[498]*498The opinion of the court was delivered by
. Horton, C. J.:
The facts in this case are substantially as follows: In April, 1872, David M. Phipps died intestate^ leaving as his sole heirs his widow, Margaret Phipps, and his children, Lilly Van-Buskirk, born March 21,1861; William Phipps, born January 22,1864; and Nora Phipps, born March 22, 1867. David M. Phipps owned at the time of his death in fee simple the northeast quarter of section 36, township 23, range 23, in Bourbon county, and held a certificate of school land in common with Hall Pitman for the southeast quarter of said section 36, which certificate was dated March 24,1866, but recited a purchase of the land by Phipps and Pitman on October 15, 1865. The consideration for the land described in the certificate was $520; this drew ten per cent, interest, payable annually. On December 4,1874, Pitman transferred his interest in the said southeast quarter to the widow, Margaret Phipps; in 1874 or 1875, Margaret Phipps married Peter Zuek, and in June, 1875, she and her husband conveyed all their interest in the land to her children, Lilly, William, and Nora Phipps. A year or two after the marriage of Mrs. Phipps to her second husband, she moved to Missouri; before leaving Kansas, she agreed with Daniel Van Buskirk and her daughter Lilly, who was then his wife, that they should have the use and possession of the northeast quarter of said section 36, and also the southeast quarter of said section — they paying the taxes thereon and the balance remaining due upon the school-land certificate for the purchase of said southeast quarter. She also left with them her two children William and Nora. The annual installments upon the school-land certificate, with all interest thereon, were regularly paid on the 15th day of October of each and every year up to and including October 12, 1872; after that date the interest was paid up to and including November 22, 1878; all of these installments and interest were paid by Mr. Phipps or his widow, excepting the $10.60 interest paid November 22, 1878. Over this payment of interest there is some controversy; William H. Van Bus[499]*499ldrlt, however, claims to have paid that amount, or furnished the money for the payment of the same. On September 5, 1876, the southeast quarter of said section 36 was sold for taxes; November 22, 1878, Daniel Yan Buskirk, the husband of Lilly Yan Buskirk, née Phipps, obtained an assignment of the tax certificate from the county, paying therefor $80.94; this tax certificate was transferred by Daniel Yan Buskirk to his brother William H. Yan Buskirk. On October 16,1879, a tax deed was issued to William H. Yan Buskirk upon the land described in the certificate; and about the same time William H. Yan Buskirk obtained a patent from the state to the southeast quarter of section 36, paying two years of principal and one year of interest — the payment for principal being $104. After William H. obtained his patent, he deeded to his brother Daniel Yan Buskirk the north half of the southeast quarter of said section 36, retaining for himself the south half of the southeast quarter of said section. At the same time Daniel Yan Buskirk deeded his interest in the northeast quarter to William and Nora Phipps, leaving them the sole owners of the same.
After William and Nora Phipps became of age, they brought this action for partition, asking to be permitted to redeem from the tax title upon the southeast quarter of said section 36; and also from any lien held by William H. Yan Buskirk, on account of advances, or payments made by him to obtain the patent for said southeast quarter. They also offered to reconvey to Daniel Yan Buskirk his interest in the northeast quai’ter of said section 36, transferred to them in 1879. The trial court decided that William H. Yan Buskirk was the legal and equitable owner of the south half of the southeast quarter of said section 36, and Daniel Yan Buskirk of the north half of the southeast quarter of said section. The northeast quarter of section number 36 was ordered to be partitioned between William and Nora Phipps, giving to each of them eighty acres thereof. To the rulings and judgment of the district court, William and Nora Phipps excepted, and the latter brings the case here.
