Collins, J".
These were proceedings to enforce the collection of taxes assessed and levied for the year 1887, in conformity with the provisions of Laws 1887, ch. 128, upon certain rights, interests, and an estate held and owned by various parties, in and to- a number of tracts of land situated in Pine county. These lands were a part of those granted to the St. Paul & Duluth Railway Company in aid of construction, and at the time of the assessment and levy the naked title thereto remained in such company. It was conceded by the state in these proceedings that by reason of the substituted method of taxation provided for by Sp. Laws 1865, ch. 8, the interest and estate of the company in these lands, whatever it might be, could not be assessed or taxed; but the court below held that, because of certain timber contracts which the railroad company had [291]*291entered into with appellants Durant, Wheeler & Co., David Tozer, and the Empire Lumber Company, certain rights, interest, and estate had been acquired by the latter in and to the lands, which rights, interest, and estate were taxable. The objections interposed by the three parties last named were overruled, and thereupon, as provided by the statute, the questions involved were certified up for the decision of this court.
In one of these contracts with Durant, Wheeler & Co. and David Tozer, of date January 11, 1881, the railway company granted, bar-\ gained, sold, and transferred all of the pine timber, fit for merchantable sawlogs, standing, growing, or being upon certain lands, particularly described, with the right, privilege, and permission to enter upon said lands and cut and remove said timber at any time previous to the 1st day of May, 1899, (a period of more than 18 years,) and when so cut and removed, and upon due payment of the notes hereinafter mentioned, to control, own, and possess said timber. It was agreed that all logs cut on the lands should be banked separately from other logs, and there was an attempt, perhaps, to provide that they should be marked with a mark recorded in the name of the railway company; but the attempt, if made, was futile, because no mark was specified or described.
The consideration to be paid by Durant, Wheeler & Co. and Tozer for this timber was $80,000, for which sum their notes were given, payable to the order of the treasurer of the railway company. Each note was for the sum of $2,500, and matured, one September 1st, one October 1st, one November 1st, and one December 1st, of each year, the last falling due December 1,1889. Ten thousand dollars a year ivas thus to be_paid, and, upon such yearly payment, Durant. Wheeler & Co. and Tozer were to become absolute owners of 8,000,-000 feet of timber or logs. If they should cut more than 8,000,000 feet of logs in any one year, they were to pay, unless said logs had previously been paid for, $1.25 per thousand feet for the excess, in addition to the notes maturing that year; the amount of said excess payment to be indorsed upon notes thereafter to fall .due. They were to cut not less than 5,000,000 feet of logs each year, until said notes were fully paid, or the timber exhausted. The time of payment of the notes was made of the essence of the agreement, and [292]*292there were other conditions in the contract, of no concern in the determination of these proceedings.
The contract made between the railway company and the appellant Tozer bore date December 3, 1885. In consideration of the sum of $60,453.75, there was granted to Tozer the right, privilege, and permission to cut and remove, previous to May 1, 1896, (more than 10 years,) all the pine timber fit for sawlogs, growing upon lands therein fully described. No smaller timber was to be cut than such as would make two logs, each 12 feet in length, and 10 inches in diameter at the top end. A mark designated in the contract, and recorded in the name of the railway company, was to be put upon all logs cuf by Tozer on these lands; and then followed various conditions respecting the rights and duties of the parties. Sales of logs could be made by Tozer, but subject to the approval of the company. At the time of the execution of the contract he paid the sum of $20,151.25 (one-third of the agreed price) in cash, giving his notes for the balance, payable to the order of said treasurer, each for one-third of the amount, and due on December 3, 1886, December 3, 1887, and December 3, 1888. Until these notes were paid, the title to the timber or logs remained in the railway company.
The contract with the Empire Lumber Company was much like the one last described. It bore date January 12, 1887. The grant was in the same general language, the timber to be cut and removed before May 1, 1895, (about 8 years,) from a part of the lands, and before May 1, 1900, (about 13 years,) from the remainder. No tree was to be cut which wrould not make one log 16 feet long, and 10-inches in diameter at the top end. As in the contract with Durant, Wheeler & Co. and Tozer, first mentioned, reference was made to marking the logs with a mark to be recorded in the name of the railway company, but no mark was specified. The consideration agreed upon for the timber covered by this contract was $162,684, of which one-third — $54,228—was paid in cash, one-third of the balance ivas to be paid January 12, 1888, one-third a year later, and one-third January 12, 1890; promissory notes, bearing 7 per cent interest, and payable to the order of said treasurer, being given therefor by the lumber company. The time of payment of these notes was also made of the essence of this contract, and, as was the case with the [293]*293Tozer agreement, the title to the timber was to remain in the railway company until the notes were paid.
The trial court found that upon each of these tracts of land there' were small pine trees, as well as trees of other varieties, which would not come within the terms of the contracts, but it was also found that the principal'value of the several tracts of land consisted of the timber contracted for.
