Opinion op tiib court by
JUDGE O’REAR
Reversing.
Appellee, Carrie Taylor, was a depositor of the Phoenix National Bank of Lexington, and had therein to her credit during the year 185)8 $1,055. This controversy- involves-the genuineness of'a check for $450 asserted by the bank to have been executed by appellee January 4, 1899, payable' to the Planters’ Bank, and signed “Carrie Taylor,” and which had been drawn on and paid1 by appellant. Appellee sued the bank for the sum of $450, claimed to be the-balance remaining to her credit, and which it had refused to pay on her demand. She repudiated the check to -the1 Planters’ Bank, claiming that it was not her act. It was shown that appellee was a lewd woman, and had become apparently infatuated with one Burcliitt, who was a soldier in the United States army, encamped at Lexington for a period during the year 1898. Upon the transfer of the command to which he belonged to the South in the winter of 1898, she followed him there. He was for a while located at Americas, Ga., where she joined him, and whele<their relations were of that intimate nature that they passetKa,s [65]*65'husband and wife. His command having been ordered to Man tanzas, Cuba, she returned to Lexington. It is claimed by Lae bank that while she was at Americas she executed the check in question. The Planters’ Bank was located in Americas, G-a. Burcliitt testified that this check was given to him by appellee, with lieu- name signed to it; that, while he did not see her sign it, yet it was written upon a printed ■blank check in use by appellant bank, and that slit1 took it from a book of such checks that she had in her possession there, and that he assumed that she had signed it; that he filled in the body of the check in her presence, and at her direction, and deposited the money at the Planters’ Bank to her credit in her name. Subsequently she drew a check on the Planters’ Bank, payable to J. G. Burchitt, — at least such check was presented with her name signed to it, — which was honored by the bank. Appellee denied the whole of the transaction above named, denied that she signed the check, and denied that she authorized any one else to sign it for her. The first trial of the case resulted in a disagreement of the jury. This trial resulted in a verdict for appellee, nine of the jury concurring.
The court gave the following instruction: “The jury should find for the plaintiff, unless they believe from the .evidence that the check for the sum of four hundred and fifty dollars, dated January 4, 1899, drawn in favor of the Planters’ Bank on the Phoenix^ National Bank, to which «liock Hie name of Carrie Taylor was signed, was in fact signed by said Carrie Taylor; and if the jury believe1 from the evidence that said Carrie Taylor did sign her iiame to said check, tlie jury should find for the defendant.” Appellant moved tlie court to give the jury the following instructions, which was overruled: (1) If the jury believe [66]*66from the evidence that the check for $450, dated January 4, 1899, drawn upon the Phoenix National Bank, signed “Carrie Taylor,” and afterwards paid by the defendant, was in fact signed by the plaintiff, Carrie Taylor, or by another for her and with her consent, or by her authority, they should find for the defendant. (2) If the jury bélieve from the evidence that the check described in the above instruction was paid by the defendant, and the plaintiff, with knowledge 1 hereof, received the proceeds of said check, or the same was deposited to the plaintiff’s credit at the Planters’ Bank of Americus, Georgia, and the samé was drawn out of said bank by her, or by her order or authority, they should find for the defendant, even if the jury believe from the evidence that the plaintiff did not actually sign said check, or authorize another to sign the same for her.”
We are of opinion that the instruction given by the court was too limited, in view of the plea and circumstances ,shown in this case. The plea was a justified payment by the bank. Tim circumstance's and evidence on behalf of the bank were that the depositor, Cárrie Taylor, delivered to John G. Burchitt a check with her name signed to it. It as true it was also testified by Burchitt that he was: acquainted with her- handwriting, aind that the signature was hers. Him having denied her signature, the jury may have believed, and under all the facts and circumstances in this case might have been warranted in believing, that, although she did not sign, her name to the check, she -authorized another to sign her name to it. Furthermore, if she did not 'sign the check, or if she did not authorize it signed, yet, if she accepted the proceeds which had been deposited in the Planters’ Bank to her credit, and drew her check against the same, she thereby ratified all that had preceded that act; and this would have been a justification of the [67]*67original signature of her name to the cheek. Therefore instructions 1 and 2 offered by appellant should have been given to the jury.
