[Cite as Pincus v. Dubyak, 2024-Ohio-5390.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
ARLENE PINCUS, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, : No. 113681 v.
ROBERT DUBYAK, ET AL., :
Defendants-Appellees. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: November 14, 2024
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas Case No. CV-19-910187
Appearances:
Kaufman, Drozdowski & Grendell, LLC, and Evan T. Byron, for appellant.
Reminger Co., LPA, Brianna M. Prislipsky, Andrew J. Dorman, and Holly Marie Wilson, for appellees. MICHAEL JOHN RYAN, J.:
This case is in front of this court for the second time on appeal.
Plaintiff-appellant Arlene Pincus (“Arlene”) appeals the trial court’s decision to
grant summary judgment in favor of defendants-appellees, Robert Dubyak and
Dubyak Nelson, LLC (collectively, “Dubyak”), in the legal malpractice case Arlene
filed against Dubyak. After a thorough review of the law and the facts, we reverse
the trial court’s judgment in part and remand the case for further proceedings.
I. Procedural History and Factual Background
Pincus Bakery, Inc., was originally owned and operated by Arlene’s
in-laws. In 1999, Arlene’s mother-in-law transferred ownership to her sons, David
(who was Arlene’s husband) and Steven Pincus, both of whom worked at the bakery.
In 2013, David suffered a stroke and stopped working at the bakery.
Arlene had power of attorney over David. In 2014, Arlene retained Dubyak and his
law firm. Two cases were filed thereafter; the first case was filed in Cuyahoga County
Probate Court regarding David’s mother’s estate and is impertinent to this appeal.
The second case was filed in the general division of the Cuyahoga County Common
Pleas Court and named “Arlene Pincus, as legal representative and next friend of her
husband David Pincus” as the plaintiff; Steven was the named defendant. See
Pincus v. Pincus, C.P. No. CV-14-837153 (“the bakery case”). The complaint alleged
that Steven took money from the bakery without the authority to do so. On April 14, 2015, Steven filed a counterclaim and third-party
complaint against Arlene, individually, alleging that she improperly took more than
$100,000 from the bakery.
The record reflects that during the bakery case litigation, Arlene and
Dubyak discussed motioning the court to request a receiver in the bakery case
because Arlene was worried that Steven was draining the bakery accounts.
No motion was ever filed.
On October 17, 2016, the parties reached a settlement in the bakery
case resolving all claims, including those against Arlene individually. The settlement
resulted in a $500,000 consent judgment in favor of David and against Steven and
the bakery and a dismissal with prejudice of the counterclaim and third-party
complaint against Arlene. To date, neither Arlene in her individual nor her
representative capacity have been able to collect on the settlement — the bakery
closed soon after the parties reached their settlement agreement.
On January 16, 2017, new counsel entered an appearance as counsel
of record for the plaintiff in the bakery case. Arlene contends that this date is the
date Dubyak was terminated from representing her. Dubyak counters that this date
is the date he was terminated from David’s representation, but his representation of
Arlene ended when the bakery case was settled and the counterclaim against her was
dismissed on October 17, 2016. It is worth noting, however, that Dubyak did not
move to withdraw from the case until February 2, 2017. On January 16, 2018, Arlene filed a pro se complaint against Dubyak
for legal malpractice; she filed the complaint both individually and as legal
representative for David. See Pincus v. Dubyak, et al., C.P. No. CV-18-891628. On
January 26, 2018, Arlene voluntarily dismissed the complaint without prejudice. On
January 25, 2019, Arlene refiled the complaint, again both individually and as legal
representative for David. See Pincus v. Dubyak, et al., C.P. No. CV-19-910187.
Dubyak filed an answer and counterclaim, arguing that the statute of
limitations barred Arlene’s claim and that Arlene lacked standing. Dubyak’s
counterclaim sought $33,162.51 for unpaid legal fees and asserted claims for breach
of contract, quantum meruit, and unjust enrichment.
Dubyak filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant
to Civ.R. 12(C). Dubyak argued that Arlene had no legal authority to file a pro se
complaint on David’s behalf; therefore, the January 2018 complaint did not trigger
Ohio’s saving statute found in R.C. 2305.19(A) and the January 2019 refiled
complaint was untimely. Dubyak also maintained that Arlene was not a party to the
bakery case in her individual capacity except as to the previously dismissed
counterclaim. Therefore, Dubyak argued, the one-year statute of limitations barred
Arlene’s malpractice claim as asserted in her individual capacity.
