IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS NO. PD-0645-19
MANYIEL PHILMON, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW FROM THE FIRST COURT OF APPEALS TARRANT COUNTY
KEASLER, J., filed a concurring opinion in which HERVEY, J. joined.
CONCURRING OPINION
We granted this petition to review the court of appeals’ holding that aggravated
assault by threatening with a deadly weapon 1 contains an element that family-violence
assault by occlusion 2 does not: the use or exhibition of a deadly weapon. The court of
1 TEX. PENAL CODE §§ 22.01(a)(2), 22.02(a)(2). 2 Id. § 22.01(b)(2)(B). PHILMON CONCURRENCE—2
appeals reached that conclusion in assessing, and ultimately rejecting, Appellant Manyiel
Philmon’s claim that trying and convicting him for both of these offenses violated his
double-jeopardy rights. 3 Today, this Court agrees with the court of appeals that aggravated
assault and assault by occlusion are different offenses for double-jeopardy purposes, and
so affirms the lower court’s judgment.
I agree that the court of appeals’ judgment should be affirmed. Nevertheless, I am
more than a little skeptical of the Court’s claim that, in some circumstances, the hand or
arm a person uses to impede someone’s breathing needn’t be considered a deadly weapon.
The Court justifies this claim by making two observations. First, the Court (correctly)
observes that we have interpreted Penal Code Sections 22.01(b)(2)(B) and 1.07(a)(8) to
mean that any impediment to a person’s normal breathing is per se a “bodily injury” in the
context of an assault-by-occlusion prosecution. 4 Second, the Court (again correctly)
observes that, for purposes of proving that something is a deadly weapon, evidence that the
thing creates a mere “hypothetical potential for danger” will not suffice. 5 To be a deadly
weapon, the thing must be capable of causing death or serious bodily injury “in the manner
of its use or intended use.” 6
3 See Philmon v. State, 580 S.W.3d 377, 381–83 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018). 4 See Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d 840, 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). 5 See, e.g., Cates v. State, 102 S.W.3d 735, 738 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). 6 TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07(a)(17)(B). PHILMON CONCURRENCE—3
Tying these threads together, the Court reasons that an allegation that a defendant
intentionally impeded another person’s breathing is not necessarily indicative of deadly-
weapon usage, because on its face, the allegation allows for the possibility of a de minimis
impediment. If the facts showed that the actor imposed only a minimal obstruction, the
Court says, the actor’s hand would fail to satisfy the statutory criteria for a deadly weapon.
That is because, if used in that manner, a hand would be incapable of causing death or
serious bodily injury. The risk of death or serious bodily injury resulting from a slight
blockage to a person’s airway is, according to the Court, “hypothetical” at best. 7
I am not so sure. To my mind, there is a credible argument that, regardless of the
specific facts of the case, the risk of death or serious bodily injury resulting from manual
breath impediment is more than just “hypothetical.” After all, in this context, even if the
actor intended only lightly to impede his victim’s breathing, the slightest difference in
pressure or duration from what the actor originally intended could make the difference
between a full recovery and a catastrophic outcome. And as the Court itself recognizes,
the statutory definition of a deadly weapon “does not require that the actor actually intend
death or serious bodily injury; an object is a deadly weapon if the actor intends a use of the
object in which it would be capable of causing death or serious bodily injury.” 8 Given the
narrowness of the margin for error here, it seems to me that when a person uses his hand
or arm to intentionally obstruct another person’s breathing, he has intended a use of his
7 Majority Opinion at 8–9. 8 McCain v. State, 22 S.W.3d 497, 503 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). PHILMON CONCURRENCE—4
appendage that is arguably “capable” of seriously injuring or killing his victim, even if the
actor makes a concerted effort to avoid those outcomes. 9
Fortunately, there is another, less controversial way to resolve Philmon’s double-
jeopardy claim. As the court of appeals observed, 10 aggravated assault, at least as charged
in this case, 11 contains yet another element that family-violence assault by occlusion does
not: the element of threatening another with imminent bodily injury. This, coupled with
the fact that family-violence assault by occlusion has at least one element that aggravated
assault does not, 12 suffices to trigger the presumption that the Legislature intended to
permit multiple punishments for these offenses. 13
For this observation to be untrue, it would have to be the case that obstructing
another person’s breathing is, by its very nature, the functional equivalent of threatening
that person with imminent bodily injury. 14 Admittedly, there are some fact scenarios in
9 See Gael B. Strack & Casey Gwinn, On the Edge of Homicide: Strangulation as a Prelude, 26-FALL Crim. Just. 32 (2011) (“Most abusers do not strangle to kill—they strangle to show they can kill.”) (emphasis in original). 10 See Philmon, 580 S.W.3d at 381. 11 See Ex parte Benson, 459 S.W.3d 67, 72 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (explaining that, in Texas, the “application of the Blockburger same-elements test . . . is governed by the cognate-pleadings approach, which entails comparing the elements of the greater offense as pleaded to the statutory elements of the lesser offense”) (referencing Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932)). 12 See Philmon, 580 S.W.3d at 381–82. 13 See, e.g., Bien v. State, 550 S.W.3d 180, 184–85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). 14 See id. at 185–86 (describing the functional-equivalence test). PHILMON CONCURRENCE—5
which, merely by obstructing another person’s breathing, the actor has ipso facto
threatened that person with imminent bodily injury. 15 But there are also some fact
scenarios in which that is not the case. Consider the following set of facts: In the middle
of the night, when his wife is asleep, a husband puts his hand over his wife’s nose and
mouth and intentionally impedes her breathing. But, despite her husband’s actions, the
wife does not wake up. Then, having a sudden change of heart, the husband removes his
hand, and his wife goes right on sleeping, oblivious. In this scenario, the husband has
undoubtedly committed family-violence assault by occlusion. But it is difficult to argue
that he at any point threatened or even intended to threaten her with bodily injury. He did
not threaten bodily injury—he inflicted bodily injury. 16 What this hypothetical case
demonstrates is that, even if there is occasionally some overlap between these elements,
they are not functionally equivalent to one another.