As the case must be returned for a new trial, it becomes necessary to pass upon certain objections to the evidence. It appears that there were but two checks drawn against (lie deposit of $1,055. One was the check in controversy; the other was a check for the balance ot $005, presented by appellee, and paid by the bank. She admits that she signed her name to this last check. Before this trial appellee procured a subpoena dues tecum, against tin» officers of the bank to produce this last named check, ostensibly for the purpose of comparison of the handwriting in I Ik; signatures of the two checks. In order to obtain the subpoena, she lik'd her affidavit, setting forth in legal phraseology the execution of the last-named check, and certain occurrences which she alleged transpired on the occasion when she andi her counsel had visited the bank and examined’ it. This, was all shown evidently for the purpose of informing the court that the check was in fact in the custody of the officers of the defendant bank. In response, to the subpoena, the president of the bank filed his' affidavit, in which he explained the absence of this cheek- —that it had been lost or misplaced without fault of the bank, or that it had been delivered to appellee; in other words, it was an explanation to the court why the bank was unable to comply with this, order to produce the paper as directed. Over the objection of appellant both of these affidavits were permitted to-be read to the jury. A Ye are unable to perceive wherein they were relevant to the issue submitted. The fact that she had signed the last check and had called for its production was properly admitted to the jury. Then it was also permissible for the bank to explain to the jury by the tes[68]*68timony of witnesses, if it saw proper to do so, wliy it had not produced and could not produce the check. These matters, however, should not be proven by e,v parte affidavits, not. allowing opportunity for cross-examination, but letting it appear that the witnesses had knowledge and made statements therefrom, which, in response to questions properly put, they may not have been justified in making in, the way elf competent evidence. We are of opinion that the court ■erred in admitting the affidavits. They were merely for the use of ilie court, unless it was offered to show that a witness had made a different statement in them to that testified to by him on the trial.
Appellee claims that prior'to January 4, 1899, she could not read and could not write, and could not sign her name. This she testified on the trial.
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Opinion op tiib court by
JUDGE O’REAR
Reversing.
Appellee, Carrie Taylor, was a depositor of the Phoenix National Bank of Lexington, and had therein to her credit during the year 185)8 $1,055. This controversy- involves-the genuineness of'a check for $450 asserted by the bank to have been executed by appellee January 4, 1899, payable' to the Planters’ Bank, and signed “Carrie Taylor,” and which had been drawn on and paid1 by appellant. Appellee sued the bank for the sum of $450, claimed to be the-balance remaining to her credit, and which it had refused to pay on her demand. She repudiated the check to -the1 Planters’ Bank, claiming that it was not her act. It was shown that appellee was a lewd woman, and had become apparently infatuated with one Burcliitt, who was a soldier in the United States army, encamped at Lexington for a period during the year 1898. Upon the transfer of the command to which he belonged to the South in the winter of 1898, she followed him there. He was for a while located at Americas, Ga., where she joined him, and whele<their relations were of that intimate nature that they passetKa,s [65]*65'husband and wife. His command having been ordered to Man tanzas, Cuba, she returned to Lexington. It is claimed by Lae bank that while she was at Americas she executed the check in question. The Planters’ Bank was located in Americas, G-a. Burcliitt testified that this check was given to him by appellee, with lieu- name signed to it; that, while he did not see her sign it, yet it was written upon a printed ■blank check in use by appellant bank, and that slit1 took it from a book of such checks that she had in her possession there, and that he assumed that she had signed it; that he filled in the body of the check in her presence, and at her direction, and deposited the money at the Planters’ Bank to her credit in her name. Subsequently she drew a check on the Planters’ Bank, payable to J. G. Burchitt, — at least such check was presented with her name signed to it, — which was honored by the bank. Appellee denied the whole of the transaction above named, denied that she signed the check, and denied that she authorized any one else to sign it for her. The first trial of the case resulted in a disagreement of the jury. This trial resulted in a verdict for appellee, nine of the jury concurring.