Arlene filed a combined motion for leave to file an amended
complaint and response to Dubyak’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. Arlene
argued that as David’s power of attorney, she had the right to hire Dubyak to pursue
the bakery case, and that she was Dubyak’s client, even after the counterclaim against her was dismissed in October 2016. She argued in the alternative that she
had standing to bring the legal malpractice claim as a third party because she was in
privity with David or because Dubyak acted with malice. Arlene also filed a first
amended complaint.
The trial court agreed with Dubyak and, in May 2019, granted
Dubyak’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. In its journal entry, the trial court
explained that Arlene’s January 2018 complaint was a “nullity” because she filed it
“as a pro se litigant who lacked standing,” and the statute of limitations for the legal
malpractice claim had expired. The trial court also denied Arlene’s motions for leave
to file the first and second amended complaints because they “cannot cure the nullity
created when [Arlene] filed as a pro se litigant[.]”
In June 2019, Arlene filed a motion for relief from judgment pursuant
to Civ.R. 60(B). She argued that the malpractice claim brought in her individual
capacity should not have been dismissed because she had standing to pursue it and
because she timely filed it. Dubyak filed an opposition, and the trial court denied
Arlene’s motion without opinion.
In July 2019, Arlene filed a motion for reconsideration or in the
alternative for Civ.R. 54(B) certification. Dubyak filed an opposition, and the trial
court denied Arlene’s motion without opinion.
In September 2020, Dubyak filed a motion for summary judgment
on the counterclaim for unpaid legal fees and attached the fee agreements as
exhibits. Arlene filed an opposition, and Dubyak filed a reply. In October 2020, Arlene filed a renewed motion for reconsideration of the judgments granting
Dubyak’s motion for judgment on the pleadings and denying her motions for leave
to amend the complaint based on “new evidence,” that being the fee agreements
attached to Dubyak’s summary judgment motion. Dubyak filed an opposition.
In November 2020, the trial court granted Dubyak’s motion for
summary judgment on the counterclaim for unpaid legal fees and denied Arlene’s
renewed motion for reconsideration.
Arlene appealed, challenging the trial court’s order granting Dubyak’s
motion for judgment on the pleadings as to the malpractice claim in her individual
capacity and the trial court’s order denying her motions for leave to amend her
complaint.
On appeal, Arlene conceded that her January 2018 pro se complaint
was a “legal nullity” as it related to her claim on behalf of David, but maintained that
she also brought the malpractice claim in her individual capacity, which she could
do pro se. She argued that her January 2018 complaint triggered Ohio’s saving
statute so her complaint filed in January 2019 was therefore not untimely. She
further argued that she had standing to bring the malpractice claim in her individual
capacity because (1) she had an attorney-client relationship with Dubyak that did
not terminate until January 17, 2017, or (2) she had third-party standing because
she was in privity with David, or (3) she had third-party standing because Dubyak
acted with malice. Pincus v. Dubyak, 2021-Ohio-3034, ¶ 16 (8th Dist.) (“Pincus I”). This court found that based on the allegations in Arlene’s amended
complaints, she “manifested an intention to obtain legal services from Dubyak, and
she reasonably assumed that an attorney-client relationship had been established
between her and Dubyak.” Id. at ¶ 31. This court reasoned that as of the pleading
stage, Arlene had satisfied her burden to establish the existence of an attorney-client
relationship between her and Dubyak from May 2014 to January 17, 2017. Id. The
panel determined that the trial court erred in granting Dubyak’s motion for
judgment on the pleadings as to Arlene’s malpractice claim in her individual
capacity. Id. at ¶ 31 – 32. The panel further found that the trial court abused its
discretion when it denied Arlene’s motions for leave to amend her complaint. Id. at
¶ 32. The case was remanded to the trial court.
Shortly before the Pincus I decision was released, David passed away.
On November 23, 2021, Arlene filed an amended complaint, again suing both
individually and as David’s legal representative. Dubyak responded with a motion
for judgment on the pleadings based upon Arlene’s failure to substitute David’s
estate as a party. Arlene opposed that motion, and Dubyak’s motion for judgment
on the pleadings was ultimately denied by the trial court.
On July 31, 2023, Dubyak filed a motion for summary judgment,
arguing that Arlene lacked standing, that her claims were barred by the third-party
legal malpractice doctrine, and that both her and David’s claims were time barred
as a matter of law. Arlene also moved for summary judgment, asking for a determination
as to liability, relying upon an expert report wherein the expert opined that Dubyak
negligently failed to move the court to appoint a receiver. Dubyak opposed the
motion, citing his own expert’s opinion.