We have thus quite fully stated the contents of these instruments, that their actual character might be disclosed. The real nature and purpose of the transactions, as evidenced by the writings, seem very clear, and the most careful scrutiny will fail to show wherein they differ, except in mere form of expression. The object and de-\ sign of each was to grant the right and privilege of cutting and re-' moving all of the pine trees suitable, and to become suitable, for. pine logs, standing and growing upon the various tracts of land, and also to fix and prescribe periods of time within which these _ trees were to be cut and removed. Nothing less than this was intended or accomplished by the writings. From an examination of their terms and conditions, it is plain that in these proceedings they must be construed alike, and that the rights and interests obtained thereunder are identical.
We are not required to fully determine exactly what title the persons who contracted for this timber acquired therein, or what their rights were. But it ought not to be urged, with any hope of success, that by means of the contracts they had secured nothing more than a bare license to go upon the lands, and to cut and remove the timber, until forbidden so to do by the railway company, and, should the right of entry be refused, their only remedy would be an action to recover damages as for a breach of contract; yet this is really the position of counsel for one of the appellants.
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Collins, J".
These were proceedings to enforce the collection of taxes assessed and levied for the year 1887, in conformity with the provisions of Laws 1887, ch. 128, upon certain rights, interests, and an estate held and owned by various parties, in and to- a number of tracts of land situated in Pine county. These lands were a part of those granted to the St. Paul & Duluth Railway Company in aid of construction, and at the time of the assessment and levy the naked title thereto remained in such company. It was conceded by the state in these proceedings that by reason of the substituted method of taxation provided for by Sp. Laws 1865, ch. 8, the interest and estate of the company in these lands, whatever it might be, could not be assessed or taxed; but the court below held that, because of certain timber contracts which the railroad company had [291]*291entered into with appellants Durant, Wheeler & Co., David Tozer, and the Empire Lumber Company, certain rights, interest, and estate had been acquired by the latter in and to the lands, which rights, interest, and estate were taxable. The objections interposed by the three parties last named were overruled, and thereupon, as provided by the statute, the questions involved were certified up for the decision of this court.
In one of these contracts with Durant, Wheeler & Co. and David Tozer, of date January 11, 1881, the railway company granted, bar-\ gained, sold, and transferred all of the pine timber, fit for merchantable sawlogs, standing, growing, or being upon certain lands, particularly described, with the right, privilege, and permission to enter upon said lands and cut and remove said timber at any time previous to the 1st day of May, 1899, (a period of more than 18 years,) and when so cut and removed, and upon due payment of the notes hereinafter mentioned, to control, own, and possess said timber. It was agreed that all logs cut on the lands should be banked separately from other logs, and there was an attempt, perhaps, to provide that they should be marked with a mark recorded in the name of the railway company; but the attempt, if made, was futile, because no mark was specified or described.
The consideration to be paid by Durant, Wheeler & Co. and Tozer for this timber was $80,000, for which sum their notes were given, payable to the order of the treasurer of the railway company. Each note was for the sum of $2,500, and matured, one September 1st, one October 1st, one November 1st, and one December 1st, of each year, the last falling due December 1,1889. Ten thousand dollars a year ivas thus to be_paid, and, upon such yearly payment, Durant. Wheeler & Co. and Tozer were to become absolute owners of 8,000,-000 feet of timber or logs. If they should cut more than 8,000,000 feet of logs in any one year, they were to pay, unless said logs had previously been paid for, $1.25 per thousand feet for the excess, in addition to the notes maturing that year; the amount of said excess payment to be indorsed upon notes thereafter to fall .due. They were to cut not less than 5,000,000 feet of logs each year, until said notes were fully paid, or the timber exhausted. The time of payment of the notes was made of the essence of the agreement, and [292]*292there were other conditions in the contract, of no concern in the determination of these proceedings.
The contract made between the railway company and the appellant Tozer bore date December 3, 1885. In consideration of the sum of $60,453.75, there was granted to Tozer the right, privilege, and permission to cut and remove, previous to May 1, 1896, (more than 10 years,) all the pine timber fit for sawlogs, growing upon lands therein fully described. No smaller timber was to be cut than such as would make two logs, each 12 feet in length, and 10 inches in diameter at the top end. A mark designated in the contract, and recorded in the name of the railway company, was to be put upon all logs cuf by Tozer on these lands; and then followed various conditions respecting the rights and duties of the parties. Sales of logs could be made by Tozer, but subject to the approval of the company. At the time of the execution of the contract he paid the sum of $20,151.25 (one-third of the agreed price) in cash, giving his notes for the balance, payable to the order of said treasurer, each for one-third of the amount, and due on December 3, 1886, December 3, 1887, and December 3, 1888. Until these notes were paid, the title to the timber or logs remained in the railway company.
The contract with the Empire Lumber Company was much like the one last described. It bore date January 12, 1887. The grant was in the same general language, the timber to be cut and removed before May 1, 1895, (about 8 years,) from a part of the lands, and before May 1, 1900, (about 13 years,) from the remainder. No tree was to be cut which wrould not make one log 16 feet long, and 10-inches in diameter at the top end. As in the contract with Durant, Wheeler & Co. and Tozer, first mentioned, reference was made to marking the logs with a mark to be recorded in the name of the railway company, but no mark was specified. The consideration agreed upon for the timber covered by this contract was $162,684, of which one-third — $54,228—was paid in cash, one-third of the balance ivas to be paid January 12, 1888, one-third a year later, and one-third January 12, 1890; promissory notes, bearing 7 per cent interest, and payable to the order of said treasurer, being given therefor by the lumber company. The time of payment of these notes was also made of the essence of this contract, and, as was the case with the [293]*293Tozer agreement, the title to the timber was to remain in the railway company until the notes were paid.