[500]*500The principal question is, whether William and Nora Phipps have any interest, or are entitled to any interest, equitable or otherwise, to the southeast quarter of said section 36, which is now claimed and held by William H.Van Buskirk and Daniel Van Buskirk. On the part of William and Nora Phipps, it is claimed that when Daniel Van Buskirk took the assignment from Bourbon county of the tax-sale certificate on the southeast quarter of said section 36, it amounted only to a payment of taxes; that when he assigned it to his brother, William H. Van Buskirk, and permitted him to obtain title, as against the Phipps heirs, he and his brother, William H. Van Buskirk, committed an actual fraud upon the children William and Nora; that the title by William H. Van Bus-kirk and Daniel Vau Buskirk is in trust for their benefit; and that these heirs injustice and in right are entitled to redeem the property and be allowed a fair rental for the use of the premises.
On the part of William H. Van Buskirk, it is argued that William and Nora Phipps have no right or interest in the southeast quarter of said section 36; that their interest, or any that they may ever have had, was forfeited by operation of law by the failure or neglect to pay the installments of annual payments on the school-land certificate for 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, and 1877; that the payment of interest in those years did not avoid the forfeiture; that there was also a forfeiture, because there was a failure in 1878 to pay anything until November 22 of that year; that if William H. Van Buskirk had no right to buy the land of the state, William and Nora Phipps cannot raise that question; and that whatever rights they or either of them ever had were terminated before William Van Buskirk obtained his patent. The State v. Emmert, 19 Kas. 546, and Ewing v. Baldwin, 24 id. 82, are cited as decisive.
We think the ruling of the district court in favor of William H. and Daniel Van Buskirk cannot be sustained. The facts in this case in many respects are somewhat similar to those in Reynolds v. Reynolds, 30 Kas. 91. In the case of The State v. [501]*501Emmert, on August 14, 1876, there was due upon the school-land contract both principal and interest. This court held that the failure to pay these sums, ipso facto, worked a forfeiture. In Ewing v. Baldwin, the last payment of principal on the school-land certificate was in 1873, and the last payment of interest was in 1874. The taxes on the land had been paid up to 1873, but for the taxes for that year a sale was made to the county. Again, a subsequent sale was made to the county in 1874. On November 7, 1877, Martha E. Baldwin obtained an assignment of the last tax-sale certificate, and on the same day paid to the treasurer the payment unpaid upon the school-land certificate, and subsequently obtained a patent. In these cases, neither the state nor any of its officers received and accepted payment of interest upon the school-land certificate year after year, as in the case at bar.
Clearly, Daniel "Van Buskirk could not acquire a tax title to the property in controversy, as the agreement between him and Mrs. Zuck, formerly Phipps, imposed upon him the obligation to pay the taxes. His purchase of the tax-sale certificate amounted merely to a payment of the taxes then due.
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[498]*498The opinion of the court was delivered by
. Horton, C. J.:
The facts in this case are substantially as follows: In April, 1872, David M. Phipps died intestate^ leaving as his sole heirs his widow, Margaret Phipps, and his children, Lilly Van-Buskirk, born March 21,1861; William Phipps, born January 22,1864; and Nora Phipps, born March 22, 1867. David M. Phipps owned at the time of his death in fee simple the northeast quarter of section 36, township 23, range 23, in Bourbon county, and held a certificate of school land in common with Hall Pitman for the southeast quarter of said section 36, which certificate was dated March 24,1866, but recited a purchase of the land by Phipps and Pitman on October 15, 1865. The consideration for the land described in the certificate was $520; this drew ten per cent, interest, payable annually. On December 4,1874, Pitman transferred his interest in the said southeast quarter to the widow, Margaret Phipps; in 1874 or 1875, Margaret Phipps married Peter Zuek, and in June, 1875, she and her husband conveyed all their interest in the land to her children, Lilly, William, and Nora Phipps. A year or two after the marriage of Mrs. Phipps to her second husband, she moved to Missouri; before leaving Kansas, she agreed with Daniel Van Buskirk and her daughter Lilly, who was then his wife, that they should have the use and possession