OPINION
WILLIAMS, Judge:
This case is before the Court on petitioner’s motion for award of reasonable litigation costs pursuant to section 7430.1 We must decide whether petitioner substantially prevailed in the litigation that was the subject of Phillips v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 433 (1986), whether petitioner exhausted his administrative remedies, and whether the position of the United States in this litigation was reasonable.
The Commissioner determined deficiencies in petitioner’s Federal income tax and additions to tax as follows:2
Taxable Additions to tax
year Deficiency Sec. 6651(a)(1) Sec. 6653(a)
1979 $11,733 $2,932 $587
1980 11,999 3,000 600
1981 11,862 2,966 593
Prior to mailing the notice of deficiency, respondent issued a preliminary notice which entitled petitioner to administrative review of the proposed deficiency. Petitioner did not request consideration of his case by the Appeals Office of the Internal Revenue Service, and respondent issued a statutory notice of deficiency. The deficiency was determined on grounds that petitioner, having not filed an income tax return, had not reported his income.
Petitioner had foreign tax credits which eliminated any Federal income tax liability for 1979, 1980, and 1981, if he was eligible to file an income tax return jointly with his wife. The disputed issue in this case, i.e., whether petitioner could file a joint return, arose after the mailing of the statutory notice of deficiency. Thus, the sole issue the Court was required to decide was whether petitioner was entitled to make a joint return for each of the years 1979, 1980, and 1981.
The facts were fully stipulated, and petitioner cooperated fully with respondent in forming the issue for decision. The opinion in this case was filed on March 24, 1986, Phillips v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 433 (1986), and we determined that there were no deficiencies in petitioner’s Federal income tax for the years 1979, 1980, and 1981. On April 1, 1986, we entered a decision for petitioner.
Petitioner filed a motion for award of reasonable litigation costs with the Court on April 24, 1986. We vacated our decision and ordered respondent to respond to petitioner’s motion on June 30, 1986. Respondent’s objections to petitioner’s motion were timely filed on September 8, 1986. Petitioner filed a response to respondent’s objections, affidavits of attorneys Jeffrey L. Gould and Michael Abrutyn, and a report on November 12, 1986. Petitioner claims an award of $24,136.99 pursuant to section 7430(a).3
First, this Court must decide whether petitioner substantially prevailed within the meaning of section 7430(c)(2)(A)(ii).4 Respondent argues that petitioner is not a prevailing party because, in respondent’s view, the most significant issue in this case was petitioner’s unreported income. Although petitioner had not initially reported his income because he had not filed a return, petitioner had no tax liability unless he was prohibited from filing a joint return. The omission of income, therefore, was not an issue in the case. The only issue in controversy between the parties was that presented for our decision which we decided favorably to petitioner, i.e., whether petitioner could file a joint return. Moreover, petitioner prevailed with respect to the entire amount in controversy. Prevailing as to the most significant issue and prevailing as to the amount in controversy are alternative grounds for concluding that petitioner has substantially prevailed. Having decided the only issue presented for decision favorably to petitioner and having decided that there are no deficiencies in petitioner’s Federal income tax for the years before the Court, we hold that petitioner substantially prevailed in this case within the meaning of section 7430(c)(2)(A)(ii).
Respondent next argues that petitioner failed to exhaust his administrative remedies as required by section 7430(b)(2).5 Petitioner did not avail himself of Appeals Office review of the proposed deficiency. Section 7430(b)(2) is “intended to preserve the role that the administrative appeals process plays in the resolution of tax disputes by requiring taxpayers to pursue such remedies prior to litigation.” H. Rept. 97-404, at 13 (1981). In general, an Appeals Office conference is a necessary and important administrative remedy because it gives respondent an opportunity to correct the errors of his examining agents prior to commencement of litigation and because it significantly reduces the volume of tax litigation.
