Adams, J.
There was evidence for the plaintiff tending to show that the engineer did not give the usual signals as the train approached the crossing, and the plaintiff insisted that this evidence while primarily
relevant to tbe first issue should be considered in connection witb tbe second issue as explanatory of tbe plaintiff’s conduct in attempting to cross tbe track. In accordance witb tbis contention tbe plaintiff offered to testify that he would not have gone on the crossing if tbe signals bad been given. We think bis Honor properly excluded tbe proposed evidence. Contributory negligence is such act or omission on tbe part of tbe plaintiff, amounting to a want of ordinary care, as concurring and cooperating witb tbe negligence of tbe defendant becomes tbe proximate cause of tbe injury, and is to be determined by existing conditions and not by hypotheses or contingencies. However, tbe plaintiff testified substantially that if be bad known tbe train was coming be would not have gone on tbe track — “if I could have seen through tbe hedge I would not have been on tbe track.” And bis Honor presented tbe plaintiff’s contention as follows: “He contends and says that if tbe engineer, tbe defendant’s agent, bad discharged bis duty, which it owed to tbe plaintiff, and rang its bell continuously for 500 yards, and bad blown its whistle, that be would have beard it and stopped bis automobile before be went on tbe track, and be says that being so, bis automobile would not have been damaged; and be says tbe cause of tbis trouble was tbe negligence on tbe part of tbe defendant in failing to do what tbe law required, sound tbe whistle 500 yards, or ring tbe bell continuously for 500 yards before reaching tbe crossing, and plaintiff says defendant did not do that.”
The plaintiff admits that the court gave the instructions to which bis third exception relates omitting the clause “There is no evidence of any unlawful act on the part of the plaintiff.” the Code of Laws of South Carolina, sec. 3230, provides that if a person is injured in bis person or property by collision witb the engine or cars of a railroad corporation at' a crossing and it appears that the corporation neglected to give the required signals and that such neglect contributed to the injury the corporation shall be liable in damages . . . unless it is shown that, in addition to a mere want of ordinary care the person injured, or the person having charge of bis person or property was at the time of the collision guilty of gross or willful negligence, or was acting in violation of the law, and that such gross or wilful negligence or unlawful act contributed to the injury. In
Howard v.
Payne, 112 S. E., (S. C.), 437, it is held that the terms “gross or wilful negligence” and “unlawful act” are not synonymous, but alternative terms, and they were so construed by bis Honor on the trial. There was evidence of gross negligence on the part of the plaintiff, and no contention that be was guilty of an unlawful act. Tbis question was not in issue and it is difficult to see bow the omission of all reference to it could have misled the jury. the appellant must show, not only that there was error in the respect com
plained of, but that sucb error was prejudicial.
Penland, v. Barnard,
146 N. C., 379;
Hosiery Co. v. Cotton Mills,
140 N. C., 452.
His Honor first gave the general instruction that it was the duty of the plaintiff before going upon the railroad to look up and down the track and to listen and if he failed to do so and was injured and such failure was the proximate cause of the injury he could not recover, and afterwards the following specific instructions were given: “If you find by the greater weight of the evidence that the plaintiff failed to look up and down the track, if he failed to look up and down, and failed to listen before he went on it, and in his failing to do so he drove on it and the car choked and the train struck it, then he would be guilty of gross negligence and you would answer the second issue ‘Yes.’ If you find that he failed to look and listen and find that if he had looked and listened up and down the track, he could have seen the train, or would have seen it, but in his failure to look and listen, he went on without doing that, and that was the proximate cause of the injury, then you will answer the second issue ‘Yes.’ ”
The plaintiff impeaches the several instructions on the ground (1) that the court laid down as an arbitrary rule the duty to look up and down the railroad track and to listen before going upon the crossing, and (2) that the court omitted to tell the jury that the plaintiff’s negligence must be the proximate cause of the injury.