The court gave the following instruction: “The jury should find for the plaintiff, unless they believe from the .evidence that the check for the sum of four hundred and fifty dollars, dated January 4, 1899, drawn in favor of the Planters’ Bank on the Phoenix^ National Bank, to which «liock Hie name of Carrie Taylor was signed, was in fact signed by said Carrie Taylor; and if the jury believe1 from the evidence that said Carrie Taylor did sign her iiame to said check, tlie jury should find for the defendant.” Appellant moved tlie court to give the jury the following instructions, which was overruled: (1) If the jury believe [66]*66from the evidence that the check for $450, dated January 4, 1899, drawn upon the Phoenix National Bank, signed “Carrie Taylor,” and afterwards paid by the defendant, was in fact signed by the plaintiff, Carrie Taylor, or by another for her and with her consent, or by her authority, they should find for the defendant. (2) If the jury bélieve from the evidence that the check described in the above instruction was paid by the defendant, and the plaintiff, with knowledge 1 hereof, received the proceeds of said check, or the same was deposited to the plaintiff’s credit at the Planters’ Bank of Americus, Georgia, and the samé was drawn out of said bank by her, or by her order or authority, they should find for the defendant, even if the jury believe from the evidence that the plaintiff did not actually sign said check, or authorize another to sign the same for her.”
We are of opinion that the instruction given by the court was too limited, in view of the plea and circumstances ,shown in this case. The plea was a justified payment by the bank. Tim circumstance's and evidence on behalf of the bank were that the depositor, Cárrie Taylor, delivered to John G. Burchitt a check with her name signed to it. It as true it was also testified by Burchitt that he was: acquainted with her- handwriting, aind that the signature was hers. Him having denied her signature, the jury may have believed, and under all the facts and circumstances in this case might have been warranted in believing, that, although she did not sign, her name to the check, she -authorized another to sign her name to it. Furthermore, if she did not 'sign the check, or if she did not authorize it signed, yet, if she accepted the proceeds which had been deposited in the Planters’ Bank to her credit, and drew her check against the same, she thereby ratified all that had preceded that act; and this would have been a justification of the [67]*67original signature of her name to the cheek. Therefore instructions 1 and 2 offered by appellant should have been given to the jury.
As the case must be returned for a new trial, it becomes necessary to pass upon certain objections to the evidence. It appears that there were but two checks drawn against (lie deposit of $1,055. One was the check in controversy; the other was a check for the balance ot $005, presented by appellee, and paid by the bank. She admits that she signed her name to this last check. Before this trial appellee procured a subpoena dues tecum, against tin» officers of the bank to produce this last named check, ostensibly for the purpose of comparison of the handwriting in I Ik; signatures of the two checks. In order to obtain the subpoena, she lik'd her affidavit, setting forth in legal phraseology the execution of the last-named check, and certain occurrences which she alleged transpired on the occasion when she andi her counsel had visited the bank and examined’ it. This, was all shown evidently for the purpose of informing the court that the check was in fact in the custody of the officers of the defendant bank. In response, to the subpoena, the president of the bank filed his' affidavit, in which he explained the absence of this cheek- —that it had been lost or misplaced without fault of the bank, or that it had been delivered to appellee; in other words, it was an explanation to the court why the bank was unable to comply with this, order to produce the paper as directed. Over the objection of appellant both of these affidavits were permitted to-be read to the jury. A Ye are unable to perceive wherein they were relevant to the issue submitted. The fact that she had signed the last check and had called for its production was properly admitted to the jury. Then it was also permissible for the bank to explain to the jury by the tes[68]*68timony of witnesses, if it saw proper to do so, wliy it had not produced and could not produce the check. These matters, however, should not be proven by e,v parte affidavits, not. allowing opportunity for cross-examination, but letting it appear that the witnesses had knowledge and made statements therefrom, which, in response to questions properly put, they may not have been justified in making in, the way elf competent evidence. We are of opinion that the court ■erred in admitting the affidavits. They were merely for the use of ilie court, unless it was offered to show that a witness had made a different statement in them to that testified to by him on the trial.