Once the presumption in favor of multiple punishments kicks in, the game is
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IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS NO. PD-0645-19
MANYIEL PHILMON, Appellant
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS
ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW FROM THE FIRST COURT OF APPEALS TARRANT COUNTY
KEASLER, J., filed a concurring opinion in which HERVEY, J. joined.
CONCURRING OPINION
We granted this petition to review the court of appeals’ holding that aggravated
assault by threatening with a deadly weapon 1 contains an element that family-violence
assault by occlusion 2 does not: the use or exhibition of a deadly weapon. The court of
1 TEX. PENAL CODE §§ 22.01(a)(2), 22.02(a)(2). 2 Id. § 22.01(b)(2)(B). PHILMON CONCURRENCE—2
appeals reached that conclusion in assessing, and ultimately rejecting, Appellant Manyiel
Philmon’s claim that trying and convicting him for both of these offenses violated his
double-jeopardy rights. 3 Today, this Court agrees with the court of appeals that aggravated
assault and assault by occlusion are different offenses for double-jeopardy purposes, and
so affirms the lower court’s judgment.
I agree that the court of appeals’ judgment should be affirmed. Nevertheless, I am
more than a little skeptical of the Court’s claim that, in some circumstances, the hand or
arm a person uses to impede someone’s breathing needn’t be considered a deadly weapon.
The Court justifies this claim by making two observations. First, the Court (correctly)
observes that we have interpreted Penal Code Sections 22.01(b)(2)(B) and 1.07(a)(8) to
mean that any impediment to a person’s normal breathing is per se a “bodily injury” in the
context of an assault-by-occlusion prosecution. 4 Second, the Court (again correctly)
observes that, for purposes of proving that something is a deadly weapon, evidence that the
thing creates a mere “hypothetical potential for danger” will not suffice. 5 To be a deadly
weapon, the thing must be capable of causing death or serious bodily injury “in the manner
of its use or intended use.” 6
3 See Philmon v. State, 580 S.W.3d 377, 381–83 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018). 4 See Marshall v. State, 479 S.W.3d 840, 844 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). 5 See, e.g., Cates v. State, 102 S.W.3d 735, 738 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). 6 TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.07(a)(17)(B). PHILMON CONCURRENCE—3
Tying these threads together, the Court reasons that an allegation that a defendant
intentionally impeded another person’s breathing is not necessarily indicative of deadly-
weapon usage, because on its face, the allegation allows for the possibility of a de minimis
impediment. If the facts showed that the actor imposed only a minimal obstruction, the
Court says, the actor’s hand would fail to satisfy the statutory criteria for a deadly weapon.
