04-0309-ag Piranej v. Mukasey
1 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 2 3 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT 4 5 ____________________________________ 6 7 August Term, 2007 8 9 (Submitted: September 6, 2007 Decided: February 15, 2008) 10 11 Docket No. 04-0309-ag 12 ____________________________________ 13 14 ARTUR PIRANEJ, 15 16 Petitioner, 17 18 v. 19 20 MICHAEL B. MUKASEY ,1 21 22 Respondent. 23 ____________________________________ 24 25 Before: WALKER, CALABRESI, and SACK, Circuit Judges. 26 ____________________________________ 27 28 Petition for review of the December 17, 2003 denial, by the Board of Immigration 29 Appeals (“BIA”), of a motion to reopen deportation proceedings based on ineffective assistance 30 of counsel. 31 32 Petition granted. Vacated and remanded. 33 ____________________________________ 34 35 Visuvanathan Rudrakumaran, Law Office of V. 36 Rudrakumaran, New York, N.Y., for Petitioner. 37 38 Hillel R. Smith, Trial Attorney, Office of Immigration 39 Litigation (Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General, 40 Greg D. Mack, Senior Litigation Counsel, on the brief), 41 Washington, D.C., for Respondent. 42
1 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 43(c)(2), Attorney General Michael B. Mukasey has been substituted for former Attorney General John Ashcroft as the respondent in this case. 1 ___________________________________ 2 3 4 CALABRESI, Circuit Judge:
5 Petitioner Artur Piranej (“Piranej” or “Petitioner”) alleges that but for the ineffective
6 assistance of his counsel, he would have been able to adjust his status to that of a lawful
7 permanent resident and thus avoid deportation. Based on that claim, he filed a motion before the
8 Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) to reopen his removal proceedings. The BIA denied the
9 motion, finding that Piranej had failed to meet certain of the pleading requirements set out in In
10 re Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. 637, 639 (B.I.A. 1988) – specifically that of alleging in detail the
11 agreement he had with counsel and how that agreement was violated.
12 Piranej’s affidavits and submitted materials before the BIA, however, can be read to
13 assert that he and his counsel were in a relationship similar to that of a general retainer
14 agreement, and that, due to the nature of this relationship, the lawyer should have provided
15 Piranej with timely advice about new opportunities for adjustment of status. Because the
16 prospect of a “general retainer agreement” is not one which the language of Lozada
17 contemplates, we find that the BIA abused its discretion in rejecting Petitioner’s ineffective
18 assistance of counsel claim without a more thorough factual examination and, if such an
19 examination warranted it, a consideration of the meaning and applicability of the Lozada
20 requirements in the context of general retainer agreements.
21 We therefore remand this case to the BIA with instructions to remand it to an
22 Immigration Judge (“IJ”) for fact-finding on the exact parameters of the relationship between
23 Piranej and his lawyer. The IJ and BIA should then determine, in the first instance, whether the
24 understanding between Piranej and his lawyer serves the functions embodied in Lozada’s
2 1 “agreement” requirement, and whether, in light of that determination, Piranej’s allegations have
2 substantially complied with this requirement.
4 BACKGROUND
5 I. Underlying Events
6 Artur Piranej, a citizen of Albania, entered the United States on or about July 31, 1998.
7 In August of that year, Piranej, with the assistance of James Hakanjan, a member of an
8 “immigration service,” who was “familiar with how these applications are filled out,” attempted
9 to file an asylum claim. The application was apparently improperly filled out and, on this basis,
10 was denied. On September 30, 1998, Piranej was served with a Notice to Appear. As an alien
11 inadmissible due to invalid entry documentation, he was charged with removability. 8 U.S.C. §
12 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I).
