Holt, Judge:
The plaintiff, James Phillips, brought this suit in equity in the Circuit Court of Tucker county on the 23d day of January, 1891, against D. S. Minear, to set aside a tax deed made to said Minear on the 27th day of December, 1890, by O. W. Minear, clerk of the County Court of Tucker county,, conveying a tract of one hundred and fourteen acres and one of thirty acres, recited as sold by A. H. Bonifield, as sheriff of said county, in the month of-, 1889, as charged with taxes in the name of James B. Phillips, and returned delinquent for the years 1887 and 188S, and bought by said defendant, David S. Minear.
The Circuit Court, by decree entered on the 13th day of March, 1893, set aside the tax deed, from which this appeal ivas taken.
The first question presented by this record is, does it appear by any natural and fair implication therefrom, that the-sheriff Avho made the sale was at any time directly or indirectly interested in such purchase? If so, the law declares-that the sale shall be absolutely void, and the title to the real estate sold shall remain in the person in whose name the same was sold. See section 9, chapter 31, Code 1891, under which this sale took place.
The evidence Avhich goes to establish such interest is as follows: The thirteenth section (chapter 31) prescribed that there should be appended to such list an affidavit as follows:
“I, A. B., sheriff (or collector or deputy for C. D., sheriff or-collector) of the county of-, do swear that the above list contains a true account of all the real estate within my county which has been sold by me, as well as a list of all the [60]*60real estate redeemed, and the names of the persons who re•deemed the same during the present year, for the nonpayment of taxes thereon for the year-, and that I am not now, nor have I at any time been, directly or indirectly interested in the purchase of any of said real estate, so help me God.”
Instead of that, the sheriff appended the following oath, taken on the 22d day of November, 1889:
“I, A. H. Bonnifield, sheriff of the county of Tucken, do ■swear that the above list contains a true account of all the real estate within my county, which has been sold by me to individuals during the present year for the nonpajunent of taxes thereon for the years 1887 and 1888, and that I am not directly or indirectly interested in the purchase of any •of said real estate. So help me God.
A. II. Bohnieielb, Sheriff.
“Sworn and subscribed to before me this 22d day of November, 1889.
“Abe Bonnieield, Clerk County Court.”
The legislature, with commendable wisdom, and for obvious reasons, enacted that the sheriff who made the sale should not be at any time, neither at the time when the affidavit is made nor at any prior time, in any way directly or indirectly interested in the purchase of said real estate; and it intended to secure the evidence of such want of interest on the part of the officer making the sale by requiring him to take and sign a written oath to that effect as lasting evidence, to be appended to the fist of sales.
The former law had not required the affidavit to state the want of interest with such separate distinctness as to the time of interest, but the legislature, moved perhaps by some actual or supposed or apprehended evasion of the law in that regard, by chapter 5, p. 8, of the Acts of 1887, amended and re-enacted section 13, chapter 31, of the Code, so as to make it read as we now find it in section 13, chapter 31, of the Code .(Ed. 1887, and Ed. 1891) “that I am not now, nor have I ■at any time been, directly or indirectly interested in the pur•chase of any of said real estate,” and made no other change [61]*61in tlie section than the one here involved; so that it can hardly be said that the deliberate and only amendment made in a form of so important an oath was made for no purpose, and has no meaning, and that the old oath is, in effect, just as-good.
But it may be said1 — and no doubt could be truly said— that the high character of the officer in this instance repels such inference of interest; but the change in the law was-made not for particular instances, but for a general rule of ’conduct framed alike for all.