The trial court held a hearing on the motions, after which it granted
Dubyak’s motion for summary judgment and denied Arlene’s motion for summary
judgment. In its judgment entry, the trial court found that both Arlene’s and David’s
claims were barred under R.C. 2305.11(A), because Arlene’s January 2018 pro se
complaint was a “legal nullity,” and Arlene was not authorized to file a lawsuit on
David’s behalf. The trial court reasoned that the statute of limitations for Arlene’s
individual claims began to run from the October 2016 judgment, when all claims
against Arlene were dismissed with prejudice; therefore, the claims were time
barred.
The trial court further found that Arlene lacked standing to file her
November 2021 amended complaint because her husband’s death terminated the
power of attorney and any authority Arlene may have had to act on his behalf. The
court explained that Arlene did not have standing to bring claims because she lacked
privity. In addition, the court found that Arlene failed to present evidence of malice.
Arlene filed a timely notice of appeal and raises one assignment of
error for our review, in which she claims that the trial court erred in granting
summary judgment in favor of Dubyak. Arlene does not challenge the trial court’s findings in relation to claims she made on behalf of David; therefore, we summarily
affirm the trial court’s judgment in that respect.
II. Law and Analysis
Standard of Review
We review an appeal from summary judgment under a de novo
standard. Cleveland Elec. Illum. Co. v. Cleveland, 2020-Ohio-4469, ¶ 13-15
(8th Dist.), citing Baiko v. Mays, 140 Ohio App.3d 1 (8th Dist. 2000). Accordingly,
we afford no deference to the trial court’s decision and independently review the
record to determine whether summary judgment is appropriate. Cleveland Elec.
Illum. Co. at id., citing N.E. Ohio Apt. Assn. v. Cuyahoga Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 121
Ohio App.3d 188 (8th Dist. 1997). Civ.R. 56(C) provides that before summary
judgment may be granted, a court must determine that (1) no genuine issue as to
any material fact remains to be litigated, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law, and (3) it appears from the evidence that reasonable minds can
come to but one conclusion and viewing the evidence most strongly in favor of the
nonmoving party, that conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving party.
Civ.R. 56(C) also provides an exclusive list of materials that parties
may use to support a motion for summary judgment:
Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits, transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the action, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. No evidence or stipulation may be considered except as stated in this rule. The moving party carries the initial burden of setting forth specific
facts that demonstrate his or her entitlement to summary judgment. Dresher v.
Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 292-293 (1996). If the movant fails to meet this burden,
summary judgment is not appropriate, but if the movant does meet this burden,
summary judgment will be appropriate only if the nonmovant fails to establish the
existence of a genuine issue of material fact. Id. at 293.
Legal Malpractice
The elements of a claim for legal malpractice are “(1) an attorney-
client relationship, (2) professional duty arising from that relationship, (3) breach
of that duty, (4) proximate cause, (5) and damages.” Benesch, Friedlander, Coplan
& Aronoff, LLC v. Jochum, 2019-Ohio-2321, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.).
A claim for legal malpractice must be brought within one year of
either the termination of the attorney-client relationship or occurrence of a
cognizable act, whichever is later. R.C. 2305.11(A) provides that an action for legal
malpractice against an attorney or a law firm shall be commenced within one year
after the cause of action accrued.
“‘Under R.C. 2305.11(A), an action for legal malpractice accrues and the statute of limitations begins to run when there is a cognizable event whereby the client discovers or should have discovered that his [or her] injury was related to his attorney’s act or non-act and the client is put on notice of a need to pursue his possible remedies against the attorney or when the attorney-client relationship for that particular transaction or undertaking terminates, whichever occurs later.’”
(Emphasis deleted.) Buehner v. Cheselka, 2022-Ohio-2687, ¶ 51 (8th Dist.), quoting
Shaut v. Roberts, 2022-Ohio-817, ¶ 8 (8th Dist.). The statute-of-limitations analysis in a legal malpractice case requires
two factual inquiries: “(1) When should the client have known that he or she may
have an injury caused by his or her attorney? and (2) When did the attorney-client
relationship terminate?” The later of those dates “is the date that starts the running
of the statute of limitations.” Buehner at ¶ 52, citing Smith v. Conley, 2006-Ohio-
2035, ¶ 4.
As stated in Pincus I, whether the statute of limitations bars Arlene’s
complaint depends on whether she was in an attorney-client relationship with
Dubyak from May 2014 to January 2017, or if Dubyak had an attorney-client
relationship with only David during this timeframe. See Pincus I at ¶ 25. If Arlene
failed to allege facts that would establish an attorney-client relationship between her
and Dubyak that did not terminate until January 2017, she can bring this action only
if she was in privity with David or if Dubyak acted with malice. Id.