In this case, however, the issue of whether petitioner was entitled to make a joint return, the sole issue tried, arose only after respondent had mailed his notice of deficiency. Consequently, petitioner was unaware of the issue until after his case was docketed in this Court, and his failure under these circumstances to pursue an Appeals Office conference is not fatal. The sole point of controversy between the parties, which respondent pursued to the end of the litigation, was not resolved through good-faith negotiation. Subsequent to docketing the case, petitioner’s accountant communicated regularly with respondent’s Appeals Office, and petitioner’s counsel communicated with respondent’s counsel on all matters in this case. Petitioner did not turn his back on any opportunity afforded him for negotiation of the issue presented to us. Additionally, respondent’s insistence on pursuing the matter through litigation and his refusal to consider the effect of Rev. Rul. 72-539, 1972-2 C.B. 634 or of Rev. Rul. 83-183, 1983-2 C.B. 221, on his litigating position in this case, demonstrate that any discussion of this issue that petitioner attempted was futile. Respondent’s failure to mention the rulings, both of which were discussed at length in petitioner’s opening brief, is evidence of his intransigence. Phillips v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. at 439 n. 6. Congress recognized that under circumstances that indicate respondent’s unwillingness to compromise, the standard of exhaustion of administrative remedies should be applied less strictly. H. Rept. 97-404, at 13.6 We conclude, therefore, that petitioner satisfied the requirements of section 7430(b)(2).
Finally, petitioner must establish that the position of the United States in the litigation before the Court was unreasonable. Rule 232(e), Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure; sec. 7430(c)(2)(A). Respondent argues that it was reasonable to rely on our holding in Durovic v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 1364 (1970), affd. on this issue 487 F.2d 36 (7th Cir. 1973), and to rely on the position that dummy returns were prepared and filed pursuant to section 6020(b) and constituted the filing of separate returns for purposes of section 6013.
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OPINION
WILLIAMS, Judge:
This case is before the Court on petitioner’s motion for award of reasonable litigation costs pursuant to section 7430.1 We must decide whether petitioner substantially prevailed in the litigation that was the subject of Phillips v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 433 (1986), whether petitioner exhausted his administrative remedies, and whether the position of the United States in this litigation was reasonable.
The Commissioner determined deficiencies in petitioner’s Federal income tax and additions to tax as follows:2
Taxable Additions to tax
year Deficiency Sec. 6651(a)(1) Sec. 6653(a)
1979 $11,733 $2,932 $587
1980 11,999 3,000 600
1981 11,862 2,966 593
Prior to mailing the notice of deficiency, respondent issued a preliminary notice which entitled petitioner to administrative review of the proposed deficiency. Petitioner did not request consideration of his case by the Appeals Office of the Internal Revenue Service, and respondent issued a statutory notice of deficiency. The deficiency was determined on grounds that petitioner, having not filed an income tax return, had not reported his income.
Petitioner had foreign tax credits which eliminated any Federal income tax liability for 1979, 1980, and 1981, if he was eligible to file an income tax return jointly with his wife. The disputed issue in this case, i.e., whether petitioner could file a joint return, arose after the mailing of the statutory notice of deficiency. Thus, the sole issue the Court was required to decide was whether petitioner was entitled to make a joint return for each of the years 1979, 1980, and 1981.
The facts were fully stipulated, and petitioner cooperated fully with respondent in forming the issue for decision. The opinion in this case was filed on March 24, 1986, Phillips v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 433 (1986), and we determined that there were no deficiencies in petitioner’s Federal income tax for the years 1979, 1980, and 1981. On April 1, 1986, we entered a decision for petitioner.
Petitioner filed a motion for award of reasonable litigation costs with the Court on April 24, 1986. We vacated our decision and ordered respondent to respond to petitioner’s motion on June 30, 1986. Respondent’s objections to petitioner’s motion were timely filed on September 8, 1986. Petitioner filed a response to respondent’s objections, affidavits of attorneys Jeffrey L. Gould and Michael Abrutyn, and a report on November 12, 1986. Petitioner claims an award of $24,136.99 pursuant to section 7430(a).3
First, this Court must decide whether petitioner substantially prevailed within the meaning of section 7430(c)(2)(A)(ii).4 Respondent argues that petitioner is not a prevailing party because, in respondent’s view, the most significant issue in this case was petitioner’s unreported income. Although petitioner had not initially reported his income because he had not filed a return, petitioner had no tax liability unless he was prohibited from filing a joint return. The omission of income, therefore, was not an issue in the case. The only issue in controversy between the parties was that presented for our decision which we decided favorably to petitioner, i.e., whether petitioner could file a joint return. Moreover, petitioner prevailed with respect to the entire amount in controversy. Prevailing as to the most significant issue and prevailing as to the amount in controversy are alternative grounds for concluding that petitioner has substantially prevailed. Having decided the only issue presented for decision favorably to petitioner and having decided that there are no deficiencies in petitioner’s Federal income tax for the years before the Court, we hold that petitioner substantially prevailed in this case within the meaning of section 7430(c)(2)(A)(ii).
