UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
___________________________________ ) MAURICE PITTMAN, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 08-1382 (EGS) ) HARLEY LAPPIN et al., ) ) Defendants. ) ___________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Maurice Pittman filed this action pro se, suing the defendants in both their
official and personal capacities for allegedly violating his Eighth Amendment and Equal
Protection guarantees. Defendants have filed a motion to dismiss, advancing multiple bases for
dismissing the complaint. Plaintiff has filed an opposition. For the reasons stated, the
defendants’ motion will be granted and this action will be dismissed.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Pittman is imprisoned in the United States Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia. The
complaint alleges that while Pittman was working in the food service section of the prison, he
was “instructed by food service foreman H. Butler to try to secure the chain on top of the trash
compactor from the platform in food service.” Compl. at 3. Unable to do so from where he
stood, “Butler then instructed [Pittman] to climb on top of the trash compactor to secure the
chain to the trash compactor lid. As the lid was secured [Pittman’s] fingers were caught in the
chain[’]s links [and] as a result the tips of [his] 3rd and 4th fingers were severed [].” Id. After his administrative tort claim was denied, Pittman filed this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, suing
Butler and several of Butler’s superiors for alleged constitutional violations. Defendants have
filed a motion to dismiss the complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b) for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction, for lack of personal jurisdiction, for failure to state a claim upon
which relief may be granted, and on other grounds.
II. DISCUSSION
A. The Official Capacity Claims
The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that the court has subject matter jurisdiction.
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992). On a motion to dismiss for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction, a court accepts as true all factual allegations in the complaint, but
must also scrutinize them closely to satisfy itself that it has the power to hear the claim.
Macharia v. United States, 334 F.3d 61, 64, 69 (D.C. Cir. 2003). An official capacity suit
against a federal official is one against the agency itself and, as such, one against the United
States of America. Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-66 (1985). The United States enjoys
sovereign immunity from suit except where it has expressly waived its immunity and consented
to suit. Lane v. Pena, 518 U.S. 187, 192 (1996); Lehman v. Nakshian, 453 U.S. 156, 160 (1981).
The United States has not waived its own or its agencies’ immunity from a suit for damages for
constitutional violations. F.D.I.C. v. Mayer, 510 U.S. 471, 486 (1994). Thus, this court has no
subject matter jurisdiction over a such a suit. Because neither this court nor any other court has
subject matter jurisdiction over the claims against the defendants sued here in their official
capacities for constitutional violations, and the suit seeks damages from defendants who are
-2- immune to such relief, the official capacity claims will be dismissed for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction.
B. The Personal Capacity Claims
On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, a pro
se complaint must be liberally construed in favor of the plaintiff. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S.
519, 520 (1972). In determining whether a complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may
be granted, generally a court “must accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the
complaint,” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007), and “grant plaintiffs the benefit of all
inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged,” Kowal v. MCI Communications Corp., 16
F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994). There are limits and exceptions, however. A court need not
accept either a plaintiff’s legal conclusions, or inferences drawn by the plaintiff if those
inferences are unsupported by facts alleged in the complaint. Kowal v. MCI Communications
Corp., 16 F.3d at 1276. “[A] plaintiff’s obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment]
to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
554, 555 (2007) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8). It requires a “showing” and not just a blanket
assertion of a right to relief. Id. at 555 n. 3.
In keeping with the obligation to liberally construe the pro se plaintiff’s complaint,
because all the defendants are federal agents, not state actors, the court construes the personal
capacity claims as ones brought under Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents of Federal Bureau of
Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). The complaint does not contain re factual allegations that would
support a claim under the Equal Protection Clause of the constitution, and therefore, that claim
will be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
-3- With respect to the Eighth Amendment claim, the complaint alleges only that Butler was
present and gave instructions to the plaintiff at the time of the plaintiff’s injury. Because none of
the other defendants were alleged to be present, their liability must be premised on a theory of
respondeat superior liability. A Bivens action, like an action brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
cannot be maintained on a respondeat superior theory of liability, but can be maintained only if
the factual allegations show that the defendant was directly and personally involved in the
alleged constitutional deprivation. Cameron v. Thornburgh, 983 F.2d 253, 258 (D.C. Cir. 1993)
(“In the absence of any allegations specifying the involvement of [the defendants] in this case,
the claims against them are based on nothing more than a theory of respondeat superior, which of
course cannot be used in a Bivens action.”) (citing Monell v. Dep’t of Social Services, 436 U.S.