In support of his exception to the first proposition the plaintiff cites
Chisholm v. Railroad,
114 S. E. (S. C.), 500, in which the Supreme Court of South Carolina said: “The duty of the traveler arising under the foregoing rule is not an absolute one, but may be qualified by attendant circumstances. The view taken in this State is that it is ordinarily a question for the jury in the application of the standard of due care to say whether the attempt of the traveler to cross without looking and listening effectively was excusable or culpable; that is, whether or not it amounted to negligence or wilful misconduct.” But the Court was careful to state conditions or circumstances by which the rule may be qualified: “The facts and conditions which may qualify the duty and excuse the failure to look and listen within the foregoing rules are usually: First, where looking and listening would not have availed to avert the injury; second, where the traveler enters upon the track under an express or implied assurance of safety, as where gates are open or signals are given by watchmen; third, the presence of some imminent danger or emergency, not brought about by the traveler’s own negligence; fourth, the presence and influence of unusual or extraordinary conditions, not created or controlled by the traveler himself, and especially where such conditions are brought about by the railway company, which are sufficient to distract and divert the attention of a man
of ordinary prudence and self-possession from the duty of looking and listening effectively for an approaching train.” And in defining the duty of a traveler on approaching a grade crossing the Court was equally explicit: “On reaching a railroad crossing and before attempting to go upon the track, a traveler must use his senses of sight and hearing to the best of his ability under the existing and surrounding circumstances; he must look and listen in both directions for approaching trains, if not prevented from so doing by the fault of the railroad company, and to the extent the matter is under his control must look and listen at a place and in a manner that will make the use of his senses effective.”
In accord with
Chisholm’s case
are several decisions of this Court, in which it is held that a traveler must look and listen in both directions for approaching trains if not prevented from doing so by the fault of the railroad company or other circumstances clearing him from blame.
Perry v. R.
R., 180 N. C., 290;
Johnson v. R. R.,
163 N. C., 431;
Wolfe v. R. R.
154 N. C., 569;
Coleman v. R. R.,
153 N. C., 322;
Strickland v. R. R.,
150 N. C., 7;
Duffy v.
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Adams, J.
There was evidence for the plaintiff tending to show that the engineer did not give the usual signals as the train approached the crossing, and the plaintiff insisted that this evidence while primarily
relevant to tbe first issue should be considered in connection witb tbe second issue as explanatory of tbe plaintiff’s conduct in attempting to cross tbe track. In accordance witb tbis contention tbe plaintiff offered to testify that he would not have gone on the crossing if tbe signals bad been given. We think bis Honor properly excluded tbe proposed evidence. Contributory negligence is such act or omission on tbe part of tbe plaintiff, amounting to a want of ordinary care, as concurring and cooperating witb tbe negligence of tbe defendant becomes tbe proximate cause of tbe injury, and is to be determined by existing conditions and not by hypotheses or contingencies. However, tbe plaintiff testified substantially that if be bad known tbe train was coming be would not have gone on tbe track — “if I could have seen through tbe hedge I would not have been on tbe track.” And bis Honor presented tbe plaintiff’s contention as follows: “He contends and says that if tbe engineer, tbe defendant’s agent, bad discharged bis duty, which it owed to tbe plaintiff, and rang its bell continuously for 500 yards, and bad blown its whistle, that be would have beard it and stopped bis automobile before be went on tbe track, and be says that being so, bis automobile would not have been damaged; and be says tbe cause of tbis trouble was tbe negligence on tbe part of tbe defendant in failing to do what tbe law required, sound tbe whistle 500 yards, or ring tbe bell continuously for 500 yards before reaching tbe crossing, and plaintiff says defendant did not do that.”
The plaintiff admits that the court gave the instructions to which bis third exception relates omitting the clause “There is no evidence of any unlawful act on the part of the plaintiff.” the Code of Laws of South Carolina, sec. 3230, provides that if a person is injured in bis person or property by collision witb the engine or cars of a railroad corporation at' a crossing and it appears that the corporation neglected to give the required signals and that such neglect contributed to the injury the corporation shall be liable in damages . . . unless it is shown that, in addition to a mere want of ordinary care the person injured, or the person having charge of bis person or property was at the time of the collision guilty of gross or willful negligence, or was acting in violation of the law, and that such gross or wilful negligence or unlawful act contributed to the injury. In
Howard v.
Payne, 112 S. E., (S. C.), 437, it is held that the terms “gross or wilful negligence” and “unlawful act” are not synonymous, but alternative terms, and they were so construed by bis Honor on the trial. There was evidence of gross negligence on the part of the plaintiff, and no contention that be was guilty of an unlawful act. Tbis question was not in issue and it is difficult to see bow the omission of all reference to it could have misled the jury. the appellant must show, not only that there was error in the respect com
plained of, but that sucb error was prejudicial.