Respondent next argues that petitioner failed to exhaust his administrative remedies as required by section 7430(b)(2).5 Petitioner did not avail himself of Appeals Office review of the proposed deficiency. Section 7430(b)(2) is “intended to preserve the role that the administrative appeals process plays in the resolution of tax disputes by requiring taxpayers to pursue such remedies prior to litigation.” H. Rept. 97-404, at 13 (1981). In general, an Appeals Office conference is a necessary and important administrative remedy because it gives respondent an opportunity to correct the errors of his examining agents prior to commencement of litigation and because it significantly reduces the volume of tax litigation.
In this case, however, the issue of whether petitioner was entitled to make a joint return, the sole issue tried, arose only after respondent had mailed his notice of deficiency. Consequently, petitioner was unaware of the issue until after his case was docketed in this Court, and his failure under these circumstances to pursue an Appeals Office conference is not fatal. The sole point of controversy between the parties, which respondent pursued to the end of the litigation, was not resolved through good-faith negotiation. Subsequent to docketing the case, petitioner’s accountant communicated regularly with respondent’s Appeals Office, and petitioner’s counsel communicated with respondent’s counsel on all matters in this case. Petitioner did not turn his back on any opportunity afforded him for negotiation of the issue presented to us. Additionally, respondent’s insistence on pursuing the matter through litigation and his refusal to consider the effect of Rev. Rul. 72-539, 1972-2 C.B. 634 or of Rev. Rul. 83-183, 1983-2 C.B. 221, on his litigating position in this case, demonstrate that any discussion of this issue that petitioner attempted was futile. Respondent’s failure to mention the rulings, both of which were discussed at length in petitioner’s opening brief, is evidence of his intransigence. Phillips v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. at 439 n. 6. Congress recognized that under circumstances that indicate respondent’s unwillingness to compromise, the standard of exhaustion of administrative remedies should be applied less strictly. H. Rept. 97-404, at 13.6 We conclude, therefore, that petitioner satisfied the requirements of section 7430(b)(2).
Finally, petitioner must establish that the position of the United States in the litigation before the Court was unreasonable. Rule 232(e), Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure; sec. 7430(c)(2)(A). Respondent argues that it was reasonable to rely on our holding in Durovic v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 1364 (1970), affd. on this issue 487 F.2d 36 (7th Cir. 1973), and to rely on the position that dummy returns were prepared and filed pursuant to section 6020(b) and constituted the filing of separate returns for purposes of section 6013.
