FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAR 03 2015
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
PHILIPPE CHARRIOL No. 13-56854 INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, D.C. No. 3:13-cv-01257-MMA- Plaintiff - Appellant, BGS
v. MEMORANDUM* A’LOR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED,
Defendant - Appellee.
PHILIPPE CHARRIOL No. 14-55769 INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, D.C. Nos. 3:13-cv-01257-MMA- Plaintiff - Appellee, BGS
v. D.C. 3:14-cv-00477-MMA-BGS
A’LOR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED,
Defendant - Appellant.
PHILIPPE CHARRIOL No. 14-55864 INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, D.C. Nos. 3:13-cv-01257-MMA- Plaintiff - Appellant, BGS D.C.3:14-cv-00477-MMA-BGS v.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3. A’LOR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California Michael M. Anello, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 5, 2015 Pasadena California
Before: KLEINFELD and GOULD, Circuit Judges, and GETTLEMAN, Senior District Judge.**
Philippe Charriol International Ltd., an Isle of Man corporation with its
principal place of business in Switzerland, sued A’lor International Ltd., a
California corporation and Philippe Charriol’s long-time licensee, for trademark
infringement, breach of contract, and other related claims. While the district court
declined to preliminarily enjoin A’lor from selling the allegedly infringing jewelry
abroad, it granted in part the motion for a preliminary injunction on the basis of the
breach of contract claim. Both parties appeal. We have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). We review for an abuse of discretion. Brookfield Commc’ns,
Inc. v. West Coast Entm’t Corp., 174 F.3d 1036, 1045–46 (9th Cir. 1999).
** The Honorable Robert W. Gettleman, Senior District Judge for the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
2 We affirm the denial of a preliminary injunction against A’lor’s
extraterritorial sale of cable jewelry. Philippe Charriol sought to enjoin A’lor from
selling the cable jewelry outside the United States under A’lor’s own brand. To
apply the Lanham Act to foreign activities, “first, there must be some effect on
American foreign commerce; second, the effect must be sufficiently great to
present a cognizable injury to plaintiffs under the federal statute; and third, the
interests of and links to American foreign commerce must be sufficiently strong in
relation to those of other nations to justify an assertion of extraterritorial
authority.” Star-Kist Foods, Inc. v. P.J. Rhodes & Co., 769 F.2d 1393, 1395 (9th
Cir. 1985). There is no evidence on the record that A’lor’s cable jewelry sold
abroad flowed back to the United States and caused a cognizable injury to Philippe
Charriol within the United States. See Reebok Int’l, Ltd. v. Marnatech Enters.,
Inc., 970 F.2d 552, 554–55 (9th Cir. 1992) (holding that the sale of counterfeit
shoes in Mexico had sufficient effect on American foreign commerce where the
counterfeit shoes went back to the United States regularly and decreased the sale of
genuine shoes and the value of the plaintiff’s consolidated holdings in the United
States). Philippe Charriol failed to show a sufficient effect of A’lor’s foreign
activities on American foreign commerce to support its Lanham Act claims.
3 We reverse the district court’s grant, on the basis of the breach of contract
claim, of the motion for a preliminary injunction. On the record then before the
district court, it was a clear error to find that the 2010 Exclusive Jewelry License
Agreement covered the so-called “cable design.” The record shows that the
contracting parties intended to confer A’lor an exclusive right only in Philippe
Charriol’s word marks. Section 1.1 of the license agreement defines the
“Trademarks” as trademarks enumerated in Schedule A and “all other trademarks
whether registered or by common law or usage which may or may not be registered
but to which marks are owned or controlled by [Philippe Charriol].” Schedule A
lists as the Trademarks three word marks, CELTIC, CHARRIOL, and
COLVMBVS, but not the cable design. The catch-all clause of Section 1.1, on this
record, must be construed as applicable only to marks of the same general nature or
class as those enumerated. See Lawrence v. Walzer & Gabrielson, 256 Cal. Rptr.
6, 9 (Cal. Ct. App. 1989) (explaining the doctrine of ejusdem generis). Other
sections of the license agreement confirm that the parties intended the
“Trademarks” to cover only word marks. For example, Section 2.5 provides:
The Trademarks shall, where it is reasonable so to do, be accompanied by words descriptive of the Products, and the Trademarks shall be depicted entirely in capital letters or otherwise distinguished from accompanying text to indicate that the term is a trademark. (emphasis added).
