Opinion issued March 8, 2018
In The
Court of Appeals For The
First District of Texas ———————————— NO. 01-16-00546-CR ——————————— PHIL A. SMALLWOOD, Appellant V. THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 230th District Court Harris County, Texas Trial Court Case No. 1512287
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted appellant, Phil A. Smallwood, of capital murder. The State
did not seek the death penalty, and thus the trial court assessed a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment without parole.1 Appellant raises five points of error on appeal.
In his first point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred when it
explained the State’s burden of proof during voir dire. In his second point of error,
he argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted evidence of
extraneous conduct. In his third, fourth, and fifth points of error, he challenges the
constitutionality of his sentence of life imprisonment without parole. We affirm.
Background
On June 2, 2016, the State charged appellant with capital murder by causing
the death of Jonathan Wilkerson while in the course of committing or attempting to
commit robbery.2 Appellant pleaded not guilty, and the case proceeded to trial.
On the evening of October 13, 2014, Wilkerson and his girlfriend, Quathanna
Lee, drove to the home of Roy Robinson, the best friend of Wilkerson’s younger
brother, Lawrence. Robinson testified that Wilkerson showed him text messages
from someone threatening to kill him, and that Wilkerson wanted a gun. Wilkerson
told Robinson that appellant, whom Wilkerson referred to as his “little brother’s
1 See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.31(a)(2) (West Supp. 2015). 2 The indictment alleged two enhancement paragraphs: on October 3, 2008, appellant was convicted of burglary of a habitation and, on June 23, 2011, he was convicted of unlawful possession of a firearm. 2 cousin,” was going to sell him a gun.3 Robinson later learned that Wilkerson had
been killed.
After Lee and Wilkerson left Robinson’s house, they went to meet
Wilkerson’s “little brother’s cousin.” Lee testified that Wilkerson got out of the car
with Lee’s cell phone and $107 while she remained in the car. Lee saw Wilkerson
talking to two black males when she heard a gunshot and saw Wilkerson fall to the
ground. She testified that she saw the two men hovering over Wilkerson’s body and
going through his pockets. Lee quickly drove away and went to a police station to
report the incident.
Appellant’s sister, Angie Polk, testified that appellant came to her friend’s
house on the evening of October 13, 2014. Polk testified that appellant told her that
he was going to sell a gun to “J,” and that he might rob him. Later that evening,
appellant went to Polk’s apartment, took a bottle of Clorox bleach, and left. The
following day, appellant told Polk and her friend, Demetrice Williams, that he had
killed Wilkerson. Williams also testified that appellant told her and Polk that he had
shot Wilkerson.
Myron Dillingham, a homicide detective with the Houston Police Department,
investigated Wilkerson’s murder. Through witness interviews, surveillance tapes,
3 Jonathan and Lawrence Wilkerson share the same father but have different mothers. Lawrence’s mother and appellant’s mother are sisters. 3 and Wilkerson’s phone, Dillingham’s investigation eventually focused on appellant.
Appellant was later arrested and charged with capital murder.
Dr. Pramod Gumpeni, the assistant deputy chief medical examiner at the
Harris County Institute of Forensic Sciences, testified that Wilkerson died from a
gunshot wound to the head and that the manner of death was homicide.
Marquese Scott, a Harris County Jail inmate, shared a jail dormitory with
appellant while appellant was awaiting trial. Scott testified that appellant told him
that he had planned to sell a pistol to Wilkerson but shot him instead. Scott further
testified that, while he being transported to court to testify, appellant passed by him
and said, “I’m going home. You know I’m going to kill you.”
At the conclusion of trial, the jury found appellant guilty of capital murder.
The trial court sentenced appellant to life imprisonment without parole. This appeal
followed.
Voir Dire Comments
In his first point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred by
explaining during voir dire what “proof beyond a reasonable doubt” means.