That is because, if used in that manner, a hand would be incapable of causing death or
serious bodily injury. The risk of death or serious bodily injury resulting from a slight
blockage to a person’s airway is, according to the Court, “hypothetical” at best. 7
I am not so sure. To my mind, there is a credible argument that, regardless of the
specific facts of the case, the risk of death or serious bodily injury resulting from manual
breath impediment is more than just “hypothetical.” After all, in this context, even if the
actor intended only lightly to impede his victim’s breathing, the slightest difference in
pressure or duration from what the actor originally intended could make the difference
between a full recovery and a catastrophic outcome. And as the Court itself recognizes,
the statutory definition of a deadly weapon “does not require that the actor actually intend
death or serious bodily injury; an object is a deadly weapon if the actor intends a use of the
object in which it would be capable of causing death or serious bodily injury.” 8 Given the
narrowness of the margin for error here, it seems to me that when a person uses his hand
or arm to intentionally obstruct another person’s breathing, he has intended a use of his
7 Majority Opinion at 8–9. 8 McCain v. State, 22 S.W.3d 497, 503 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). PHILMON CONCURRENCE—4
appendage that is arguably “capable” of seriously injuring or killing his victim, even if the
actor makes a concerted effort to avoid those outcomes. 9
Fortunately, there is another, less controversial way to resolve Philmon’s double-
jeopardy claim. As the court of appeals observed, 10 aggravated assault, at least as charged
in this case, 11 contains yet another element that family-violence assault by occlusion does
not: the element of threatening another with imminent bodily injury. This, coupled with
the fact that family-violence assault by occlusion has at least one element that aggravated
assault does not, 12 suffices to trigger the presumption that the Legislature intended to
permit multiple punishments for these offenses. 13
For this observation to be untrue, it would have to be the case that obstructing
another person’s breathing is, by its very nature, the functional equivalent of threatening
that person with imminent bodily injury. 14 Admittedly, there are some fact scenarios in
9 See Gael B. Strack & Casey Gwinn, On the Edge of Homicide: Strangulation as a Prelude, 26-FALL Crim. Just. 32 (2011) (“Most abusers do not strangle to kill—they strangle to show they can kill.”) (emphasis in original). 10 See Philmon, 580 S.W.3d at 381. 11 See Ex parte Benson, 459 S.W.3d 67, 72 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (explaining that, in Texas, the “application of the Blockburger same-elements test . . . is governed by the cognate-pleadings approach, which entails comparing the elements of the greater offense as pleaded to the statutory elements of the lesser offense”) (referencing Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299 (1932)). 12 See Philmon, 580 S.W.3d at 381–82. 13 See, e.g., Bien v. State, 550 S.W.3d 180, 184–85 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018). 14 See id. at 185–86 (describing the functional-equivalence test). PHILMON CONCURRENCE—5
which, merely by obstructing another person’s breathing, the actor has ipso facto
threatened that person with imminent bodily injury. 15 But there are also some fact
scenarios in which that is not the case. Consider the following set of facts: In the middle
of the night, when his wife is asleep, a husband puts his hand over his wife’s nose and
mouth and intentionally impedes her breathing. But, despite her husband’s actions, the
wife does not wake up. Then, having a sudden change of heart, the husband removes his
hand, and his wife goes right on sleeping, oblivious. In this scenario, the husband has
undoubtedly committed family-violence assault by occlusion. But it is difficult to argue
that he at any point threatened or even intended to threaten her with bodily injury. He did
not threaten bodily injury—he inflicted bodily injury. 16 What this hypothetical case
demonstrates is that, even if there is occasionally some overlap between these elements,
they are not functionally equivalent to one another.
Once the presumption in favor of multiple punishments kicks in, the game is
essentially over. Quoting extensively from an opinion by the Waco Court of Appeals, the
courts of appeals ably explained why, in this case, the presumption should carry the day:
It is apparent to us that the legislature intended these two offenses to be treated separately. While they are in the same chapter of the Penal Code, they are separate and distinct statutes, and they are not phrased in the alternative. They do not have common punishment ranges. While they have a related focus—assaults—in this case there is no common focus between the two offenses. The dating violence assault focus is on the bodily injury of a victim in a dating relationship with the defendant, while the focus of
15 See note 9, supra. 16 See Marshall, 479 S.W.3d at 844. PHILMON CONCURRENCE—6
aggravated assault in this case is the assaultive conduct in the form of threatening imminent bodily injury with a deadly weapon. . . .
The differing elements between dating violence assault and aggravated assault, as charged, cannot be considered the same under an imputed theory of liability. Dating violence assault, with its bodily injury element . . . is not similar to an imminent threat of bodily injury with a deadly weapon. Finally, neither [defendant] nor the State has provided us with any legislative history that might indicate whether or not the legislature intended to treat the offenses as the same or different for double-jeopardy purposes. 17
So, even if the court of appeals erred to suggest that family-violence assault by
occlusion does not necessarily require proof of a deadly weapon, it correctly held, on a
well-supported independent basis, that Philmon suffered no double-jeopardy violation.
Even the Court concedes that this alternate basis is correct. 18 But if the Court really
believes that to be the case, I do not know why the Court would persist in making the
debatable (and ultimately unnecessary) claim that a hand or arm, used to impede another
person’s breathing, might fail to meet the “exceedingly broad” statutory criteria for a
deadly weapon. 19 The Court needn’t go that far to resolve the issue before us. For that
reason, I would either affirm the court of appeals solely on the grounds outlined in this
concurrence, or else dismiss this petition as improvidently granted. Because the Court does
neither, I respectfully concur in the Court’s judgment.
Filed: October 21, 2020
17 Philmon, 580 S.W.3d at 382 (quoting Childress v. State, 285 S.W.3d 544, 550 (Tex. App.—Waco 2009)). 18 Majority Opinion at 11–12. 19 See Prichard v. State, 533 S.W.3d 315, 320 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). PHILMON CONCURRENCE—7
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