4 The cable design cannot be capitalized or referred to as a “term.” Only words and
letters can be. See also Section 4.4 (containing a separate proviso regarding the
use of the cable design). This reading that the license agreement did not cover the
cable design is consistent with Section 6 of the parties’ 2002 agreement: “[Philippe
Charriol and A’lor] understand and agree that the rights to produce ‘cable jewelry’
. . . is not an exclusive right in respect of cable but is exclusive only in respect of
the CHARRIOL® mark.”
Therefore, the license agreement on its face does not prohibit A’lor from
selling cable jewelry under its own brand after the termination. Section 3.1.b
prohibits A’lor from selling any jewelry that looks similar to the licensed products,
but it does not appear to intend this prohibition beyond the term of the license
agreement. There is no finding by the district court on whether A’lor’s purported
termination was effective.
Philippe Charriol’s cross-appeal seeks a remand with instructions that the
preliminary injunction should be expanded to cover all of its word marks and that
the injunction is supported by its trademark infringement claims. Since we reverse
the grant of a preliminary injunction, and the district court did not make any
5 determinations on trademark infringement claims, we need not address this cross-
appeal.
In reaching this conclusion, we express no opinion on the ultimate merits of
the case. See, e.g., Barahona-Gomez v. Reno, 167 F.3d 1228, 1238 (9th Cir.
1999). We leave to the district court on remand the question of whether the
contract termination was effective and such determinations on the breach of
contract and trademark infringement claims as may be appropriate in light of
evidence submitted subsequent to the decisions on appeal or on remand.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED.
6 FILED Charriol v. A’Lor, No. 13-56854 MAR 03 2015
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK Charriol v. A’Lor, Nos. 14-55769, 14-55864 U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
GOULD, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment:
I respectfully concur in the judgment of the court.
With regard to Appeal No.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FILED NOT FOR PUBLICATION MAR 03 2015
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
PHILIPPE CHARRIOL No. 13-56854 INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, D.C. No. 3:13-cv-01257-MMA- Plaintiff - Appellant, BGS
v. MEMORANDUM* A’LOR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED,
Defendant - Appellee.
PHILIPPE CHARRIOL No. 14-55769 INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, D.C. Nos. 3:13-cv-01257-MMA- Plaintiff - Appellee, BGS
v. D.C. 3:14-cv-00477-MMA-BGS
A’LOR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED,
Defendant - Appellant.
PHILIPPE CHARRIOL No. 14-55864 INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, D.C. Nos. 3:13-cv-01257-MMA- Plaintiff - Appellant, BGS D.C.3:14-cv-00477-MMA-BGS v.
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3. A’LOR INTERNATIONAL LIMITED,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California Michael M. Anello, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted February 5, 2015 Pasadena California
Before: KLEINFELD and GOULD, Circuit Judges, and GETTLEMAN, Senior District Judge.**
Philippe Charriol International Ltd., an Isle of Man corporation with its
principal place of business in Switzerland, sued A’lor International Ltd., a
California corporation and Philippe Charriol’s long-time licensee, for trademark
infringement, breach of contract, and other related claims. While the district court
declined to preliminarily enjoin A’lor from selling the allegedly infringing jewelry
abroad, it granted in part the motion for a preliminary injunction on the basis of the
breach of contract claim. Both parties appeal. We have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1292(a)(1). We review for an abuse of discretion. Brookfield Commc’ns,
Inc. v. West Coast Entm’t Corp., 174 F.3d 1036, 1045–46 (9th Cir. 1999).
** The Honorable Robert W. Gettleman, Senior District Judge for the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.
2 We affirm the denial of a preliminary injunction against A’lor’s
extraterritorial sale of cable jewelry. Philippe Charriol sought to enjoin A’lor from
selling the cable jewelry outside the United States under A’lor’s own brand. To
apply the Lanham Act to foreign activities, “first, there must be some effect on
American foreign commerce; second, the effect must be sufficiently great to
present a cognizable injury to plaintiffs under the federal statute; and third, the
interests of and links to American foreign commerce must be sufficiently strong in
relation to those of other nations to justify an assertion of extraterritorial
authority.” Star-Kist Foods, Inc. v. P.J. Rhodes & Co., 769 F.2d 1393, 1395 (9th
Cir. 1985). There is no evidence on the record that A’lor’s cable jewelry sold
abroad flowed back to the United States and caused a cognizable injury to Philippe
Charriol within the United States. See Reebok Int’l, Ltd. v. Marnatech Enters.,
Inc., 970 F.2d 552, 554–55 (9th Cir. 1992) (holding that the sale of counterfeit
shoes in Mexico had sufficient effect on American foreign commerce where the
counterfeit shoes went back to the United States regularly and decreased the sale of
genuine shoes and the value of the plaintiff’s consolidated holdings in the United
States). Philippe Charriol failed to show a sufficient effect of A’lor’s foreign
activities on American foreign commerce to support its Lanham Act claims.