13 At that point, Piranej hired James Lombardi as his lawyer. At a hearing before an IJ in
14 December of that year, Piranej, with counsel present,2 conceded his removability and sought
15 political asylum and withholding of removal. On March 9, 1999, his petitions for relief were
16 denied by the IJ, and he was ordered removed. Lombardi, on behalf of Piranej, filed a timely
17 appeal to the BIA, which affirmed the IJ’s decision without opinion on February 13, 2003. In re
18 Piranej, No. A76 085 301 (B.I.A. Feb. 13, 2003), aff’g No. A76 085 301 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City
19 Mar. 9, 1999). The BIA’s decision was not appealed to this Court.
20 II. Motion To Reopen Before the BIA
21 In May 2003, Piranej, represented by new counsel, filed a motion to reopen his
22 deportation hearings on the ground that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. He argued
2 Lombardi was not present at this hearing but sent his associate, Christopher Enzuro.
3 1 that but for Lombardi’s negligence, Piranej would have been able to adjust his status to that of a
2 permanent resident and thus avoid deportation. In submitting his motion to the Board, Piranej
3 provided an affidavit alleging prejudice due to Lombardi’s ineffective assistance and outlining
4 aspects of their attorney-client relationship. Piranej also submitted the complaint that he had
5 filed with the Departmental Disciplinary Committee, as well as evidence that Lombardi had been
6 informed of the allegations against him and been given an opportunity to respond.
8 A. The Alleged Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
9 Shortly after arriving in the United States, in the autumn of 1998, Piranej met Bukurije
10 Neza. At Piranej’s asylum hearing on March 9, 1999, Neza, a U.S. citizen, was identified as
11 Artur Piranej’s fiancée. After the hearing, Piranej told his lawyer, Lombardi, that he and Neza
12 wanted to get married. Lombardi allegedly advised them not to do so, saying “it would hurt their
13 case.”3
14 In early 1999, the availability of adjustment of status based on a marriage to an American
15 citizen was limited by 8 U.S.C. § 1154(g), which states that “a petition may not be approved to
16 grant an alien immediate relative status or preference status by reason of a marriage which was
17 entered into during the period [in which administrative or judicial proceedings are pending
18 regarding the alien’s right to be admitted or remain in the United States], until the alien has
19 resided outside the United States for a 2-year period beginning after the date of the marriage.” A
20 waiver, provided in Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) section 245(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i),
3 Lombardi disputes this characterization of the conversation and has stated that he “did not tell them that they should not get married.”
4 1 allowing certain aliens to remain in the United States while adjusting their status, had expired in
2 January 1998.4
3 Piranej and Neza still wanted to get married, “regardless of the outcome of [the] case.”
4 And to this end, in February 2001, Neza called Lombardi “[t]o be on the safe side.” She left a
5 message with someone, identified by Neza as a secretary, that Neza needed to talk with
6 Lombardi, as she and Piranej were planning on getting married soon. Lombardi did not return
7 the phone call, and Neza and Piranej assumed from this silence that it would be “all right for
8 [them] to get married.” On March 20, Piranej and Neza were married. Following the wedding,
9 Neza again called Lombardi’s office and spoke to an unidentified woman who answered the
10 phone. Neza told this woman that she and Piranej were now married and that she “would like to
11 talk to Mr. Lombardi and ask him what [they] should do next.” Again, Lombardi did not return
12 Neza’s call.
13 In July 2002, after “having called Mr. Lombardi’s office many more times and
14 receiv[ing] no response from him,” Artur Piranej went to the office, without an appointment, and
15 asked to see Lombardi. He met with Lombardi and announced his intention to find another
16 attorney to take action on his case, stating that on March 20, 2001, he had married a U.S. citizen.
17 Lombardi allegedly replied, “Oh my God! If you were here before April 30, 2001, you would be
18 talking now with me with your green card in your pocket.”
19 Lombardi then explained to Piranej that the law had extended the INA section 245(i)
20 waiver to allow adjustment of status for those aliens physically present in the United States who
4 Immigration and National Act (INA) section 245(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i), had offered a route to legalization for certain aliens, physically present in the United States, who had had petitions for immigrant visas submitted on their behalf by January 14, 1998. The waiver available for aliens who had been lawfully admitted to the United States, 8 U.S.C. § 1255(e)(3), was of no relevance to Piranej, since he had entered on a false passport.
5 1 were the beneficiaries of visa petitions filed by April 30, 2001.5 Lombardi advised Piranej to
2 have Neza file, as soon as possible, an I-130 petition for permanent residence of an alien spouse.
3 Lombardi assisted with this filing, which was submitted on August 9, 2002, almost sixteen
4 months after the statutory deadline. In January 2003, the Piranejs had a son, Brian, and on April
5 14, 2003, roughly two months after Piranej’s removability had been upheld by the BIA, the INS
6 approved Neza’s I-130 petition.