Respondent’s reasonableness in relying on Durovic v. Commissioner, supra, at first blush, seems indisputable. We had to overrule Durovic in order to hold for petitioner, and it should be obvious that rebanee on a prior decision is on its face reasonable. On reflection, however, this case presents those rare circumstances that cry out for an exception. We believe that respondent’s position was unreasonable because of its inherent arbitrariness. Respondent’s position in this case directly contradicted his long-standing and clearly articulated administrative position as set forth in Rev. Rul. 72-539, 1972-2 C.B. 634, and reiterated in Rev. Rul. 83-183, 1983-2 C.B. 220. Respondent’s counsel may not choose to litigate against the officially published rulings of the Commissioner without first withdrawing or modifying those rulings. The result of contrary action is capricious application of the law. Phillips v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 433, 442 (1986) (Simpson, J., concurring). The Commissioner’s own procedural rules enunciate that published rulings “are published to provide precedents to be used in the disposition of other cases, and may be cited and relied upon for that purpose.”7 Petitioner’s case fell fully within the principles that Rev. Rul. 72-539 declared respondent would follow. The ruling has not been revoked. Respondent’s counsel should have confessed error in the face of respondent’s own rulings. We are compelled to conclude as a result of counsel’s failure to confess error that respondent’s position in the litigation of this case was arbitrary and, therefore, unreasonable. Baker v. Commissioner, 788 F.2d 38 (D.C. Cir. 1986).8
Furthermore, it was unreasonable for respondent to rely on the record developed in this case for support of his position that substitutes for returns had been prepared and filed by respondent pursuant to section 6020(b) for each of the taxable years 1979, 1980, and 1981. Phillips v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. at 436-438. The only evidence in the record that even suggested that any substitute return existed was a transcript of account that reflected actions taken inconsistently with the law (86 T.C. at 437 n. 5) and consistently with the conclusion that the only paper filed by respondent was a first page of a Form 1040 for the taxable year 1979. 86 T.C. at 437. This form reported only petitioner’s name, address, and social security number, and was not executed by respondent. 86 T.C. at 437. It contained none of the information required of a tax return filed by an individual and did not comport with the requirements of respondent’s own regulations. 86 T.C. at 438; sec. 6020(b); secs. 301.6020-1(b)(1) and 301.6020-l(b)(2), Proced. & Admin. Regs.; see also sec. 6012 and the regulations thereunder. The forms purportedly filed by respondent in this case, if in fact filed, were no more than dummy returns filed for processing purposes. 86 T.C. at 437. It was, therefore, unreasonable for respondent to pursue his groundless position that these dummy returns, which failed to meet the requirements of section 6020(b) and his own regulations, were “returns” for purposes of section 6013(b). The record could not reasonably be viewed as supporting this argument.
Nevertheless, it must be recognized that if petitioner had filed a joint return prior to issuance of the notice of deficiency, the case as presented may not have arisen. It is in large measure petitioner’s own delinquency that resulted in some of the attorneys’ fees for which he seeks reimbursement. We believe that the United States should not bear the costs of litigation attributable to petitioner’s own wrongful action even though he substantially prevailed on the amount in controversy and on the issue presented for decision. We believe that petitioner should not be awarded fees and costs incurred because of his delinquency; these fees and costs are not “reasonable” within the meaning of section 7430(a). It must also be recognized, however, that respondent’s unreasonable position prolonged this litigation, and petitioner incurred litigation costs unnecessarily. While petitioner is not entitled to recover costs attributable to the factual development of the amount of his income, deductions, and credits for the years in issue, he is entitled to recover costs attributable to respondent’s unreasonable positions in the issue presented to us.
The right to attorneys’ fees, as an exception to the American Rule, is a policy matter to be crafted by Congress and may be compensatory or punitive in nature. Alyeska Pipeline Services Co. v. Wilderness Society, 421 U.S. 240, 263 (1975); see also Starr, “The Shifting Panorama of Attorneys’ Fees Awards: The Expansion of Fee Recoveries in Federal Court,” 28 South Texas L. Rev. 189 (1986). An examination of the legislative history expressing the policy of section 7430 leads us to conclude that Congress intended the prevailing party to be compensated for expenses unnecessarily incurred, to provide relief to taxpayers seeking to litigate a just claim in response to a position unreasonably pursued by the Government, and thereby to “enable individual taxpayers to vindicate their rights regardless of their economic circumstances.” H. Rept. 97-404, at 11. An award under section 7430 is not, and should not be viewed as, a penalty. Petitioner is, therefore, entitled to reasonable litigation costs pursuant to section 7430 to the extent his costs were incurred litigating the issue presented for decision. Since the parties thus far have been unable to agree as to the amount of reasonable litigation costs, a hearing on this issue may be required.9
In order to give the parties an opportunity to agree on such amount, without the necessity of a further hearing, the parties shall have a period of 60 days from the date of this opinion within which to file a stipulation of reasonable costs to be awarded to petitioner, consistent with this opinion. If no such stipulation is received within the allotted time, a further hearing on this matter will be scheduled.
An appropriate order will be issued.
Reviewed by the Court.
Sterrett, Nims, Whitaker, Korner, Hamblen, Cohen, Wright, and WELLS, JJ., agree with the majority opinion. Gerber, J., did not participate in the consideration of this opinion.