The record reflects that voir dire lasted two days.4 On the first day, the trial
court made the following statements:
4 The qualified members of the second venire panel made up the jury and the qualified members of the first venire panel were designated alternate jurors. 4 Now, at the end of the trial, as I told you, I will give you the law that governs your deliberations. And it will have many legal definitions contained in that. But that burden of proof—that phrase beyond a reasonable doubt is one phrase that I will not be defining for you. Because the law and the courts have determined that it’s really a term that’s incapable of definition. The reason for that being is that the—is because it’s really a personal standard to you as jurors.
On the second day, the trial court made the following statements:
And, you know, I told you I’ll be giving you the law at the end of the trial. And I will tell you in that charge that the State’s burden is beyond a reasonable doubt. And although you’ll have a lot of legal definitions in that charge, beyond a reasonable doubt is one term that I cannot define for you. The law has decided it’s really a term that’s incapable of definition. I can tell you that it’s a personal standard to you as jurors. I think that you will know whether or not you’ve been convinced beyond a reasonable doubt.
I will tell you that it’s not beyond all doubt or beyond a shadow of a doubt, but there’s no legal definition for it. Now, I can also tell you that I think it’s a common-sense standard. And as I said, I think you’ll know it when you see or hear it. And at the end of most—almost all of the trials, I usually try to talk to the jurors just to get their feelings about things at the end of the trial. And I’ve had jurors tell me that they either were or were not convinced by the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. But I’ve never had a single juror say they didn’t understand what that term meant. I think you’ll know what it means.
Appellant argues that the trial court’s explanation of “beyond a reasonable
doubt” was objectionable because (1) calling the phrase a “personal standard” was
tantamount to telling the jurors to define it for themselves; (2) each juror likely
decided for himself or herself what the State’s burden was; (3) it is untrue that the
phrases “reasonable doubt” or “proof beyond a reasonable doubt” are incapable of
definition; (4) the trial court’s comment that “you’ll know it when you see it” 5 discourages jurors from taking a systematic approach of determining a standard and
then applying it to the evidence; (5) telling the jurors that the State’s burden is
determined by “common sense” denigrates the standard and the phrase “common
sense” is subjective; and (6) the trial court’s comment that “I’ve never had a single
juror say they didn’t understand what [beyond a reasonable doubt] means” likely
inhibited any juror who did not understand the term from admitting it.
To preserve a complaint for review, the record must show that the complaint
was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion that stated the
grounds for the ruling the defendant sought from the trial court with sufficient
specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint. See TEX. R. APP. P.
33.1(a)(1). “Ordinarily, a complaint regarding an improper judicial comment must
be preserved at trial.” See Unkart v. State, 400 S.W.3d 94, 99 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013).
Here, appellant did not object to any portion of the trial court’s explanation
about which he complains on appeal. His failure to object precludes our review of
this issue absent an exception to the preservation-of-error requirement. None of the
trial court’s comments here rose to such a level as to bear on the presumption of
innocence or vitiate the impartiality of the jury. See Jasper v. State, 61 S.W.3d 413,
421 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001); Muhammed v. State, 331 S.W.3d 187, 194–195 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d) (finding defendant waived for appellate
6 review issue complaining about trial court’s jury instruction concerning “beyond a
reasonable doubt” because defendant failed to object to alleged error during trial);
Marshall v. State, 312 S.W.3d 741, 744 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet.
ref’d) (concluding trial court’s comments about “reasonable doubt” standard did not
rise to level of fundamental error, and thus, timely and specific objections to
comments were required to preserve defendant’s complaint for appeal); Rogers v.
State, 795 S.W.2d 300, 306 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1990, pet. ref’d)
(holding that trial court’s comment that “the bottom line is going to be what beyond
a reasonable doubt is to you” was not error because court was merely telling jurors
to use their common sense).
Appellant acknowledges that he made no objection but argues that we should
review the trial court’s comments just as we would jury charge error and examine
any error for egregious harm. See Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1985) (establishing standard for review of jury charge error; holding that
unobjected-to jury instruction should be reviewed for egregious harm). The Court
of Criminal Appeals as well as this Court have rejected this precise argument and
declined to extend Almanza beyond the context of the jury charge. See Fuentes v.