8 B. The BIA’s Decision
9 The BIA, with one Board Member dissenting, denied Piranej’s motion to reopen on
10 December 17, 2003. In re Piranej, No. A76 085 301 (B.I.A. Dec. 17, 2003). It first noted that
11 the I-130 petition, filed by Neza on Piranej’s behalf, was not filed until August 9, 2002, and that
12 neither the statute, INA section 245(i), 8 U.S.C. § 1255(i), nor its implementing regulation, 8
13 C.F.R. § 1245.10, provided for an exception to the April 30, 2001 filing deadline. On that basis,
14 the BIA denied Piranej’s petition to reopen; since Piranej was not the beneficiary of a timely
15 filed petition for an immigrant visa, he was “statutorily ineligible” for adjustment of status under
16 section 245(i), hence reopening was not warranted.
17 The BIA did not address, however, whether the statute allowed for any equitable
18 measures to toll the deadline. Instead, it stated that “[e]ven if section 245(i) of the Act was
19 interpreted to include ineffective assistance of counsel as an exception to the April 30, 2001
20 filing deadline,” Piranej had not met the requirements under Lozada. The Board reasoned that
5 The LIFE Act was enacted on December 21, 2000. Pub. L. No. 106-554, 114 Stat. 2763 (codified as amended at 8 U.S.C. §1255 (2000)). It extended the grandfathering provision of section 245(i), offering adjustment of status to anyone present in the United States, legally or illegally, who had a petition for an immigrant visa submitted on his or her behalf by April 30, 2001.
6 1 Piranej’s required affidavit “fail[ed] to set forth in detail the agreement that was entered into
2 with counsel with respect to the actions to be taken and what representation counsel did or did
3 not make to the respondent. The affidavit merely recount[ed] what his counsel failed to do, but
4 [did] not mention what actions his counsel promised to undertake.”
5 The dissenting Board Member, Lauri Steven Filppu, disagreed with this analysis. She
6 instead determined (a) that Piranej had, in fact, complied with the Lozada requirements, and (b)
7 that, in light of this Court’s decision in Rabiu v. INS, 41 F.3d 879 (2d Cir. 1994), “attorney error
8 should permit [Piranej] to obtain the benefits of section 245(i) . . . , even though the necessary
9 filings are untimely under that statute.” The dissent would have remanded the case to the IJ to
10 resolve factual disputes regarding whether attorney negligence had actually occurred and, if
11 Piranej prevailed on the facts, would have ordered the IJ to reopen proceedings.
12 Piranej timely filed a petition for review before this Court. He contends that, in the
13 circumstances of his case, the BIA abused its discretion in its application of the Lozada
14 requirements.
17 DISCUSSION
18 We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion. Kaur v. BIA,
19 413 F.3d 232, 233 (2d Cir. 2005) (per curiam). “An abuse of discretion may be found in those
20 circumstances where the Board’s decision provides no rational explanation, inexplicably departs
21 from established policies, is devoid of any reasoning, or contains only summary or conclusory
22 statements; that is to say, where the Board has acted in an arbitrary or capricious manner.” Zhao
23 v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 265 F.3d 83, 93 (2d Cir. 2001) (internal citations omitted).
7 1
2 I. The Lozada Requirements
3 The BIA, in its decision in In re Lozada, outlined certain requirements for making an
4 ineffective assistance of counsel claim:
5 A motion based upon a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel should be 6 supported by an affidavit of the allegedly aggrieved respondent attesting to the 7 relevant facts. In the case before us, that affidavit should include a statement 8 that sets forth in detail the agreement that was entered into with former 9 counsel with respect to the actions to be taken on appeal and what counsel did 10 or did not represent to the respondent in this regard. Furthermore, before 11 allegations of ineffective assistance of former counsel are presented to the 12 Board, former counsel must be informed of the allegations and allowed the 13 opportunity to respond. Any subsequent response from counsel, or report of 14 counsel’s failure or refusal to respond, should be submitted with the motion. 15 Finally, if it is asserted that prior counsel’s handling of the case involved a 16 violation of ethical or legal responsibilities, the motion should reflect whether 17 a complaint has been filed with appropriate disciplinary authorities regarding 18 such representation, and if not, why not. 19 20 Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 639 (emphasis added).