of the northeast quarter of said section 36, and also the southeast quarter of said section — they paying the taxes thereon and the balance remaining due upon the school-land certificate for the purchase of said southeast quarter. She also left with them her two children William and Nora. The annual installments upon the school-land certificate, with all interest thereon, were regularly paid on the 15th day of October of each and every year up to and including October 12, 1872; after that date the interest was paid up to and including November 22, 1878; all of these installments and interest were paid by Mr. Phipps or his widow, excepting the $10.60 interest paid November 22, 1878. Over this payment of interest there is some controversy; William H. Van Bus[499]*499ldrlt, however, claims to have paid that amount, or furnished the money for the payment of the same. On September 5, 1876, the southeast quarter of said section 36 was sold for taxes; November 22, 1878, Daniel Yan Buskirk, the husband of Lilly Yan Buskirk, née Phipps, obtained an assignment of the tax certificate from the county, paying therefor $80.94; this tax certificate was transferred by Daniel Yan Buskirk to his brother William H. Yan Buskirk. On October 16,1879, a tax deed was issued to William H. Yan Buskirk upon the land described in the certificate; and about the same time William H. Yan Buskirk obtained a patent from the state to the southeast quarter of section 36, paying two years of principal and one year of interest — the payment for principal being $104. After William H. obtained his patent, he deeded to his brother Daniel Yan Buskirk the north half of the southeast quarter of said section 36, retaining for himself the south half of the southeast quarter of said section. At the same time Daniel Yan Buskirk deeded his interest in the northeast quarter to William and Nora Phipps, leaving them the sole owners of the same.
After William and Nora Phipps became of age, they brought this action for partition, asking to be permitted to redeem from the tax title upon the southeast quarter of said section 36; and also from any lien held by William H. Yan Buskirk, on account of advances, or payments made by him to obtain the patent for said southeast quarter. They also offered to reconvey to Daniel Yan Buskirk his interest in the northeast quai’ter of said section 36, transferred to them in 1879. The trial court decided that William H. Yan Buskirk was the legal and equitable owner of the south half of the southeast quarter of said section 36, and Daniel Yan Buskirk of the north half of the southeast quarter of said section. The northeast quarter of section number 36 was ordered to be partitioned between William and Nora Phipps, giving to each of them eighty acres thereof. To the rulings and judgment of the district court, William and Nora Phipps excepted, and the latter brings the case here.
[500]*500The principal question is, whether William and Nora Phipps have any interest, or are entitled to any interest, equitable or otherwise, to the southeast quarter of said section 36, which is now claimed and held by William H.Van Buskirk and Daniel Van Buskirk. On the part of William and Nora Phipps, it is claimed that when Daniel Van Buskirk took the assignment from Bourbon county of the tax-sale certificate on the southeast quarter of said section 36, it amounted only to a payment of taxes; that when he assigned it to his brother, William H. Van Buskirk, and permitted him to obtain title, as against the Phipps heirs, he and his brother, William H. Van Buskirk, committed an actual fraud upon the children William and Nora; that the title by William H. Van Bus-kirk and Daniel Vau Buskirk is in trust for their benefit; and that these heirs injustice and in right are entitled to redeem the property and be allowed a fair rental for the use of the premises.
On the part of William H. Van Buskirk, it is argued that William and Nora Phipps have no right or interest in the southeast quarter of said section 36; that their interest, or any that they may ever have had, was forfeited by operation of law by the failure or neglect to pay the installments of annual payments on the school-land certificate for 1873, 1874, 1875, 1876, and 1877; that the payment of interest in those years did not avoid the forfeiture; that there was also a forfeiture, because there was a failure in 1878 to pay anything until November 22 of that year; that if William H. Van Buskirk had no right to buy the land of the state, William and Nora Phipps cannot raise that question; and that whatever rights they or either of them ever had were terminated before William Van Buskirk obtained his patent. The State v. Emmert, 19 Kas. 546, and Ewing v. Baldwin, 24 id. 82, are cited as decisive.
