Sawyer, J.
By the act of the sixth of February, 1791, Laws of 1805, p. 195, the lines between towns were required to be perambulated, and the marks and bounds renewed, within two years from the passage of the act, and once every seven years thereafter, by the selectmen of each town, or by some person or persons to be by them appointed for that purpose.
No provision was made by this act, or by any subsequent legislation, until the passage of the act of the twenty-third of December, 1820, 2 N. H. Laws, 1824, p. 46, for the case of a disagreement between the selectmen of the two towns in proceeding to make the perambulations required. This act of 1820 provided [580]*580that in case of such disagreement the Court of Sessions, on petition for that purpose, should proceed to settle and establish the line in dispute, and renew the marks and bounds, upon examination made by the judges of that court personally, or by a committee, and that the judgment of the court should have the same force and effect as the agreement of the selectmen. The provisions of these acts in their literal terms were reenacted in the act of the twenty-sixth of June, 1827, Laws of 1830, p. 444, which continued in force until the revision of the statutes in 1842 ; the Court of Common Pleas being substituted in place of the Court of Sessions, as the tribunal to settle the question in case of disagreement by the selectmen, and their duties and powers being exercised personally or by committee in precisely the same mode as that prescribed for the Court of Sessions. Their judgment, also, was to have the same effect as that of the latter court, it being declared in the act that their judgment, being recorded at length, was to have the same force and effect as would the agreement of the selectmen. What the force and effect of an agreement of the selectmen were to be, was not expressly declared by either of these statutes. It was left by them to judicial interpretation. The object and intention of the legislature in these enactments could have been only to provide a mode for supplying fresh evidence, as often as once in every seven years, of the town lines, by a renewal of- the old monuments and marks which fixed their location. The authority of the selectmen was in terms confined to renewing such marks and bounds — reviving the lost or doubtful evidence upon the land itself of the true boundary. The acts did not contemplate a negotiation by the selectmen in behalf of their respective towns for establishing a line, or an adjudication by the joint boards upon the question when it admitted of controversy or doubt. They were required to assent to and cooperate in the renewal of the marks and jnonuments upon the line which they understood to be the true and established boundary. Their proceedings were therefore ministerial rather than judicial. They were not required to be had upon notice and a hearing of parties inter[581]*581ested — were not usually conducted with any of the formalities ordinarily attending an adjudication which is to conclude the rights of parties, and have never been understood to be in their character any thing more than a renewal or reviving of the evidence which once existed to show where the boundary was, but which lapse of time and the changes to be anticipated in a series of years upon the face of the land, in felling trees and otherwise removing the marks which indicate the line, might tend to efface or render doubtful. It cannot be understood that it was intended by the legislature that the proceedings of the selectmen, in perambulating the line and renewing the monuments, should have any greater effect than to furnish new primd facie evidence of its trife location. By the terms of the statutes in force prior to the revision in 1842, the judgment of the Court of Sessions, or of the Court of Common Pleas upon proceedings in case of a disagreement between the selectmen of the two towns, were to have no greater efficacy. Such judgment, therefore, under those statutes, must be considered not to be conclusive, but merely to constitute evidence to be weighed by the jury, with other evidence upon the matter, whenever the question as to where the true boundary was, was put in issue.
But upon the revision in 1842 the law upon this subject underwent a material change. By sec. 6, ch. 37, Revised Statutes, it is declared that in case of a disagreement by the selectmen, the Court of Common Pleas, on application, shall, by themselves or by a committee, examine the disputed lines, and their decision thereon shall be final, while the force and effect of a perambulation and renewal of the monuments, by agreement of the selectmen, are left as they stood under the preceding acts.
The objects of this change are obvious. In a matter of so great public importance as that of certainty and precision in the boundaries of towns, upon which the right of taxation and jurisdiction in the service of criminal and civil process, the duty of the towns in reference to building and repairing highways, and numerous other powers and liabilities of a public as well as a private character must necessarily depend, it is manifest that [582]*582great mischief must result if the question, when any doubt arises upon it, should be left in a precarious or fluctuating condition ; if it should be open to a jury, upon one issue, involving the question where is the town boundary, to find one way, and to another jury upon another issue, involving the same question, to find the other way. Public interests as well as the rights of individuals depending upon the question, require that it be settled by an adjudication directly upon the matter that shall be final and conclusive upon all parties ; and this is provided for by the change in the statute at the revision.