Appellee claims that prior'to January 4, 1899, she could not read and could not write, and could not sign her name. This she testified on the trial. It was, of course, a relevant fact to be proved by her, or by any other having knowledge of it. Before the trial she filed in the record six chattel mortgages: One dated July 13, 1897, to the Rhodes-Bur-ford Furniture Company, for $54, putting in pledge certain articles of furniture. It appears to bo signed, “Carrie her X Taylor,” attested by W. R. Baker and A. Price. Another similar mortgage, executed July 13, 1897, to secure $153, putting in pledge certain articles of furniture to A. F. her Wheeler & Co., of Lexington. This was signed “Carrie X Taylor.” Witnesses, R. F. Thompson and J. II. Harris. Another, dated July 29, 1899, to the Rhodes-Burford Furniture Company, to secure $43.15 upon certain articles of furniture, which was signed “Carrie Taylor.” Another, dated-August 1, 1.898, to the Rhodes-Burford Furniture Company, to secure $G, pledging certain articles of furniture. [69]*69her This was signed “Carrie X Taylor.” Witnesses, H. J. mark Smith and A. W. Kelley. Another, dated 29th of June, 1899, to the Rhodes-Burford Furniture Company, for $8, her securing certain articles of furniture, signed, “Carrie X mark Taylor,” with two witnesses. Another dated April 24, 1900, to A. F. Wheeler & Co., signed “Carrie Taylor.” These papers are said to have been introduced upon notice under section 004, Civil Code Prac.: “'That in any action, prosecution or proceeding, civil or criminal, which is now pending or may be commenced hereafter, upon a dispute as to the genuineness of the handwriting of a person, other handwriting of such person, though not in the case for any other purpose, may be introduced for the purpose of comparison by witnesses with the writing in dispute; and such writings, and the teslimony of witnesses respecting them, may be submitted to the court or jury as evidence concerning the genuineness of the writing in dispute: Provided, that— (1) The genuineness of such writings shall be proved, to the satisfaction of the judge, by other than opinion evidence. (2) It must be proved, to the satisfaction of the judge, that they were written before any controversy arose as to the genuineness of the writing in- dispute, and that no- fraudi was practiced in their selection. (3) A party proposing to introduce such writings must give reasonable .notice -of his intention to the opposite party or his attorney, with reasonable opportunity to examine them before commencement of the trial. (4) The judge may limit the number of such writings. (5) An error of the judge shall be subject to revision and correction in the same manner as if the error had been committed by the court.” It will be observed that subsection 2 of this section provides that the handwriting [70]*70offered for comparison must have been written before any controversy arose as to the genuineness of the writing in dispute. The check for $605 is alleged to have been paid to appellee on December 8, 1899, and some time previous to that she had denied the genuineness of the $450 check. Therefore writings executed by her subsequent to the time when she had denied the genuineness of the disputed writing are not relevant for purposes of comparison. .
A somewhat unusual question is presented as to appellee’s claim of right to use other mortgages signed b3r her mark, her name being written by another, for purposes of comparison with the disputed handwriting under this section of the Code. If it should be said that these mortgages signed in this manner were used as evidence of the fact that appellee could not write her name, we are of opinion that they were not relevant for that purpose, because they do not tend to prove that fact. They prove merely that she did not sign her name to those particular papers, not that she could not write it. The fact that she could not write1 her name is, of course, a relevant one in this ease, as we have said, and might be proved by relevant and competent evidence. One who can write his name may choose to sign by his mark, or may choose to have another sign his name for him. In either event the legal effect of his signature as to its binding him would be the same, except in certain known exceptions; as, for example, the case of a surety, whose name'was signed by another, and who did not make his mark. It is' for the jury to decide from ¡all the facts and testimony in evidence whether appellee could write. There was evidence for appellant, however, that appellee could write her name. In fact, she admits that she, at the time of the trial, could write her name, and at the time of the presenting of the last check upon the [71]*71bank could and did sign her name. She claims that she iearned to write her name after she returned from Americus, Ga., and that she was taught to do so by copying from envelopes addressed to her.