It will hardly be said that the officer did not, as matter of fact, knoiv the law, or that it is hard to find, or to read and understood when found, or to put it in form when read and understood, for by turning to section 13 of chapter 31 of the Code of 1887 — the law under which the sale was made — • the form is given, and all such excuses thereby barred. It is a mistake to suppose that section 9 and section 13 are-merely intended to make a purchase invalid which would,, without such statutory inhibition, be lawful and valid. On general principles of public policy such a sale would be held void without any statute against it. Cooley, Tax’n 492. Public policy does not permit official integrity to be subjected to such conflict between duty and interest (see Black, Tax Tilles, 2d Ed., § 297); and, if he can not buy directly, for a. still stronger reason he should not be permitted to be indirectly interested in the purchase by or in the name of another; and this part of the affidavit is intended to bring-home to the officer, impress it upon his conscience, and put' him under the stress of an oath, sworn to and subscribed and filed as a part of the permanent record of his proceedings, that he can not purge himself of such a fault by transferring his interest to another, before he comes to make the affidavit; is intended to remind the officer that this law does not tolerate any such shift or device, and to give such express sanction to the honesty of the sale, and furnish at least prima facie evidence that no such shifting of interest between-times has been resorted to. And these provisions are in this state, and very generally, held to be mandatory, and indispensable to the validity of the sale. See Simpson [62]*62v. Edmiston, 28 W. Va. 675; Black Tax Titles, §§ 303, 306. Such was the main, if not the sole purpose of the amendment of section 13, chapter 31, made by the act of February 5, 1887 (see Acts 1887, p. 8).
The Circuit Court in holding this tax deed invalid was, in my opinion, clearly right, and was simply following and making effectual the behest of the lawmaker (see section 9, chapter 31) which declares with emphasis such a. sale to be absolutely void; and taking as sufficient prima facie evidence of such interest, a common sense implication contained in nnd spread upon defendant’s own record of title, in this case unrebutted, uncontradicted, in fact the only evidence in the case on that x>oint; and upon a matter so vital as to be a necessary condition to the validity of the sale, with a plain mandatory form spread out before the officer on pages 212, 213, of the law (the law he was going by — chapter 31, Code, 1887) the only authority he had to sell at all, to bisect the oath required, putting in that on the 22d day of November, 1889, when the oath was taken, he was not directly or indirectly interested in the purchase of any of said real estate, but leaving out the most important part — that he was not indirectly interested in such purchase on the 12th day of November, 1889, when the sale was made — gives rise to a natural, material implication under such circumstances, which can not be overlooked or passed by wherever the common-law principles of evidence come into play.
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Holt, Judge:
The plaintiff, James Phillips, brought this suit in equity in the Circuit Court of Tucker county on the 23d day of January, 1891, against D. S. Minear, to set aside a tax deed made to said Minear on the 27th day of December, 1890, by O. W. Minear, clerk of the County Court of Tucker county,, conveying a tract of one hundred and fourteen acres and one of thirty acres, recited as sold by A. H. Bonifield, as sheriff of said county, in the month of-, 1889, as charged with taxes in the name of James B. Phillips, and returned delinquent for the years 1887 and 188S, and bought by said defendant, David S. Minear.
The Circuit Court, by decree entered on the 13th day of March, 1893, set aside the tax deed, from which this appeal ivas taken.
The first question presented by this record is, does it appear by any natural and fair implication therefrom, that the-sheriff Avho made the sale was at any time directly or indirectly interested in such purchase? If so, the law declares-that the sale shall be absolutely void, and the title to the real estate sold shall remain in the person in whose name the same was sold. See section 9, chapter 31, Code 1891, under which this sale took place.
The evidence Avhich goes to establish such interest is as follows: The thirteenth section (chapter 31) prescribed that there should be appended to such list an affidavit as follows:
“I, A. B., sheriff (or collector or deputy for C. D., sheriff or-collector) of the county of-, do swear that the above list contains a true account of all the real estate within my county which has been sold by me, as well as a list of all the [60]*60real estate redeemed, and the names of the persons who re•deemed the same during the present year, for the nonpayment of taxes thereon for the year-, and that I am not now, nor have I at any time been, directly or indirectly interested in the purchase of any of said real estate, so help me God.”
Instead of that, the sheriff appended the following oath, taken on the 22d day of November, 1889:
“I, A. H. Bonnifield, sheriff of the county of Tucken, do ■swear that the above list contains a true account of all the real estate within my county, which has been sold by me to individuals during the present year for the nonpajunent of taxes thereon for the years 1887 and 1888, and that I am not directly or indirectly interested in the purchase of any •of said real estate. So help me God.