21 As the BIA has itself noted, the primary rationale for the imposition of these requirements
22 is to provide a basis for determining whether the assistance provided by counsel was, in fact,
23 ineffective. Lozada, 19 I. & N. Dec. at 639 (“[This] high standard . . . is necessary . . . to have a
24 basis for assessing the substantial number of claims of ineffective assistance of counsel that come
25 before the Board. Where essential information is lacking, it is impossible to evaluate the substance
26 of such claim.”). A secondary purpose, as we have acknowledged, is to “deter meritless claims.”
27 Twum v. INS, 411 F.3d 54, 59 (2d Cir. 2005). For both reasons, this Court has firmly upheld the
28 relevance of the Lozada requirements. See Zheng v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 409 F.3d 43, 47 (2d Cir.
29 2005). Accordingly, “[w]e have upheld the application of these requirements . . . where
30 appropriate.” Twum, 411 F.3d at 59. In its role as gatekeeper, however, this Court has “not required
31 a slavish adherence to the [Lozada] requirements.” Yi Long Yang v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 133, 142-43
8 1 (2d Cir. 2007). Rather than over-deterrence, our aim has been balance. We have recognized that
2 requiring strict compliance increases the danger of foreclosing those claims that are colorable and
3 may be meritorious. See id.
4 In the case before us, it is undisputed that Piranej satisfied all but one of the Lozada
5 requirements.6 He informed his former counsel, Lombardi, of the allegations against him. Lombardi
6 was given an opportunity, which he took, to respond to the allegations. And Piranej filed a complaint
7 with the Departmental Disciplinary Committee.7 It is the first Lozada requirement – that petitioner
8 present an affidavit “set[ting] forth in detail the agreement . . . with former counsel,” Lozada, 19 I.
9 & N. Dec. at 639 – that is at issue in this appeal.
11 II. The Alleged Relationship and the Scope of an “Agreement” Under Lozada
12 A. The Alleged Relationship
13 Piranej’s affidavit outlines his ongoing relationship with his counsel. In mid-October
14 1998, Piranej met Lombardi at his law office in Astoria, New York. Lombardi had been
15 recommended to Piranej by James Hakanjan, the man who had assisted Piranej with his original,
16 flawed, asylum application.8 Lombardi described Hakanjan as a “prominent member of the
6 To make an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, in addition to the Lozada requirements, a petitioner must also show that he was prejudiced by counsel’s action, or inaction. Yi Long Yang v. Gonzales, 478 F.3d 133, 142 (2d Cir. 2007). The BIA did not address prejudice in its decision in the case before us. We note, however, that should Piranej be able to demonstrate the ineffectiveness of his counsel, it is likely that Piranej would be able to show prejudice, given his marriage to a U.S. citizen in March 2001, and the probability that his wife would have filed an immigrant petition on his behalf before April 30, 2001, had she been aware of the possibility of doing so. 7 The fact that the Disciplinary Committee closed its investigation of Lombardi, noted by the BIA in its decision, does not serve to undermine Piranej’s compliance with this Lozada factor. 8 The Piranejs refer to a “James Hakaj” in various documents. Lombardi refers to “James Hakanjan.” It is evident from the Piranejs’ July 16, 2003 letter to the Departmental Disciplinary
9 1 Albanian community,” who would, “from time to time,” ask Lombardi to “see people and try to
2 help them.” At their October 1998 meeting, Lombardi allegedly informed Piranej that “he would
3 charge [] $1,200 to represent him in his removal proceedings,” and that Piranej should “bring
4 $500 on the hearing date and the balance of the $1,200 would be payable on demand . . . from
5 time to time throughout the proceedings.” No written agreement was entered into.