We think the ruling of the district court in favor of William H. and Daniel Van Buskirk cannot be sustained. The facts in this case in many respects are somewhat similar to those in Reynolds v. Reynolds, 30 Kas. 91. In the case of The State v. [501]*501Emmert, on August 14, 1876, there was due upon the school-land contract both principal and interest. This court held that the failure to pay these sums, ipso facto, worked a forfeiture. In Ewing v. Baldwin, the last payment of principal on the school-land certificate was in 1873, and the last payment of interest was in 1874. The taxes on the land had been paid up to 1873, but for the taxes for that year a sale was made to the county. Again, a subsequent sale was made to the county in 1874. On November 7, 1877, Martha E. Baldwin obtained an assignment of the last tax-sale certificate, and on the same day paid to the treasurer the payment unpaid upon the school-land certificate, and subsequently obtained a patent. In these cases, neither the state nor any of its officers received and accepted payment of interest upon the school-land certificate year after year, as in the case at bar.
Clearly, Daniel "Van Buskirk could not acquire a tax title to the property in controversy, as the agreement between him and Mrs. Zuck, formerly Phipps, imposed upon him the obligation to pay the taxes. His purchase of the tax-sale certificate amounted merely to a payment of the taxes then due. (Keith v. Keith, 26 Kas. 26; Duffitt v. Tuhan, 28 id. 292.) Even, however, if there was no agreement upon the part of Daniel Van Buskirk to pay the taxes for the use and enjoyment of the premises, it appears that he was a tenant in common with William and Nora Phipps, and could not acquire a tax title against them. (Muthersbaugh v. Burke, 33 Kas. 260; Doyle v. Doyle, 33 id. 721.) As Daniel Van Buskirk transferred the tax certificate to his brother William H., the latter cannot claim any higher or greater rights than he. It seems to be admitted that William H. Van Buskirk has no right to the land through any tax certificate or tax deed. In Reynolds v. Reynolds, supra, it was said:
“These two defaults — the one in failing to pay interest for about four months, and the other in failing to pay taxes for about ten months — are the only defaults on the part of the purchaser for which the plaintiffs in error, defendants below, now claim that there was a forfeiture of the estate during the lifetime of the purchaser. Now the state of Kansas has never [502]*502claimed any forfeiture on the ground of these defaults, or upon any other ground; on the contrary, the state of Kansas through its officers, after the occurrence of the first default, received the over-due interest, and left the purchaser free from all default with respect to interest due on the purchase-money; and certainly third parties who at the time had no interest in the property have no right now to complain of the action of the purchaser, or of the state, or to claim that the purchaser by reason of his default forfeited his land to the state. . . . As before stated, we would also say that the state has never claimed that the purchaser forfeited his land; and the defendants themselves never made any such claim until after they had received a patent for the land; but on the contrary, they recognized the validity of the purchaser’s interest in the property up to the time when they received such patent; and their right to the patent was founded in part upon the continued force and effect of the original purchase.”
In this case, William H. Van Buskirk recognized the validity of the title of the heirs of David M. Phipps, deceased, by paying $ 10.60 interest November 22,1878, upon the school-land contract, and by making an agreement with Daniel Van Buskirk and Robert Forbes, a relative of the Phipps heirs, to take eighty acres of the land and furnish enough money to pay all the indebtedness upon the southeast quarter of said section 36. Robert Forbes, among other things, testified:
“ Ques.: You are a relative of those Phipps children, are you not? Ans.: Yes, sir.
“Q,. You are a cousin of theirs? A. I am an uncle, and Mr. Henry Van Buskirk is a great uncle to Phipps heirs. . . . Henry Van Buskirk came to my house with his brother Daniel, and told me they had entered into some kind of an agreement, and he was to have eighty acres, and to furnish money enough to pay all the indebtedness on the land.”