658, 691 (1978)). Thus, because all defendants except Butler were not present and there is no
allegation of direct involvement in the events giving rise to this suit, the claims against the
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
___________________________________ ) MAURICE PITTMAN, ) ) Plaintiff, ) ) v. ) Civil Action No. 08-1382 (EGS) ) HARLEY LAPPIN et al., ) ) Defendants. ) ___________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Maurice Pittman filed this action pro se, suing the defendants in both their
official and personal capacities for allegedly violating his Eighth Amendment and Equal
Protection guarantees. Defendants have filed a motion to dismiss, advancing multiple bases for
dismissing the complaint. Plaintiff has filed an opposition. For the reasons stated, the
defendants’ motion will be granted and this action will be dismissed.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Pittman is imprisoned in the United States Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia. The
complaint alleges that while Pittman was working in the food service section of the prison, he
was “instructed by food service foreman H. Butler to try to secure the chain on top of the trash
compactor from the platform in food service.” Compl. at 3. Unable to do so from where he
stood, “Butler then instructed [Pittman] to climb on top of the trash compactor to secure the
chain to the trash compactor lid. As the lid was secured [Pittman’s] fingers were caught in the
chain[’]s links [and] as a result the tips of [his] 3rd and 4th fingers were severed [].” Id. After his administrative tort claim was denied, Pittman filed this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, suing
Butler and several of Butler’s superiors for alleged constitutional violations. Defendants have
filed a motion to dismiss the complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b) for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction, for lack of personal jurisdiction, for failure to state a claim upon
which relief may be granted, and on other grounds.
II. DISCUSSION
A. The Official Capacity Claims
The plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that the court has subject matter jurisdiction.
Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992). On a motion to dismiss for lack of
subject matter jurisdiction, a court accepts as true all factual allegations in the complaint, but
must also scrutinize them closely to satisfy itself that it has the power to hear the claim.
Macharia v. United States, 334 F.3d 61, 64, 69 (D.C. Cir. 2003). An official capacity suit
against a federal official is one against the agency itself and, as such, one against the United
States of America. Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-66 (1985). The United States enjoys
sovereign immunity from suit except where it has expressly waived its immunity and consented
to suit. Lane v. Pena, 518 U.S. 187, 192 (1996); Lehman v. Nakshian, 453 U.S. 156, 160 (1981).
The United States has not waived its own or its agencies’ immunity from a suit for damages for
constitutional violations. F.D.I.C. v. Mayer, 510 U.S. 471, 486 (1994). Thus, this court has no
subject matter jurisdiction over a such a suit. Because neither this court nor any other court has
subject matter jurisdiction over the claims against the defendants sued here in their official
capacities for constitutional violations, and the suit seeks damages from defendants who are
-2- immune to such relief, the official capacity claims will be dismissed for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction.
B. The Personal Capacity Claims
On a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, a pro
se complaint must be liberally construed in favor of the plaintiff. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S.
519, 520 (1972). In determining whether a complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief may
be granted, generally a court “must accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the
complaint,” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007), and “grant plaintiffs the benefit of all
inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged,” Kowal v. MCI Communications Corp., 16
F.3d 1271, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 1994). There are limits and exceptions, however. A court need not
accept either a plaintiff’s legal conclusions, or inferences drawn by the plaintiff if those
inferences are unsupported by facts alleged in the complaint. Kowal v. MCI Communications
Corp., 16 F.3d at 1276. “[A] plaintiff’s obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of his ‘entitle[ment]
to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.
554, 555 (2007) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8). It requires a “showing” and not just a blanket
assertion of a right to relief. Id. at 555 n. 3.