6 After a master hearing in late October, Piranej paid Lombardi $500 in cash. Piranej did
7 not receive a receipt. At the October hearing, the case was adjourned until December 3, at which
8 time Piranej conceded his removability and sought political asylum and withholding of removal
9 as relief. Piranej’s next hearing was scheduled for March 9, 1999. Piranej alleges that he made
10 numerous calls to Lombardi’s office in an attempt to prepare for that hearing, but that his
11 messages were not returned. On the evening of March 8, Piranej met with Lombardi at a
12 restaurant to discuss the case, and Lombardi “assured him not to worry and [that] he would take
13 care of it.” At the hearing on March 9, the IJ denied Piranej’s petitions for relief. According to
14 Piranej, “[a]s soon as [he and his fiancée] left the courtroom, Mr. Lombardi informed [them] that
15 for him to do the appeal he wanted $300 as soon as possible so that he could enter his
16 appearance as [Piranej’s] legal counsel before the deadline.” A few days later, Piranej went to
17 Lombardi’s new office, now in Manhattan, to pay the money. It was at this meeting that
18 Lombardi allegedly advised the couple not to get married, due to the fact that Piranej would have
19 to leave the country prior to adjusting his status.
20 As of April 7, 1999, Piranej had an appeal pending before the BIA and, apparently, a
21 $400 balance outstanding to Lombardi. After his wedding, Piranej went to Lombardi’s office,
Committee, in which they refer to “James Hakanjan,” that the two parties are referring to the same person.
10 1 allegedly to “take [his] files to another attorney,” and told Lombardi about his marriage.9 Piranej
2 states that subsequently, in August 2002, Lombardi helped Neza, Piranej’s U.S. citizen wife, fill
3 out and file an I-130 application, without any further fee.
4 In arguing that, given Lombardi’s alleged earlier advice on the subject of marriage and its
5 immigration consequences, Lombardi should have advised him of the change in section 245(i)
6 filing deadlines, Piranej alleges facts indicating that the nature of his relationship with Lombardi
7 was that of a retainer agreement, under which Lombardi was to provide general legal assistance
8 to Piranej in Piranej’s efforts to avoid removal. And, in this respect, Lombardi’s assistance to
9 Piranej’s wife in filing the I-130 application, without further fee, supports such a view of their
10 relationship.
11 Yet the exact parameters of this attorney-client relationship are unclear. Lombardi
12 admits that in 1999, he explained to Piranej and his then-fiancée Neza that the law required an
13 alien to leave the United States in order to adjust his status following a marriage to a U.S.
14 citizen. But he states that his agreement with Piranej was only to represent Piranej in his
15 immigration proceedings. And notwithstanding his comments that he provided other clients with
16 this information,10 Lombardi denies that he had any affirmative obligation to inform Piranej of
9 Piranej states that this meeting took place in July 2002. In his response to the allegations, Lombardi consistently refers to the meeting as taking place in July 2001, a date potentially more favorable to Piranej since it was only two or so months after the April 30, 2001 filing deadline. 10 Lombardi stated that:
Mr. and Mrs. Piranej claim . . . to have attempted to contact me after they did get married . . . . While they may have called the office, they did not provide us with any information regarding their marital status. . . .
The office was in a frenzy of activity. If I had been aware that Mr. and Mrs. Piranej were married, I would have advised my client Mr. Piranej to have a petition filed on his behalf so that he could benefit from the change in the law.
11 1 the change in the filing deadlines for section 245(i). He describes his subsequent work on the I-
2 130 filing as “a favor to [his] client, Artur Piranej.”
3 Like the dissenting BIA member, we believe that the exact nature of the
4 Piranej/Lombardi relationship can only be determined after additional fact-finding. Hence, if
5 that relationship could, on a plausible reading of the facts, satisfy Lozada, a remand for fact-
6 finding would be necessary. It is this Lozada question to which we therefore turn.
8 B. The Scope of Lozada’s Agreement
9 To examine this question properly, we must begin by looking at Lozada itself, and at the
10 possible type of agreement involved in that case. In doing so, we note that the BIA in Lozada
11 prescribed the content of the aggrieved alien’s affidavit in light of the “case before us,” 19 I. &
12 N. Dec. at 639 (“A motion based upon a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel should be
13 supported by an affidavit . . . . In the case before us, that affidavit should include a statement
14 that sets forth in detail the agreement that was entered into with former counsel . . . .” (emphasis
15 added)), and therefore may have tailored the requirement to comport with the particular facts of
16 Lozada. What were these facts?
17 In Lozada, the allegation made by petitioner was that, after filing a Notice to Appeal the
18 decision of the IJ, his counsel had failed to submit a brief in the petitioner’s appeal to the BIA.