It is to be noted that it is the contention of appellant and of its witnesses that appellee signed the name “Carrie Taylor” to the check in controversy. One of the methods of proving the genuineness of a questioned signature is by comparing its handwriting with other and known and admitted handwritings of the disputant. In Strong’s Ex’rs v. Brewer, 17 Ala., 706, the question was whether an obligation was signed by Isaac Brewer by making his mark in the shape of a cross, his_ name being written at length by some other person. To prove the execution of this obligation, the plaintiff introduced his son as a witness, who testified to the handwriting of his mother, and also stated that he knewT the mark of his father, Isaac Brewer, and the mark attached to the foot of the instrument he believed to be! his father’s mark. The defendant objected to this mode of proving the instrument on the ground that a mark, differing from an ordinary signature, could not be proved in the manner proposed. But the objection was overruled by the court. Said the Alabama supreme court, by Chief Justice Dargan: “The general rule, vrhick admits of proof of the handwriting of a party, is founded on the reason that in every person’s manner of writing there is a peculiar prevailing character, which distinguishes it from the handwriting of every other person, and therefore that one who knows the handwriting of the party is competent to testify to it.” The court further said: “The degree of weight to be attached to it depends not only upon the character of the witness, but also upon the opportunity he has had of acquiring a knowledge of the party’s handwriting. It may be more difficult to ac[72]*72qnire a knowledge of a simple mark, by which an illiterate man executes a deed, than the knowledge of the handwriting of one who can write his name in full, but we can not perceive why it may not be done. In some instances the peculiarity may be as strong as that which marks the characters of one ivho can write, and in other instances not, perhaps, so grea’t; yet in all, we apprehend, would be found something distinct and peculiar, which would, enable one who had frequently seen, the party make his mark to know it.” In Thompson v. Davitte, 59 Ga., 472, the attesting witness to a will could not write his name, but made his mark. The question arose whether he was competent to) identify the paper as the one attested by him. The court instructed the jury “that the mark made by a witness in attesting a will need not have any peculiarity about it, but any mark is sufficient if the witness, when called to testify, can swear to the mark.”’ The court said: “The Code pronounces a mark sufficient on the sole condition that the witness shall be able to swear to it. This is all the heraldry of the matter. Nothing like a system of crests or bearings is contemplated, not even any special hook or claw on which the mind can hang recognition. As best it can, the memory may lay hold, and hold on, and the conscience may swear to it. A court can not declare any peculiarity necessary where the witness needs) none. It is not improbable that those who make marks for default of skill in making letters have an aptitude of their own in distinguishing marks that to ordinary eyes look alike.” These are the cases cited by appellee to sustain the action of the court below in admitting" the mori gages to the jury for purposes of comparing the signatures to them with the signature to the check in controversy. We are of opinion that the cases, while sound, do not support the contention made by appellee. It will be [73]*73observed that these cases justify the admission of testimony of witnesses that they can see a similarity between the marks used by the signer of the respective papers that are signed by mark only, and that such similarity is strong enough to support the opinion' of the deponent that they were made by the same person. It is probable that the same basis of reasoning would allow the introduction of such papers for comparison by the jury unde,r the provision of our Code, supra. But where the disputed handwriting does not purport to be by another than the one whose name is signed, a “mark” not being used in the signature, we are of opinion it is not competent to offer it for comparison with a paper signed merely with a cross or other mark, claimed to have been previously made by the signer, with his name written in full by some other person. We’ are unable to perceive where any legitimate help or light could be thrown upon the matter in dispute by the comparing of the characteristics of the two handwritings. It is that peculiar characteristic attaching to the mechanical formation of letters by which they -may be identified as having been made by one particular person that justifies admitting other handwriting of the same party for comparison to prove that the disputed one was probably executed by the same person who wrrote the genuine ones. We are therefore of the opinion that none of the signatures to the mortgages in question (unless it be the one of June, 1899) should have been submitted to the jury.
The judgment is reversed, and cause remanded for proceedings consistent herewith.