A. II. Bohnieielb, Sheriff.
“Sworn and subscribed to before me this 22d day of November, 1889.
“Abe Bonnieield, Clerk County Court.”
The legislature, with commendable wisdom, and for obvious reasons, enacted that the sheriff who made the sale should not be at any time, neither at the time when the affidavit is made nor at any prior time, in any way directly or indirectly interested in the purchase of said real estate; and it intended to secure the evidence of such want of interest on the part of the officer making the sale by requiring him to take and sign a written oath to that effect as lasting evidence, to be appended to the fist of sales.
The former law had not required the affidavit to state the want of interest with such separate distinctness as to the time of interest, but the legislature, moved perhaps by some actual or supposed or apprehended evasion of the law in that regard, by chapter 5, p. 8, of the Acts of 1887, amended and re-enacted section 13, chapter 31, of the Code, so as to make it read as we now find it in section 13, chapter 31, of the Code .(Ed. 1887, and Ed. 1891) “that I am not now, nor have I ■at any time been, directly or indirectly interested in the pur•chase of any of said real estate,” and made no other change [61]*61in tlie section than the one here involved; so that it can hardly be said that the deliberate and only amendment made in a form of so important an oath was made for no purpose, and has no meaning, and that the old oath is, in effect, just as-good.
But it may be said1 — and no doubt could be truly said— that the high character of the officer in this instance repels such inference of interest; but the change in the law was-made not for particular instances, but for a general rule of ’conduct framed alike for all.
It will hardly be said that the officer did not, as matter of fact, knoiv the law, or that it is hard to find, or to read and understood when found, or to put it in form when read and understood, for by turning to section 13 of chapter 31 of the Code of 1887 — the law under which the sale was made — • the form is given, and all such excuses thereby barred. It is a mistake to suppose that section 9 and section 13 are-merely intended to make a purchase invalid which would,, without such statutory inhibition, be lawful and valid. On general principles of public policy such a sale would be held void without any statute against it. Cooley, Tax’n 492. Public policy does not permit official integrity to be subjected to such conflict between duty and interest (see Black, Tax Tilles, 2d Ed., § 297); and, if he can not buy directly, for a. still stronger reason he should not be permitted to be indirectly interested in the purchase by or in the name of another; and this part of the affidavit is intended to bring-home to the officer, impress it upon his conscience, and put' him under the stress of an oath, sworn to and subscribed and filed as a part of the permanent record of his proceedings, that he can not purge himself of such a fault by transferring his interest to another, before he comes to make the affidavit; is intended to remind the officer that this law does not tolerate any such shift or device, and to give such express sanction to the honesty of the sale, and furnish at least prima facie evidence that no such shifting of interest between-times has been resorted to. And these provisions are in this state, and very generally, held to be mandatory, and indispensable to the validity of the sale. See Simpson [62]*62v. Edmiston, 28 W. Va. 675; Black Tax Titles, §§ 303, 306. Such was the main, if not the sole purpose of the amendment of section 13, chapter 31, made by the act of February 5, 1887 (see Acts 1887, p. 8).
The Circuit Court in holding this tax deed invalid was, in my opinion, clearly right, and was simply following and making effectual the behest of the lawmaker (see section 9, chapter 31) which declares with emphasis such a. sale to be absolutely void; and taking as sufficient prima facie evidence of such interest, a common sense implication contained in nnd spread upon defendant’s own record of title, in this case unrebutted, uncontradicted, in fact the only evidence in the case on that x>oint; and upon a matter so vital as to be a necessary condition to the validity of the sale, with a plain mandatory form spread out before the officer on pages 212, 213, of the law (the law he was going by — chapter 31, Code, 1887) the only authority he had to sell at all, to bisect the oath required, putting in that on the 22d day of November, 1889, when the oath was taken, he was not directly or indirectly interested in the purchase of any of said real estate, but leaving out the most important part — that he was not indirectly interested in such purchase on the 12th day of November, 1889, when the sale was made — gives rise to a natural, material implication under such circumstances, which can not be overlooked or passed by wherever the common-law principles of evidence come into play. And the curative section 25 of the same chapter neither takes away nor attempts to take away such implication, but leaves section 9 in full force, rendering such interest on the day of •sale enough of itself to make the sale absolutely void, with such fact to be made out prima fade, or otherwise, by the ordinary principles of evidence and common-law means and methods of proof that are used and apjilied by courts of equity. See Hays v. Heatherly, 36 W. Va. 613 (15 S. E. Rep. 223); Jackson v. Kittle, 34 W. Va. 207 (12 S. E. Rep. 484); Baxter v. Wade, 39 W. Va. 281 (19 S. E. Rep. 404).