19 Id. at 638. Not surprisingly, the BIA required an affidavit from Lozada setting forth in detail the
20 agreement between Lozada and his former counsel and alleging, with specificity, the “actions to
At that time I had over five hundred active cases. When the law was changed, I attempted to review files and to inform all married clients who would benefit that the law had been changed.
12 1 be taken on appeal and what counsel did or did not represent to the respondent in this regard.” Id.
2 at 639. Given the nature of Lozada’s grievance against his attorney, that information was
3 essential to determine whether Lozada’s lawyer had acted properly. See id. (“Where essential
4 information is lacking, it is impossible to evaluate the substance of . . . [an ineffective assistance]
5 claim. In the instant case, for example, the respondent has not alleged, let alone established, that
6 former counsel ever agreed to prepare a brief on appeal or was engaged to undertake the task.”).
7 In the case before us, the BIA, using the Lozada rubric, faulted Piranej for failing to set
8 forth in detail the agreement entered into “with respect to the actions to be taken and what
9 representation counsel did or did not make to the respondent.” It continued, noting that “[t]he
10 affidavit merely recounts what his counsel failed to do, but does not mention what actions his
11 counsel promised to undertake.” In doing so, the BIA applied mechanically to Piranej’s case a
12 framework that was derived from the particular attorney-client relationship claimed in Lozada, a
13 very different case. And it did so, despite the fact that Lozada itself expressly noted that the
14 requirement applied “in the case before us” (and presumably in those with similar attorney/client
15 arrangements). In other words, the BIA failed to consider the possibility of a general retainer
16 agreement and whether, given the nature of that type of agreement, Piranej’s allegations, as they
17 stood, substantially complied with the aims of Lozada. As the dissenting Board Member noted,
18 it was precisely because Lombardi failed to inform Piranej of the need to “take action” that there
19 was no more specific agreement to take action with respect to the section 245(i) waiver.
20 Assuming the existence of a retainer relationship, and that such a relationship can give rise to an
21 ineffectiveness claim, it is hard to see what more Piranej could have asserted.
23 C. Additional Considerations
13 1 If the IJ finds that a general retainer agreement did exist between Piranej and Lombardi,
2 it will be for the BIA in the first instance to determine (a) whether the existence of a general
3 retainer agreement can give rise to ineffective assistance of counsel claims in the
4 immigration/removal context; (b) assuming such claims can be made, what the equivalent of the
5 Lozada agreement requirement should be in such situations; and (c) whether the allegations
6 made by Piranej as to Lombardi’s failures to act are sufficient to comply substantially with such
7 a functional Lozada framework.
9 III. Equitable Tolling, Nunc Pro Tunc, and Section 245(I)
10 Until the question of Piranej’s compliance with Lozada is resolved, and Lombardi’s
11 assistance determined to have been ineffective,11 any discussion of whether ineffective assistance
12 of counsel could serve, either through equitable tolling or nunc pro tunc relief, as an exception to
13 the April 30, 2001 section 245(i) filing deadline is premature. This Court has not considered
14 whether section 245(i) admits of these equitable remedies. And, the questions should, in any
15 event, be addressed by the BIA in the first instance. See, e.g., INS v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16
16 (2002). Since the BIA majority expressly declined to speak to these issues when considering
17 Piranej’s motion to reopen, the less said about them by us at this time, the better.
11 Such a finding depends in part on a question separate from those discussed earlier in the text: Did Lombardi’s failure to inform Piranej of the change in the section 245(i) filing deadlines constitute inadequate assistance of counsel for deportation proceeding purposes? See, e.g., Rabiu v. INS, 41 F.3d 879, 882 (2d Cir. 1994) (stating that to demonstrate a Fifth Amendment due process violation, a petitioner must “show that his counsel’s performance was so ineffective as to have impinged upon the fundamental fairness of the hearing” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
14 1 CONCLUSION
2 For the foregoing reasons, we GRANT the petition for review, VACATE the BIA’s
3 order, and REMAND the case to the BIA for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.