs’ claims for violations of California’s Endless
Chain Law would otherwise be subject to a three-year statute of limitations, Cal.
Civ. Proc. Code § 338(a), which the contract reduces to one year. See Ramirez, 551
P.3d at 535–36 (finding an identical two-thirds reduction to be contrary to public
policy). Second, the provision is unilateral, applying only to Ponkey and not to
LLR. The “lack of mutuality is indicative of substantive unconscionability,” id. at
534, particularly because LLR “does not offer any business-related justification”
for it, Ronderos v. USF Reddaway, Inc., 114 F.4th 1080, 1095 (9th Cir. 2024).
Third, the provision requires consultants to waive California’s discovery rule by
5 24-5729 connecting the limitations period to “the date of the alleged conduct giving rise to
the cause of action.” That additional limitation, again without “any business-
related justification” identified by LLR, further indicates substantive
unconscionability. Id.
3. We affirm the dismissal of plaintiffs’ claims under California’s Seller
Assisted Marketing Plan (SAMP) Act. The SAMP Act imposes disclosure
requirements on sellers of seller-assisted marketing plans and requires them to
include certain contractual provisions. Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1812.206, .209.
Plaintiffs’ SAMP Act claims accrued when they signed contracts—Ponkey in
February 2017 and Braun in November 2016—that lacked those provisions and
without receiving the required disclosures. This action was not filed until March
2021, outside the three-year statute of limitations. Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 338(a).
Plaintiffs are not entitled to equitable tolling based on an earlier-filed class action,
see Fierro v. Landry’s Rest. Inc., 244 Cal. Rptr. 3d 1, 13 (Ct. App. 2019), and have
not pleaded that they reasonably relied on LLR’s denial of liability under the
SAMP Act such that a theory of fraudulent concealment is available, see Conmar
Corp. v. Mitsui & Co. (U.S.A), Inc., 858 F.2d 499, 505 (9th Cir. 1988). The SAMP
Act claims are therefore time-barred, and the civil conspiracy claim based on the
same conduct is also barred. Harrell v. 20th Century Ins. Co., 934 F.2d 203, 208
(9th Cir. 1991). We decline to address the timeliness of the other claims but leave
6 24-5729 those issues for the district court to resolve in the first instance.
4. We deny plaintiffs’ request to reassign this case to a different district
judge on remand. “Reassignment on remand is highly discouraged, and such a
motion will be granted ‘only in unusual circumstances or when required to
preserve the interests of justice.’” United States v. Lynch, 903 F.3d 1061, 1085 (9th
Cir. 2018) (quoting United States v. Wolf Child, 699 F.3d 1082, 1102 (9th Cir.
2012)). No such circumstances are present here.
The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.
7 24-5729