In Pincus I, this court determined that, as of the pleading stage where
the court construes the nonmoving party’s allegations as true, Arlene had satisfied
her burden to establish the existence of an attorney-client relationship between her
and Dubyak from May 2014 to January 17, 2017. Id. at ¶ 31.
To reiterate the pertinent dates, we note that Arlene initially filed her
pro se complaint on January 18, 2018. She dismissed that complaint on January 26,
2018, without prejudice, and refiled it on January 26, 2019. She argues that her
initial January 2018 complaint triggered Ohio’s saving statute, R.C. 2305.19(A), and
that she had standing to bring the malpractice claim in her individual capacity because (1) she had an attorney-client relationship with Dubyak that did not
terminate until January 17, 2017, or (2) she had third-party standing because she
was in privity with David, or (3) she had third-party standing because Dubyak acted
with malice.
Evidence of Attorney-Client Relationship
Arlene alleged that she had an attorney-client relationship with
Dubyak from May 2014 to January 17, 2017. Dubyak, on the other hand, insists his
relationship with Arlene was solely in her capacity as the power of attorney for David
or, as to her individually, he only represented her to defend against Steven’s
counterclaims and that representation ended when the case was settled and the
counterclaim against her was dismissed in October 2016, which means her
complaint was outside the statute of limitations for legal malpractice claims. The
trial court determined that Arlene’s claims were time barred because Dubyak
represented her individually only on the counterclaim and therefore his
representation of her ended when the case was settled in October 2016. We disagree
and find that there was an attorney-client relationship between Arlene and Dubyak
from May 2014 to January 17, 2017.
In his July 2023 motion for summary judgment, Dubyak attached his
letters of representation. The first letter, dated May 12, 2014, was addressed solely
to Arlene and reads, in part:
This letter, and your signature below, will confirm your agreement to retain Dubyak Connick Sammon & Bloom, LLC in representing you pertaining to issues (1) in the matter of the Estate of Hellen Pincus and (2) partnership issues with Steve Pincus.
The letter was signed by Dubyak. In the acknowledgment section,
“Arlene Pincus” is typed out on the signature block and Arlene signed the agreement
“Arlene Pincus” on May 13, 2014. Neither David nor Arlene in her capacity as
David’s representative are mentioned in the letter.
In a subsequent May 22, 2014 letter, addressed to “David and Arlene
Pincus,” Dubyak clarified his representation, stating the following:
This letter is in follow-up to my firm’s original representation letter dated May 12, 2014. In the original letter, only Arlene was listed as the firm’s client. To clarify the firm’s representation, this revised letter, and your signature below, will confirm the agreement of both of you to retain Dubyak Connick Sammon & Bloom, LLC in representing you pertaining to issues (1) in the matter of the Estate and Trust of Hellen Pincus . . . and (2) partnership issues with Steve Pincus.
(Emphasis added).
The acknowledgment section states:
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The above accurately reflects my representation agreement with Dubyak Connick Sammon & Bloom, LLC, and I accept the terms and conditions set forth above.
“Arlene Pincus,” and “Arlene Pincus, Attorney-in-fact for David
Pincus” are typed out on the signature block and Arlene signed “Arlene Pincus” at
each signature block, executing it on May 23, 2014.
In a November 6, 2014 letter to counsel for Steven, Dubyak refers to
his clients as “David and Arlene Pincus.” Arlene also refers to Dubyak’s fee bills, which were addressed to Arlene personally; the bills were not sent to David or Arlene
in her representative capacity.
Dubyak contends that he only represented Arlene in her capacity as
David’s representative and points to the complaint filed in the bakery case, which
does not name Arlene as a plaintiff in her individual capacity. However, the exhibits
listed above evidence that Dubyak was representing Arlene prior to the filing of the
complaint and counterclaim against her and continued that representation until at
least January 17, 2017 (again, Dubyak did not file his motion to withdraw in the
bakery case until February 2, 2017).
Dubyak also contends that because Arlene conceded that the 2018
complaint was a legal nullity as to David, then the entire complaint was a legal
nullity. Dubyak cites this court’s decision in Baon v. Fairview Hosp., 2019-Ohio-
3371, ¶ 28 (8th Dist.), in which this court found that a pro se complaint filed in a
wrongful death action was a legal nullity. This court noted that “[u]nder Ohio law,
a non-attorney personal representative of an estate may not litigate claims on behalf
of the estate pro se because allowing a pro se litigant to represent others would
constitute the unauthorized practice of law.” Id. at ¶ 20, quoting Kinasz v.