The trial court found that upon each of these tracts of land there' were small pine trees, as well as trees of other varieties, which would not come within the terms of the contracts, but it was also found that the principal'value of the several tracts of land consisted of the timber contracted for.
We have thus quite fully stated the contents of these instruments, that their actual character might be disclosed. The real nature and purpose of the transactions, as evidenced by the writings, seem very clear, and the most careful scrutiny will fail to show wherein they differ, except in mere form of expression. The object and de-\ sign of each was to grant the right and privilege of cutting and re-' moving all of the pine trees suitable, and to become suitable, for. pine logs, standing and growing upon the various tracts of land, and also to fix and prescribe periods of time within which these _ trees were to be cut and removed. Nothing less than this was intended or accomplished by the writings. From an examination of their terms and conditions, it is plain that in these proceedings they must be construed alike, and that the rights and interests obtained thereunder are identical.
We are not required to fully determine exactly what title the persons who contracted for this timber acquired therein, or what their rights were. But it ought not to be urged, with any hope of success, that by means of the contracts they had secured nothing more than a bare license to go upon the lands, and to cut and remove the timber, until forbidden so to do by the railway company, and, should the right of entry be refused, their only remedy would be an action to recover damages as for a breach of contract; yet this is really the position of counsel for one of the appellants.
Under these contracts, the purchasers had secured the right to enter upon the lands, and to cut and remove the timber. That the title there1 to was to remain in the railway company until the purchase price was fully paid did not affect the right or interest which they had obtained. They had also secured the very valuable right or privilege to cut and remove this timber about as they chose, for long periods of time, including such possession of the land as was incidental and necessary to a proper exercise of this right or permit. Through this [294]*294they had secured the benefit of many years’ growth of the trees, and had been placed in a position to take advantage of a depression in the wages of laboring men, or of an inflation in the prices of logs or timber. This feature of the contracts was valuable in other ways, which need not be mentioned. When these proceedings were commenced, Durant, Wheeler & Co. and Tozer had paid $50,000, or more than one-half of the agreed price of the timber purchased by them, if they had met their notes at maturity; and we can presume that they had, in the absence of an intimation to the contrary. The other purchasers, Tozer and the Empire Lumber Company, had each paid one-third of the price agreed upon for the timber. Each had been granted, and in part had paid for, things annexed to the freehold, with the right to the soil for a long time, for the purpose of further growth, and consequent profit, of that which was the subject of the grant. They had obtained the right of entry upon the land and of possession for many years, for the purpose of cutting and removing the timber, and they had undoubtedly an interest which would have been subject to seizure and sale upon execution, not as personalty, but as real estate. Their interest was not that of a licensee, — simply to go upon and occupy the land, and cut and remove timber until the license was revoked; but there was a valid grant of the right and privilege of occupying the land, and cutting and removing the timber, a part of the realty, which, when severed, would become personalty. They had acquired property rights which could not be taken away from them. If what they held under these contracts was not an interest or estate in real property, it is difficult to conceive an interest or estate, less than a fee, which would be.
Counsel for appellants have referred to cases, principally from Massachusetts, in which it was held that a sale of timber to be severed from the freehold by the vendee under a special license to enter upon the land for that purpose cannot be regarded as passing an interest in the land, within the meaning of the statute of frauds. We do not regard any of these cases as pertinent to the question now before us, which relates simply to the right of taxation, and not to the statute of frauds; but in many of the states it has been decided that a sale .of growing timber to be cut and removed in the future conveys an interest or estate in lands, within the meaning of the statute. Putney v. Day, 6 N. H. 430; Buckv. Pickwell, 27 Vt. 157; [295]*295Owens v. Lewis, 46 Ind. 488; Miller v. Zufall, 113 Pa. St. 294, (6 Atl. 350;) Slocum v. Seymour, 36 N. J. Law, 139.
Attention has been directed to the cases of King v. Merriman, 38 Minn. 47, (35 N. W. 570,) and Mathews v. Mulvey, 38 Minn. 342, (37 N. W. 794,) in which contracts relating to the cutting and removal of growing pine trees were the subject of controversy between the parties thereto. \Ye are not able to see, from an examination of either of these cases, that they have any bearing upon the right of the state to tax such interest and estate as a person may acquire under similar contracts with the owner of the freehold.
Our conclusion is that all of the present appellants, except the railway company, obtained, through their respective contracts, an interest or estate in the lands described which, under the laws of this state, was subject to taxation for the year 1887.
The cases are remanded, with instructions to enforce the collection of the taxes imposed upon such interest or estate.
(Opinion published 57 N. "W. Rep. 796.)