Penland, v. Barnard,
146 N. C., 379;
Hosiery Co. v. Cotton Mills,
140 N. C., 452.
His Honor first gave the general instruction that it was the duty of the plaintiff before going upon the railroad to look up and down the track and to listen and if he failed to do so and was injured and such failure was the proximate cause of the injury he could not recover, and afterwards the following specific instructions were given: “If you find by the greater weight of the evidence that the plaintiff failed to look up and down the track, if he failed to look up and down, and failed to listen before he went on it, and in his failing to do so he drove on it and the car choked and the train struck it, then he would be guilty of gross negligence and you would answer the second issue ‘Yes.’ If you find that he failed to look and listen and find that if he had looked and listened up and down the track, he could have seen the train, or would have seen it, but in his failure to look and listen, he went on without doing that, and that was the proximate cause of the injury, then you will answer the second issue ‘Yes.’ ”
The plaintiff impeaches the several instructions on the ground (1) that the court laid down as an arbitrary rule the duty to look up and down the railroad track and to listen before going upon the crossing, and (2) that the court omitted to tell the jury that the plaintiff’s negligence must be the proximate cause of the injury.
In support of his exception to the first proposition the plaintiff cites
Chisholm v. Railroad,
114 S. E. (S. C.), 500, in which the Supreme Court of South Carolina said: “The duty of the traveler arising under the foregoing rule is not an absolute one, but may be qualified by attendant circumstances. The view taken in this State is that it is ordinarily a question for the jury in the application of the standard of due care to say whether the attempt of the traveler to cross without looking and listening effectively was excusable or culpable; that is, whether or not it amounted to negligence or wilful misconduct.” But the Court was careful to state conditions or circumstances by which the rule may be qualified: “The facts and conditions which may qualify the duty and excuse the failure to look and listen within the foregoing rules are usually: First, where looking and listening would not have availed to avert the injury; second, where the traveler enters upon the track under an express or implied assurance of safety, as where gates are open or signals are given by watchmen; third, the presence of some imminent danger or emergency, not brought about by the traveler’s own negligence; fourth, the presence and influence of unusual or extraordinary conditions, not created or controlled by the traveler himself, and especially where such conditions are brought about by the railway company, which are sufficient to distract and divert the attention of a man
of ordinary prudence and self-possession from the duty of looking and listening effectively for an approaching train.” And in defining the duty of a traveler on approaching a grade crossing the Court was equally explicit: “On reaching a railroad crossing and before attempting to go upon the track, a traveler must use his senses of sight and hearing to the best of his ability under the existing and surrounding circumstances; he must look and listen in both directions for approaching trains, if not prevented from so doing by the fault of the railroad company, and to the extent the matter is under his control must look and listen at a place and in a manner that will make the use of his senses effective.”
In accord with
Chisholm’s case
are several decisions of this Court, in which it is held that a traveler must look and listen in both directions for approaching trains if not prevented from doing so by the fault of the railroad company or other circumstances clearing him from blame.
Perry v. R.
R., 180 N. C., 290;
Johnson v. R. R.,
163 N. C., 431;
Wolfe v. R. R.
154 N. C., 569;
Coleman v. R. R.,
153 N. C., 322;
Strickland v. R. R.,
150 N. C., 7;
Duffy v. R. R.,
144 N. C., 26;
Mesic v. R. R.,
120 N. C., 490.
The plaintiff resists the application of the instruction complained of on the ground that his view was obstructed by the cane patch and the hedge; but he testified that the distance between the cane patch and the railroad was 138 feet and the distance between the crossing and the hedge row 600 feet, that the car was moving slowly, and that when within 25 or 30 feet of the crossing he “turned his head and turned back looking after his car.” In one direction a train could have been seen when a mile away and in the other, when 600 feet away; but instead of looking and listening the plaintiff deliberately turned his eyes from the railroad and recklessly went forward and his car stopped upon the track in front of the oncoming train. His Honor’s instruction, when considered with reference to the plaintiff’s testimony is a clear and practical application of the principle underlying the uniform decisions of the Court on the particular question presented for consideration.
In our opinion the second objection also is untenable. The instructions, as we understand them, are not contradictory; they would have been if in one paragraph his Honor had said that the plaintiff’s negligence must have been the proximate cause of the injury and in another paragraph that such negligence need not have been the proximate cause. But the judge properly instructed the jury at least four times on the question of proximate cause, and in our judgment it would be hypercritical to hold that an inadvertent omission of this feature from a single clause is fatal. The charges it has often been decided, must be considered as a whole, and if when so considered it embodies the law as
applicable to the essential features of the question it will generally be sustained.
Aman v. Lamber Co.,
160 N. C., 369;
Hodges v. Wilson,
165 N. C., 323;
Bain v. Lamb,
167 N. C., 304;
Ledford v. Lumber Co.,
183 N. C., 614.
From an examination of the record, the exceptions, and the briefs, we are satisfied that the case has been properly tried, and that there is
No error.