Southwest Gen. Health Ctr., 2014-Ohio-402. This court concluded that the pro se
plaintiff could not “cure” his action by subsequently retaining counsel and that his
action was therefore not timely.
Baon is distinguishable. Arlene’s complaint is for legal malpractice,
and she is not prohibited from filing a pro se complaint for her own claim. See, e.g., DiPaolo Indus. Dev., LLC v. Blair & Latell Co., 2014-Ohio-4317, ¶ 15 (11th Dist.)
(holding that a nonlawyer plaintiff filing a lawsuit for legal malpractice on behalf of
a corporation was a legal nullity, but plaintiff’s own pro se claim was permitted).
In light of the above, we find that Arlene established that she and
Dubyak had an attorney-client relationship from May 2014 to January 17, 2017.
Therefore, she has established that element of a legal malpractice claim. The trial
court erred in granting summary judgment to Dubyak on that ground.
Because we have found that Arlene established an independent
attorney-client relationship with Dubyak, we need not consider whether she had
standing to file the 2018 complaint as a third party based on David’s attorney-client
relationship with Dubyak or whether Dubyak acted with malice.
Claim for Legal Malpractice
As mentioned, in order to succeed on a claim for legal malpractice,
Arlene must show the existence of an attorney-client relationship, that Dubyak had
a professional duty to her arising from that relationship, that he breached that duty,
and that his actions were the proximate cause of her damages. See Benesch,
Friedlander, Coplan & Aronoff, LLC, 2019-Ohio-2321, at ¶ 15. Arlene has
established the first element — she has standing through her attorney-client
relationship with Dubyak and her complaint was not untimely filed.
As to the remaining elements for a legal malpractice claim, the trial
court did not address these elements in its opinion. Through a de novo review of the record, we conclude that there are genuine issues of material fact precluding
summary judgment.
Arlene alleged that Dubyak breached his duty as her attorney by
failing to motion to have a receiver appointed in the bakery case and that failure was
the proximate cause of her damages. The trial court acknowledges that Dubyak
represented Arlene in her individual capacity concerning that counterclaim and
third-party complaint filed against her, individually, in the bakery case. The court
opined that “[n]o evidence exists that Arlene suffered any damages caused by
Defendant Dubyak’s representation of her concerning the counterclaim and third-
party complaint.” However, Arlene’s complaint for malpractice spans the entire
bakery case, not just the counterclaim and third-party complaint against her.
In a report authored by John Phillips, Esq., dated June 28, 2023, and
attached to Arlene’s motion for summary judgment, Phillips opined that Dubyak
committed legal malpractice by failing to motion to have a receiver appointed in the
bakery case. Phillips further opined that had this motion been filed, (1) the trial
court would have appointed a receiver and (2) the bakery would not have closed,
and (3) the $500,000 consent judgment obtained in the bakery case would have
been collectible. Phillips concluded that Dubyak’s failure to move the court to
appoint a receiver was the proximate cause of Arlene’s damages.
Dubyak counters that a receiver would not have been helpful in the
bakery case. In his deposition, Dubyak testified that he had conversations with
Arlene regarding moving for a receiver and that he did not think it was appropriate given Arlene’s “theft from the bakery, the exposure for tax liability, and the cost of
the receivership, etc.” According to Dubyak: “We discussed it, we discussed the pros
and cons, and we ultimately decided not to seek the appointment of a receiver.”
In a report authored by Tim Collins, Esq., dated August 23, 2023, and
attached to Dubyak’s motion for summary judgment, Collins opined that Dubyak
did not commit professional malpractice. According to Collins, it would not have
been beneficial for a receiver to have been appointed to the bakery case because
Arlene herself was draining bakery accounts and the bakery had not paid several
years worth of taxes so any recovered funds would have been offset by what was
owed to tax authorities.
At this juncture, we cannot definitively say whether Dubyak breached
his duty as Arlene’s counsel and whether the breach was the proximate cause of her
damages. These are factual considerations for a jury.
The sole assignment of error is sustained. The trial court’s judgment
granting summary judgment in favor of Dubyak as to claims Arlene brought on
behalf of David is unopposed and affirmed. The trial court’s judgment granting
summary judgment in favor of Dubyak as to the claims brought by Arlene
individually is reversed.
Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and case remanded.
It is ordered that appellant and appellees share the costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal. It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment
into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule
27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
MICHAEL JOHN RYAN, JUDGE
EMANUELLA D. GROVES, P.J., and ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCUR