BRICKELL, C. J.
At the 1896-97 session of the General Assembly, an act was passed and approved February 18, 1897, entitled “An act to amend the revenue laws of the State of Alabama.” The fifteenth subdivision of the thirty-fifth section requires- all corporations, foreign or domestic, doing business in this State, except banks and banking institutions regularly organized, not otherwise specifically required to pay a license tax, to pay an annual privilege tax, graduated by the paid-up capital stock of the corporation. The appellant, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of this State, doing business in the City of Birmingham, having a paid-up capital stock of five thousand dollars, on information filed in the Criminal Court of Jefferson county, was convicted of a violation of the sub-division, and from the judgment of conviction this appeal is taken.
The argument of the counsel for appellant, proceeds on the hypothesis, which we are inclined to adopt, that three questions are presented by the record for- consideration and decision, Avbich they state in the following order: 1. Is not the sub-division violative of the first and sixth sections, taken in connection, of the eleventh article of the Constitution? 2. If not violative of the Constitution, did the sub-division take effect from the day of approval of the act, or is it postponed in operation until the first day of January next? '3. By force of the general revenue laws, is a county tax added to the State tax?.
[150]*1501. The two sections of the Constitution supposed to be violated, read as follows: “1. All taxes levied on property in this State shall be assessed in exact proportion to the value of such property: provided, however, the General Assembly may levy a poll tax, not to exceed one dollar and fifty cents on each poll, which shall be applied exclusively in aid of the public school fund in the county so paying the same.” “§6. The property of private corporations, associations, and individuals of this State shall forever be taxed at the same rate; provided, this section shall not apply to institutions or corporations devoted exclusively to religious, educational, or charitable purposes.” These sections by their terms relate only to direct taxes on property — it is only such taxes which are levied and assessed; and as to such taxes, they place corporations on an equality with natural persons; there can be no discrimination between them. But property, in the sense in which it is employed, is far from comprehending all the objects or subjects of taxation. Corresponding provisions are found in the constitutions of many, if not all the States, and there is a general, if not a universal concurrence of judicial decision, that they do not limit legislative power in the imposition of specific taxes. In Burroughs on Taxation, §54, referring to these provisions, it is said: “These provisions, as a general rule, are held to apply to property, and not to include taxation on privileges or occupations.” And in Sedgwick on Stat. & Const. Law, (2d ed.), 504-507, it is said: “In construing these provisions, it has been held, in many of the States, that the words ‘equal and uniform’ apply only to a direct tax on property; and that the clause in regard to uniformity of taxation does not limit the power of the legislature as to the objects of taxation, but is only intended to prevent an arbitrary taxation of property according to kind or quality, without regard to value. Specific taxes have, therefore, been sustained as a valid exercise of the legislative power.” And in 1 Desty on Taxation, 336, it is said: “The provisions of the Constitution as to equality and uniformity apply to property alone, and not to taxation on privileges or occupations. The legislature must decide when and for what purpose a tax shall be levied, and must select [151]*151the subjects of taxation.” The authorities, in support of this general doctrine, are too numerous for citation. Many of them are collected and referred to in Denver City R’y Co. v. Denver, 52 Am. St. Rep. 243; City of Newton v. Atchison, 47 Am. Rep. 486.
The tax imposed by the sub-division, has the properties and quality of a franchise tax — it is measured or graduated by the amount of the paid-up capital stock of the corporation, and this distinguishes it from a tax on property. Speaking in reference to this inquiry, it was said by Clopton, J., in State v. Stonewall Ins. Co., 89 Ala. 338: “The usual and most certain test is, whether the tax is upon the capital stock, eo nomine, without regard to its value, or at its assessed valuation in whatever it may be invested; if the former, it is a franchise tax; if the latter, a tax upon the property.” Reference was made to Bank of Commerce v. Commissioners, 2 Black, (U. S.) 620, in which it ivas said by Nelson, J., speaking of a franchise tax: “The tax was like one annexed to the franchise as a royalty for the grant.” The tax may be imposed on the creation of the corporation, but if the charter or grant of incorporation does not expressly exempt it from taxation, a tax on the franchise may be subsequently imposed at the will of the legislature. — Burroughs on Taxation, §85; Providence Bank v. Billings, 4 Peters, 514. Taxation is a legislative power, comprehended in- the general grant to the General Assembly, except as it is specially restrained or limited by the Constitution, or by the relation of the State to the general government; and in its exercise the General Assembly, is not under the superintendence and control of the judiciary. “It is enough for the courts,” said Brewer, J., in the City of Newton v. Atchison, 47 Am. Rep. 488, “that both occupations and property are legitimate objects of taxation; that they are essentially dissimilar; that constitutional provisions regulating the taxation of one do not control that of the other, and that there are no constitutional inhibitions on the taxation of business, either by the legislature directly, or by municipal corporations thereto empowered by the legislature.”
We may concede, that when a tax is imposed on avocations, or privileges, or on the franchises of cor[152]*152porations, it must be equal and uniform. The equality and uniformity consists in the imposition of the like tax upon all who engage in the avocation, or who may exercise the privilege taxed; and if it be a franchise tax,. upon all corporations belonging to the class upon which it is imposed. — 1 Desty on Taxation, §36; Cooley on Taxation, (2d ed.), 378; Delaware Railroad Tax, 18 Wall. 206; City of New Orleans v. Kaufman, 29 La. Ann. 283; Diorach's Appeal, 62 Penn. St. 491. The General Assembly in the legitimate exercise of the taxing power, may impose direct taxes on lands only, to the exclusion of every variety or species of personal property; or, it may not tax lands, and subject personal property only to direct taxation. This is within the general grant of the poAver of taxation, Avhich of necessity involves the poAver of selecting that property or species of property which in the judgment of the legislature is the better able to bear the burden of taxation. And, as is said by Judge Cooley, “What is true of property is true of privileges and occupations also; the State may tax all, or it may select for taxation certain classes and leave the other untaxed. Considerations of general policy determine what the selection shall be in such cases, and there is no restriction on the poAver of choice unless one is imposed by the Constitution.” — Cooley on Taxation, 570.
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BRICKELL, C. J.
At the 1896-97 session of the General Assembly, an act was passed and approved February 18, 1897, entitled “An act to amend the revenue laws of the State of Alabama.” The fifteenth subdivision of the thirty-fifth section requires- all corporations, foreign or domestic, doing business in this State, except banks and banking institutions regularly organized, not otherwise specifically required to pay a license tax, to pay an annual privilege tax, graduated by the paid-up capital stock of the corporation. The appellant, a corporation organized and existing under the laws of this State, doing business in the City of Birmingham, having a paid-up capital stock of five thousand dollars, on information filed in the Criminal Court of Jefferson county, was convicted of a violation of the sub-division, and from the judgment of conviction this appeal is taken.
The argument of the counsel for appellant, proceeds on the hypothesis, which we are inclined to adopt, that three questions are presented by the record for- consideration and decision, Avbich they state in the following order: 1. Is not the sub-division violative of the first and sixth sections, taken in connection, of the eleventh article of the Constitution? 2. If not violative of the Constitution, did the sub-division take effect from the day of approval of the act, or is it postponed in operation until the first day of January next? '3. By force of the general revenue laws, is a county tax added to the State tax?.
[150]*1501. The two sections of the Constitution supposed to be violated, read as follows: “1. All taxes levied on property in this State shall be assessed in exact proportion to the value of such property: provided, however, the General Assembly may levy a poll tax, not to exceed one dollar and fifty cents on each poll, which shall be applied exclusively in aid of the public school fund in the county so paying the same.” “§6. The property of private corporations, associations, and individuals of this State shall forever be taxed at the same rate; provided, this section shall not apply to institutions or corporations devoted exclusively to religious, educational, or charitable purposes.” These sections by their terms relate only to direct taxes on property — it is only such taxes which are levied and assessed; and as to such taxes, they place corporations on an equality with natural persons; there can be no discrimination between them. But property, in the sense in which it is employed, is far from comprehending all the objects or subjects of taxation. Corresponding provisions are found in the constitutions of many, if not all the States, and there is a general, if not a universal concurrence of judicial decision, that they do not limit legislative power in the imposition of specific taxes. In Burroughs on Taxation, §54, referring to these provisions, it is said: “These provisions, as a general rule, are held to apply to property, and not to include taxation on privileges or occupations.” And in Sedgwick on Stat. & Const. Law, (2d ed.), 504-507, it is said: “In construing these provisions, it has been held, in many of the States, that the words ‘equal and uniform’ apply only to a direct tax on property; and that the clause in regard to uniformity of taxation does not limit the power of the legislature as to the objects of taxation, but is only intended to prevent an arbitrary taxation of property according to kind or quality, without regard to value. Specific taxes have, therefore, been sustained as a valid exercise of the legislative power.” And in 1 Desty on Taxation, 336, it is said: “The provisions of the Constitution as to equality and uniformity apply to property alone, and not to taxation on privileges or occupations. The legislature must decide when and for what purpose a tax shall be levied, and must select [151]*151the subjects of taxation.” The authorities, in support of this general doctrine, are too numerous for citation. Many of them are collected and referred to in Denver City R’y Co. v. Denver, 52 Am. St. Rep. 243; City of Newton v. Atchison, 47 Am. Rep. 486.
The tax imposed by the sub-division, has the properties and quality of a franchise tax — it is measured or graduated by the amount of the paid-up capital stock of the corporation, and this distinguishes it from a tax on property. Speaking in reference to this inquiry, it was said by Clopton, J., in State v. Stonewall Ins. Co., 89 Ala. 338: “The usual and most certain test is, whether the tax is upon the capital stock, eo nomine, without regard to its value, or at its assessed valuation in whatever it may be invested; if the former, it is a franchise tax; if the latter, a tax upon the property.” Reference was made to Bank of Commerce v. Commissioners, 2 Black, (U. S.) 620, in which it ivas said by Nelson, J., speaking of a franchise tax: “The tax was like one annexed to the franchise as a royalty for the grant.” The tax may be imposed on the creation of the corporation, but if the charter or grant of incorporation does not expressly exempt it from taxation, a tax on the franchise may be subsequently imposed at the will of the legislature. — Burroughs on Taxation, §85; Providence Bank v. Billings, 4 Peters, 514. Taxation is a legislative power, comprehended in- the general grant to the General Assembly, except as it is specially restrained or limited by the Constitution, or by the relation of the State to the general government; and in its exercise the General Assembly, is not under the superintendence and control of the judiciary. “It is enough for the courts,” said Brewer, J., in the City of Newton v. Atchison, 47 Am. Rep. 488, “that both occupations and property are legitimate objects of taxation; that they are essentially dissimilar; that constitutional provisions regulating the taxation of one do not control that of the other, and that there are no constitutional inhibitions on the taxation of business, either by the legislature directly, or by municipal corporations thereto empowered by the legislature.”
We may concede, that when a tax is imposed on avocations, or privileges, or on the franchises of cor[152]*152porations, it must be equal and uniform. The equality and uniformity consists in the imposition of the like tax upon all who engage in the avocation, or who may exercise the privilege taxed; and if it be a franchise tax,. upon all corporations belonging to the class upon which it is imposed. — 1 Desty on Taxation, §36; Cooley on Taxation, (2d ed.), 378; Delaware Railroad Tax, 18 Wall. 206; City of New Orleans v. Kaufman, 29 La. Ann. 283; Diorach's Appeal, 62 Penn. St. 491. The General Assembly in the legitimate exercise of the taxing power, may impose direct taxes on lands only, to the exclusion of every variety or species of personal property; or, it may not tax lands, and subject personal property only to direct taxation. This is within the general grant of the poAver of taxation, Avhich of necessity involves the poAver of selecting that property or species of property which in the judgment of the legislature is the better able to bear the burden of taxation. And, as is said by Judge Cooley, “What is true of property is true of privileges and occupations also; the State may tax all, or it may select for taxation certain classes and leave the other untaxed. Considerations of general policy determine what the selection shall be in such cases, and there is no restriction on the poAver of choice unless one is imposed by the Constitution.” — Cooley on Taxation, 570. Corporations are of eArery character and variety; have groAvn to be almost as various and diverse in their franchises, as are the avocations or pursuits of natural persons. The idea Avhich seems to pervade the argument of counsel for appellant, that if one of these artificial beings, or one class of them, is selected as a subject of taxation, the whole body of private corporations, Avithout regard to the diversity of their franchises, must be subjected to the like tax, finds no support in authority, and derogates from the power of the legislature to select the objects and subjects of taxation. A poAver it may be admitted, capable of abuse, as is all human poAver, but if abused, the corrective does not rest Avith the courts. Nor can it be said, that it would be right or just to subject all these artificial beings, AAdthout regard to the diA-ersity of their powers and franchises to like taxation. We Avill not prolong discussion — the tax imposed [153]*153by tbe sub-clivision, is imposed for tbe purposes of revenue; it is of the “ways and means,” the legislature has employed to meet the expenses of government, and its other pecuniary necessities, and is not offensive to the Constitution.
2. Unless a different time is specified, statutes take effect and become operative from the day of the approval by the Governor. — Sedg. Stat. & Const. Law, 67; Sutherland on Stat. Constr., §104; Taylor v. Hand, 31 Ala. 383; Br. Bank Mobile v. Murphy, 8 Ala. 119. This general principle is not denied, nor is it contended that there are any words in the sub-division, or in the act of which it forms part, indicative of a legislative intention to postpone its operation to a future day. The contention is, that such intention must be implied or the sub-division will be inharmonious with the statute, (Code of 1886, §634), which declares that all licenses shall be for one year, and shall expire on the thirty-first December, unless the business commences after the first of July, in which case the price of license shall be one-half of the year’s license. The statute referred to has relation only to the licenses designated in other sections of the Code, and it cannot be. ref erred to licenses and taxes exacted by subsequent statutes. There is no wrant of harmony in the operation of such statutes — each has its own field of operation, and the two can never collide or conflict. The subdivision exacts the tax and license from the corporation doing business in this State, after the . day of approval of the act. It is an annual tax the corporation is required to pay, and from the day of its payment, the corporation having obtained the license, is entitled to do business. It is a new' license and tax exacted by the legislature, having no relation to or connection with the taxes imposed or licenses exacted by pre-existing legislation, and is governed by the terms of the statute creating it.
3. Counties have no inherent power of taxation; they have only such powrer as is delegated to them, and must have express authority of law to sanction the taxes they demand.- — Cooley on Taxation, 678; Burroughs on Taxation, §138. The Constitution recognizes the power of the General Assembly to confer on them authority to levy direct taxes on property, but [154]*154limits the authority to an annual levy of not more than one-half of one per centum of the value of the taxable property therein. — Const., Art. XI, §5. When the General Assembly has imposed specific taxes for State uses, requiring a license not only as evidence of the payment of the tax, but as the condition on which a privilege may be exercised, Or a business pursued, authority has been conferred on the court of county commissioners, the body through and by which all the powers of the county are exercised, if they deemed it necessary, to add to the State tax, a county tax, not exceeding fifty per centum of the State tax.- — -Code of 1886, §683; Code of 1896, §4132; (Pamph. Acts, 1886-87, pp. 13, 316). A general authority to add a county tax to specific taxes the State may impose is not conferred. The power conferred is special — it is limited to the specific taxes enumerated in connection with it, and is to be exercised only when the commissioners’ court deem it necessary, and keeping ydt'bin the limitation prescribed, to the extent only they may deem it necessary. Authority is not conferred by the statute to add a county tax to the specific tax imposed on the franchises of corporations doing business within the State, and the judge of probate was in error in demanding the payment of a county tax as a condition upon which he would issue license to the appellant. The error should have been corrected by mandamus,. compelling the issue of the license — it affords to the appellant no excuse, or justification for continuing to do business without the license and without the payment of the tax.
We find no error in the record, and the judgment of the court below is affirmed.