To determine what the effect of the adjudication since the commencement, of this suit is to be, as to the rights of the parties involved in it, it is only necessary to understand what the character of the proceeding is under the provisions of the statute which declares it final. It is not a proceeding relating to private transactions, or in a controversy between individuals or particular parties. The adjudication is not directly for the purpose of determining private rights, or deciding a controversy between party and party. It relates, to a subject of a public nature, beyond the rights of litigants, and is strictly a proceeding in r-em. Its object is to declare the state, condition or situation of the subject matter — the true location of the boundary — in a proceeding instituted under the provisions of the law for that object only. In this adjudication it is not merely declared what is to be the recognized and established boundary thereafter. The judgment pronounces where the true boundary is, as established by the only competent authority to limit and define it — the legislative act — or the charter from the government which created the town as a municipal corporation, and prescribed its territorial boundaries. In decreeing where the boundary is, as thus established, it is necessarily declared, alscq where it always has been since the proper power was exercised in establishing it by the legislative act, or the grant from the king, if established during our colonial history; and also where it always will be until altered by like competent authority.
Like the proceedings in the ecclesiastical courts of England, [583]*583which decide upon questions of marriage and bastardy, or the courts of exchequer upon condemnations, or the courts of admirality upon questions of prize, this is strictly and purely a proceeding in rem,
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Sawyer, J.
By the act of the sixth of February, 1791, Laws of 1805, p. 195, the lines between towns were required to be perambulated, and the marks and bounds renewed, within two years from the passage of the act, and once every seven years thereafter, by the selectmen of each town, or by some person or persons to be by them appointed for that purpose.
No provision was made by this act, or by any subsequent legislation, until the passage of the act of the twenty-third of December, 1820, 2 N. H. Laws, 1824, p. 46, for the case of a disagreement between the selectmen of the two towns in proceeding to make the perambulations required. This act of 1820 provided [580]*580that in case of such disagreement the Court of Sessions, on petition for that purpose, should proceed to settle and establish the line in dispute, and renew the marks and bounds, upon examination made by the judges of that court personally, or by a committee, and that the judgment of the court should have the same force and effect as the agreement of the selectmen. The provisions of these acts in their literal terms were reenacted in the act of the twenty-sixth of June, 1827, Laws of 1830, p. 444, which continued in force until the revision of the statutes in 1842 ; the Court of Common Pleas being substituted in place of the Court of Sessions, as the tribunal to settle the question in case of disagreement by the selectmen, and their duties and powers being exercised personally or by committee in precisely the same mode as that prescribed for the Court of Sessions. Their judgment, also, was to have the same effect as that of the latter court, it being declared in the act that their judgment, being recorded at length, was to have the same force and effect as would the agreement of the selectmen. What the force and effect of an agreement of the selectmen were to be, was not expressly declared by either of these statutes. It was left by them to judicial interpretation. The object and intention of the legislature in these enactments could have been only to provide a mode for supplying fresh evidence, as often as once in every seven years, of the town lines, by a renewal of- the old monuments and marks which fixed their location. The authority of the selectmen was in terms confined to renewing such marks and bounds — reviving the lost or doubtful evidence upon the land itself of the true boundary. The acts did not contemplate a negotiation by the selectmen in behalf of their respective towns for establishing a line, or an adjudication by the joint boards upon the question when it admitted of controversy or doubt. They were required to assent to and cooperate in the renewal of the marks and jnonuments upon the line which they understood to be the true and established boundary. Their proceedings were therefore ministerial rather than judicial. They were not required to be had upon notice and a hearing of parties inter[581]*581ested — were not usually conducted with any of the formalities ordinarily attending an adjudication which is to conclude the rights of parties, and have never been understood to be in their character any thing more than a renewal or reviving of the evidence which once existed to show where the boundary was, but which lapse of time and the changes to be anticipated in a series of years upon the face of the land, in felling trees and otherwise removing the marks which indicate the line, might tend to efface or render doubtful. It cannot be understood that it was intended by the legislature that the proceedings of the selectmen, in perambulating the line and renewing the monuments, should have any greater effect than to furnish new primd facie evidence of its trife location. By the terms of the statutes in force prior to the revision in 1842, the judgment of the Court of Sessions, or of the Court of Common Pleas upon proceedings in case of a disagreement between the selectmen of the two towns, were to have no greater efficacy. Such judgment, therefore, under those statutes, must be considered not to be conclusive, but merely to constitute evidence to be weighed by the jury, with other evidence upon the matter, whenever the question as to where the true boundary was, was put in issue.
But upon the revision in 1842 the law upon this subject underwent a material change. By sec. 6, ch. 37, Revised Statutes, it is declared that in case of a disagreement by the selectmen, the Court of Common Pleas, on application, shall, by themselves or by a committee, examine the disputed lines, and their decision thereon shall be final, while the force and effect of a perambulation and renewal of the monuments, by agreement of the selectmen, are left as they stood under the preceding acts.