3 We reverse the district court’s grant, on the basis of the breach of contract
claim, of the motion for a preliminary injunction. On the record then before the
district court, it was a clear error to find that the 2010 Exclusive Jewelry License
Agreement covered the so-called “cable design.” The record shows that the
contracting parties intended to confer A’lor an exclusive right only in Philippe
Charriol’s word marks. Section 1.1 of the license agreement defines the
“Trademarks” as trademarks enumerated in Schedule A and “all other trademarks
whether registered or by common law or usage which may or may not be registered
but to which marks are owned or controlled by [Philippe Charriol].” Schedule A
lists as the Trademarks three word marks, CELTIC, CHARRIOL, and
COLVMBVS, but not the cable design. The catch-all clause of Section 1.1, on this
record, must be construed as applicable only to marks of the same general nature or
class as those enumerated. See Lawrence v. Walzer & Gabrielson, 256 Cal. Rptr.
6, 9 (Cal. Ct. App. 1989) (explaining the doctrine of ejusdem generis). Other
sections of the license agreement confirm that the parties intended the
“Trademarks” to cover only word marks. For example, Section 2.5 provides:
The Trademarks shall, where it is reasonable so to do, be accompanied by words descriptive of the Products, and the Trademarks shall be depicted entirely in capital letters or otherwise distinguished from accompanying text to indicate that the term is a trademark. (emphasis added).
4 The cable design cannot be capitalized or referred to as a “term.” Only words and
letters can be. See also Section 4.4 (containing a separate proviso regarding the
use of the cable design). This reading that the license agreement did not cover the
cable design is consistent with Section 6 of the parties’ 2002 agreement: “[Philippe
Charriol and A’lor] understand and agree that the rights to produce ‘cable jewelry’
. . . is not an exclusive right in respect of cable but is exclusive only in respect of
the CHARRIOL® mark.”
Therefore, the license agreement on its face does not prohibit A’lor from
selling cable jewelry under its own brand after the termination. Section 3.1.b
prohibits A’lor from selling any jewelry that looks similar to the licensed products,
but it does not appear to intend this prohibition beyond the term of the license
agreement. There is no finding by the district court on whether A’lor’s purported
termination was effective.
Philippe Charriol’s cross-appeal seeks a remand with instructions that the
preliminary injunction should be expanded to cover all of its word marks and that
the injunction is supported by its trademark infringement claims. Since we reverse
the grant of a preliminary injunction, and the district court did not make any
5 determinations on trademark infringement claims, we need not address this cross-
appeal.
In reaching this conclusion, we express no opinion on the ultimate merits of
the case. See, e.g., Barahona-Gomez v. Reno, 167 F.3d 1228, 1238 (9th Cir.
1999). We leave to the district court on remand the question of whether the
contract termination was effective and such determinations on the breach of
contract and trademark infringement claims as may be appropriate in light of
evidence submitted subsequent to the decisions on appeal or on remand.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED.
6 FILED Charriol v. A’Lor, No. 13-56854 MAR 03 2015
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK Charriol v. A’Lor, Nos. 14-55769, 14-55864 U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
GOULD, Circuit Judge, concurring in the judgment:
I respectfully concur in the judgment of the court.
With regard to Appeal No. 13-56854, I agree that we should affirm the
denial of preliminary injunction, for the reasons stated in the memorandum
disposition. I also agree that in the Cross-Appeals (Nos. 14-55769 and 14-55864),
we should vacate the grant of preliminary injunction that was based on contract.
However, I would do so merely because the record at this stage does not support
that there is a substantial likelihood of success on the merits regarding the contract
claim. Because we do not express opinion on the ultimate merits of the case, and
any case can look different after trial testimony of witnesses on disputed facts, and
findings of fact and conclusions of law by the court, I see no reason to say anything
on the contract claim at present beyond observing that at this preliminary stage
with a limited record, plaintiff has not shown a substantial likelihood of success
warranting preliminary injunction under the standards set by the United States
Supreme Court in Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7,
20, 129 S. Ct. 365, 374, 172 L. Ed. 2d 249 (2008), and therefore the grant of
preliminary injunction was an abuse of discretion. I would not on this record attempt to interpret the license agreement before trial and findings of fact
concerning intentions of parties and their prior course of dealing. It is enough to
vacate the preliminary injunction and remand for trial.