There is evidence in the case tending to show that within the time given by law for the owner to redeem — that is to ;say, within one year from the sale (section 15, chapter 31)— [63]*63there was an attempted tender of the purchase-money, as shown as to amount by the purchaser’s official receipt (see section 10, chapter 31). The agent of plaintiff who lived on the land, wdio was to keep the taxes paid, went to the purchaser, told him he lived on the lands of plaintiff, James Phillips, and was authorized to pay all taxes in Tucker county for him, and asked defendant if he had bought for taxes any of the plaintiff’s lands in that county. Defendant said he had bought none of James Phillips’ lands for taxes; that he had no claims against any lands of James Phillips for taxes. Witness put his hand in his pocket to pay all taxes that there were on two tracts owned by Phillips, one of one hundred and fourteen acres and one of thirty acres (the lands in controversy). , Defendant, Minear, said he had not bought said lands for taxes, and had no claim against it. “We talked a little along about it, and I remarked that I was to look carefully after Phillips’ taxes, and, if Minear had bought said land, that I was ready to redeem it for James Phillips, and that I had the money there to do it; but Minear said that he had not bought the James Phillips land for taxes.” The record shows that these two tracts were charged on the land books and sold in the name of James B. Phillips. He is corroborated in the main by his brother, who swears he v/as present, and by a third witness, who saw them together, talking about something, at the time and place mentioned.
Defendant, David S. Minear, examined as a witness on his own behalf, flatly denies this; says that' neither such .conversation, nor any one like it, ever took place. There is an attempt to impeach the general character for truth of these two witnesses for plaintiff, which certainly fails as to one. As to the first witness for plaintiff, five witnesses are introduced "who testify that they are acquainted with his general character for truth, and that it is not good. On the other hand defendant introduces ten witnesses who testify that they are acquainted with his general character for truth, and that it is good.
Without going into details, it is enough to say that from the facts not contradicted,, and from all the circumstances [64]*64of the case and'their inherent probabilities, I am inclined to-the opinion that no legal tender was made or dispensed with.
Several other defects are relied on. First. The land was-charged on the land books and sold in the name of James B. Phillips. Second. The caption to the list of sales prescribed by the statute is not followed, but it reads, “List of real estate within the county of Tucker sold within the month of Tucker, 1889, for the nonpayment of taxes thereon for the years 1887 and 1888, and purchased by individuals.”' Third. It will be noticed that, besides the mistake of repeating the name of the county where the name of the month of the sale ought to have been inserted, omitting the month from the caption altogether, it does not comply with the form prescribed by law in other respects. See Code, 1887, c. 31, s. 12. Fourth. So, also, it will be seen that the affidavit of the officer to be appended as required by the form given in section 13, chapter 31, reads: “A true account of all the real estate within my county which has been sold by me, as well as a list of all the real estate ‘redeemed,” etc. In the affidavit here brought in question the latter clause is wholly omitted. The forms given in the Gode are so short, plain and simple that it is hard to explain their frequent nonobservance ; but the curative section 25 of the sanie chapter 31 is so broad and comprehensive that I should be inclined to think it cured these irregularities in the list of sates mentioned above.
But for the reason already given I am of opinion there is no error in the decree complained of, and that it should be affirmed.