In keeping with the obligation to liberally construe the pro se plaintiff’s complaint,
because all the defendants are federal agents, not state actors, the court construes the personal
capacity claims as ones brought under Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents of Federal Bureau of
Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). The complaint does not contain re factual allegations that would
support a claim under the Equal Protection Clause of the constitution, and therefore, that claim
will be dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
-3- With respect to the Eighth Amendment claim, the complaint alleges only that Butler was
present and gave instructions to the plaintiff at the time of the plaintiff’s injury. Because none of
the other defendants were alleged to be present, their liability must be premised on a theory of
respondeat superior liability. A Bivens action, like an action brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,
cannot be maintained on a respondeat superior theory of liability, but can be maintained only if
the factual allegations show that the defendant was directly and personally involved in the
alleged constitutional deprivation. Cameron v. Thornburgh, 983 F.2d 253, 258 (D.C. Cir. 1993)
(“In the absence of any allegations specifying the involvement of [the defendants] in this case,
the claims against them are based on nothing more than a theory of respondeat superior, which of
course cannot be used in a Bivens action.”) (citing Monell v. Dep’t of Social Services, 436 U.S.
658, 691 (1978)). Thus, because all defendants except Butler were not present and there is no
allegation of direct involvement in the events giving rise to this suit, the claims against the
defendants in their personal capacities, except for the claim against Butler, will be dismissed for
failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.
The Eighth Amendment claim against Butler in his personal capacity must be dismissed
for other reasons. First, a violation of the Eighth Amendment premised on disregard for the
personal health or safety of an inmate requires that the plaintiff show that the defendant was
cognizant of the substantial risks involved and acted with deliberate indifference to the safety of
the plaintiff. Arnold v. Moore, 980 F. Supp. 28, 34 (D.D.C. 1997). The complaint in this case,
however, does not allege any facts to support its bald, conclusory allegation that “[t]he action of
the defendants stated in the complaint were and are wilfully and intentionally done all in
violation of the 8th amendment . . . .” The factual allegations in the complaint do not support an
-4- inference that Butler acted with deliberate indifference to Pittman’s safety when he instructed
Pittman to assist in securing the lid of the trash compactor. Therefore, the complaint also fails to
state an Eighth Amendment a claim upon which relief may be granted as to Butler. Second,
because the plaintiff has been unable to provide the court with a current residential address for
him, Butler has never been served with a summons and a copy of the complaint in this case;
therefore, this court lacks personal jurisdiction over Butler, and the claims against Butler are due
to be dismissed for that reason. Moreover, even if Butler had been properly served with process,
there is no reason to think that this court would have personal jurisdiction over him, as there is no
evidence that Butler resides, conducts business, or does anything else that would bring him into
the personal jurisdiction of this court.1
C. Plaintiff’s Request for Transfer
In his opposition to the motion to dismiss, Pittman asks that this case be transferred if the
court determines it lacks subject matter jurisdiction. Pittman has confused venue with subject
matter jurisdiction. Transfer will not cure the defects in this case, which are fatal. Accordingly,
his request will be denied as futile.
1 Even with liberal construction, the court does not read the complaint as one asserting a claim for personal injury except as it relates to the constitutional claims. Nonetheless, to the extent the complaint intended something else, it is worth noting that it appears that the exclusive remedy for a claim arising out of the events described in the complaint is through the Inmate Compensation Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1426(c)(4). See United States v. Demko, 385 U.S. 149, 152 (1966) (deciding that the Inmate Compensation Act is the exclusive remedy for workplace injuries suffered by federal prisoners). The Inmate Compensation Act does not permit the filing of such a claim until no more than 45 days prior to the date of an inmate’s release. 28 C.F.R. § 301.303. The Bureau of Prisons inmate locator indicates that the plaintiff’s projected release date is May 10, 2030. Thus, any appeal from denial of a claim under the Inmate Compensation Act is far from ripe.
-5- III. CONCLUSION
Because the official capacity claims seek damages from defendants that are immune from
such a suit, and because the personal capacity claims fail to state a claim upon which relief may
be granted, the complaint will be dismissed. A separate order accompanies this memorandum
opinion.
/s/ EMMET G. SULLIVAN Date: September 22, 2009 United States District Judge
-6-