The objects of this change are obvious. In a matter of so great public importance as that of certainty and precision in the boundaries of towns, upon which the right of taxation and jurisdiction in the service of criminal and civil process, the duty of the towns in reference to building and repairing highways, and numerous other powers and liabilities of a public as well as a private character must necessarily depend, it is manifest that [582]*582great mischief must result if the question, when any doubt arises upon it, should be left in a precarious or fluctuating condition ; if it should be open to a jury, upon one issue, involving the question where is the town boundary, to find one way, and to another jury upon another issue, involving the same question, to find the other way. Public interests as well as the rights of individuals depending upon the question, require that it be settled by an adjudication directly upon the matter that shall be final and conclusive upon all parties ; and this is provided for by the change in the statute at the revision.
To determine what the effect of the adjudication since the commencement, of this suit is to be, as to the rights of the parties involved in it, it is only necessary to understand what the character of the proceeding is under the provisions of the statute which declares it final. It is not a proceeding relating to private transactions, or in a controversy between individuals or particular parties. The adjudication is not directly for the purpose of determining private rights, or deciding a controversy between party and party. It relates, to a subject of a public nature, beyond the rights of litigants, and is strictly a proceeding in r-em. Its object is to declare the state, condition or situation of the subject matter — the true location of the boundary — in a proceeding instituted under the provisions of the law for that object only. In this adjudication it is not merely declared what is to be the recognized and established boundary thereafter. The judgment pronounces where the true boundary is, as established by the only competent authority to limit and define it — the legislative act — or the charter from the government which created the town as a municipal corporation, and prescribed its territorial boundaries. In decreeing where the boundary is, as thus established, it is necessarily declared, alscq where it always has been since the proper power was exercised in establishing it by the legislative act, or the grant from the king, if established during our colonial history; and also where it always will be until altered by like competent authority.
Like the proceedings in the ecclesiastical courts of England, [583]*583which decide upon questions of marriage and bastardy, or the courts of exchequer upon condemnations, or the courts of admirality upon questions of prize, this is strictly and purely a proceeding in rem, and the judgment, as in all such cases, is conclusive upon all the world. A decree of nullity of marriage or divorce, by this court, upon proceedings for those purposes, and decrees of the courts of probate in allowing wills and the like, are instances of the same character.
Under the provisions of the Revised Statutes the Court of Common Pleas had jurisdiction of the question, where is the true boundary, as established by the proper authority; and upon a proceeding instituted solely for the purpose of their determining that question. Until such proceedings were instituted and their judgment pronounced, as a common law court, they also might have exercised jurisdiction of the same question, arising incidentally in this suit, and necessary to be determined by submitting it to the jury upon evidence, in order to ascertain the rights of the parties depending upon it. The judgment rendered in this suit would of course be conclusive only upon the parties and their privies. The same question, arising in like manner, incidentally, in another suit between other parties, would be within the common law jurisdiction of the court in the same manner, open to the jury upon evidence. Each new suit, whether growing out of a controversy relating to the taxation of property within the disputed territory, the service of process in it, or injury from a defective highway therein, would open the question afresh, to be determined again by the jury upon the evidence in the particular case. The consequence might follow that one line would be established as the boundary for one purpose and between certain individuals, and another for another purpose and as to other parties. It is to prevent such mischievous results, arising from any uncertainty as to where the boundary is, that the statute wisely provides a mode of determining the question, once for all, in a form that shall forever put the question at rest, by a judgment upon that distinct question in proceedings instituted for that specific object; a judgment that [584]*584shall be final, and binding upon all the world. When this has been done, all private rights and individual interests, depending upon the subject matter of the judgment, must necessarily follow the determination of the question to which they are incident.
It is laid down by Starkie in his treatise on evidence, part 1, sec. 73, that in this class of cases, where decrees or judgments are evidence against a party, though not actually privy to the proceeding in which the judgment or decree is pronounced, one principle on which such evidence is admissible is, that this class of cases is not to be considered as an exception to the general rule that a party is not to be affected by testimony or a judgment founded on that testimony where he has not had an opportunity to cross-examine, and to controvert, because, in most instances of proceedings in rem, every one who may be affected by the decision may, if he chooses, be admitted in that proceeding to assert his rights, to cross-examine and to controvert; and that another principle is that if this class of cases is to be considered as forming such exception, it is a necessary exception, since a final adjudication is absolutely essential to the interests of society, which require that the subject matter should be ascertained and settled: and it is essential to the existence of such jurisdiction for useful and beneficial purposes, that its adjudications upon the subject matter should be final and binding upon all.
These views are applicable to this case in all their force. Individuals situated as is the plaintiff, in having his private interests involved in a question of this public nature, are presumed to have hád opportunity to appear and be heard in the proceed-' ing which resulted in the judgment. But if not, still sound policy requires that the public question which has thus been adjudicated should not be open to him after it has been so adjudicated, because his private interests happen to depend upon it.
The ruling of the court below that the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas, establishing the boundary, is conclusive upon the plaintiff, was correct, and
Judgment must le rendered upon the verdict.