W. B. Pearsall, who was county treasurer of Bourbon county, testified, among other things:
“ Ques.: Look at this tax certificate and explain what was done about this school land. Ans.: Well, Mr. Forbes and those two Mr. Van Buskirks came to my office, and it was agreed by all that as the estate did not have the money to pay with, it would be best for W. H. Van Buskirk to pay off the taxes and the money for the school land. There were two [503]*503payments still due on the school land, and that he should keep one eighty and deed the other to the heirs; that this would be the best for the heirs. So I wrote out this assignment from Daniel Van Buskirk to William H. Van Buskirk, and as Daniel Van Buskirk could not sign his name I had Charles E. Curran, a young man who was in my office, witness his signature. I did not want to witness the signature, because I had written out the assignment. William H. Van Buskirk, as I understood, paid me the money, and I sent it to Topeka for the patent, and when it came I delivered it to the patentee. This tax-assignment certificate was made out for the exact amount due, with legal interest. There was no rebate of any kind.”
It does not appear that the original school-land certificate was actually assigned to William H. Van Buskirk, as in the Reynolds ease; but it is shown that he recognized that certificate and treated with the heirs as if there had been no forfeiture. If all the heirs had been of age at the time, we would hold that the agreement entered into between William H. Van Buskirk and his brother and the heirs, was legal and binding; and therefore that in equity all the parties would be bound thereby; but at the time of the transaction between William H. Van Buskirk and his brother in 1879, William and Nora Phipps were minors. They were in no condition to assent, or be bound by the contract made for them, even if it was for their benefit. An infant may, as a general rule, disaffirm any contract into which he has entered, because infancy confers a privilege. (The State v. Weatherwax, 12 Kas. 463; Comp. Laws of 1885, ch. 67, § 2; Lemon v. Beeman, [Ohio] 26 Cent. L. J. 523.) Therefore in this case, upon the facts disclosed, William and Nora Phipps were entitled to restore and redeem; and the court erred in not permitting evidence to be presented showing the right upon their part to reconvey the interest of Daniel Van Buskirk, and to redeem all of the land embraced in the petition from any tax or other liens thereon.
In the Emmert ease, the law construed was chapter 122, Laws of 1876; and in the Ewing ease, the patent was issued November 14, 1877. In this case, the patent was issued October 20, 1879. Prior to the issuance of this patent, the [504]*504statute providing for a forfeiture for failure to pay the purchase-money of school land was materially changed. Section 2, chapter 161, Laws of 1879, reads:
“ Section sixteen of article fourteen of said chapter is hereby amended so as to read: Section 16. If any purchaser of school land shall fail to pay the annual interest when the same becomes due, or the balance of the purchase-money when the same becomes due, it shall be the duty of the county clerk of the county in which such land is situated, immediately to issue to the purchaser a notice in writing, notifying such purchaser of such default; and that if such purchaser fail to pay, or cause to be paid, the amount so due, together with the costs of issuing and serving such notice, within sixty days from the service thereof, the said purchaser, and all persons claiming under him, will forfeit absolutely all right and interest in and to such land under such purchase, and an action will be brought to eject such purchaser, and all persons claiming under him, from such land.”
school land-legal title held in trust for heirs. Therefore, at the time of the issuance of the patent to William H. Van Buskirk, the statute required, on the part of the state or its officials, affirmative action to forfeit contracts entered into for the sale of. school land. The purchaser had sixty days from notice of default in which to pay the balance remaining due. It is not claimed that any notice was given in this case by the county clerk, nor that the county clerk, or any other state official, declared a forfeiture. Daniel Van Buskirk and William H. Van Buskirk hold the title to the southeast quarter of said section 36 in trust only, least so ^31’ as William and Nora Phipps are concerned. Therefore, an accounting must be had and the property described in the petition should be partitioned, as the interest of the heirs of David M. Phipps shall appear.
The judgment of the district court will be reversed, and the cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance with the views herein expressed.
All the Justices concurring.