State, 991 S.W.2d 267, 273 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (declining to apply Almanza
standard to trial court’s comments during voir dire regarding burden of proof and
concluding defendant waived any error by failing to object at trial); see also
7 Robertson v. State, No. 01-02-00046-CR, 2002 WL 31236391, at *2–*3 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 3, 2002, no pet.) (not designated for publication)
(noting Almanza applies to jury charges, not to trial court’s statements made during
voir dire, and concluding that any error in trial court’s statements regarding burden
of proof was waived by defendant’s failure to object).
The trial court’s complained-of explanation did not constitute fundamental
error, and therefore, appellant was required to object to the statements to preserve
error for appellate review. See Unkart, 400 S.W.3d at 99. Having failed to do so,
appellant has waived this issue. See Fuentes, 991 S.W.2d at 273 (concluding that
defendant’s failure to object waived complaint about trial court’s explanation of
reasonable doubt given to venire panel as belief in one’s heart and conscience based
upon evaluation of evidence). We overrule appellant’s first point of error.
Admissibility of Extraneous Evidence
In his second point of error, appellant contends that the trial court erred in
admitting evidence of extraneous conduct. Specifically, he argues that the trial court
erred in permitting Scott to testify that appellant threatened him.
Outside the presence of the jury, the prosecutor sought to introduce evidence
that appellant had threatened Scott in the courthouse basement after they were
transported from the jail. Trial counsel objected on the ground that the evidence was
more prejudicial than probative. The trial court overruled the objection but limited
8 the testimony to the threat made that morning. Thereafter, Scott testified that, while
being transported to the court to testify, appellant passed by him and said, “I’m going
home. You know I’m going to kill you.”
A. Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s evidentiary rulings under an abuse of discretion
standard. Johnson v. State, 490 S.W.3d 895, 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). As long
as the trial court’s ruling is within the “zone of reasonable disagreement,” there is
no abuse of discretion, and the trial court’s ruling will be upheld. De La Paz v. State,
279 S.W.3d 336, 343–44 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). We will affirm the trial court’s
evidentiary ruling if it is correct under any applicable theory of law and is reasonably
supported by the record. Winegarner v. State, 235 S.W.3d 787, 790 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007).
B. Applicable Law
Evidence of an extraneous offense or act is generally not admissible to prove
the character of a defendant in order to show that the defendant acted in conformity
with that character. TEX. R. EVID. 404(b)(1); Lockhart v. State, 847 S.W.2d 568, 570
(Tex. Crim. App. 1992). Such evidence is admissible, however, when (1) the
extraneous offense or act is relevant to a fact of consequence in the case aside from
its tendency to show action in conformity with character, and (2) its probative value
is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. Page v. State, 213
9 S.W.3d 332, 336 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); see TEX. R. EVID. 401, 402, 403, 404(b).
Evidence is relevant if (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less probable
than it would be without the evidence and (b) the fact is of consequence in
determining the action. TEX. R. EVID. 401.
Even if the extraneous evidence is relevant, the trial court may properly
exclude it under rule 403 if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,
or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence. See TEX. R. EVID 403. When
conducting a rule 403 analysis, courts “must balance (1) the inherent probative force
of the proffered item of evidence along with (2) the proponent’s need for that
evidence against (3) any tendency of the evidence to suggest decision on an improper
basis, (4) any tendency of the evidence to confuse or distract the jury from the main
issues, (5) any tendency of the evidence to be given undue weight by a jury that has
not been equipped to evaluate the probative force of the evidence, and (6) the
likelihood that presentation of the evidence will consume an inordinate amount of
time or merely repeat evidence already admitted.” Gigliobianco v. State, 210
S.W.3d 637, 641–42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
C. Analysis
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting Scott’s testimony that
appellant threatened to kill him.
10 “A defendant’s conduct after the commission of a crime which indicates a
‘consciousness of guilt’ is admissible to prove that he committed the offense.”
Hedrick v. State, 473 S.W.3d 824, 830 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no
pet.) (quoting Ross v. State, 154 S.W.3d 804, 812 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2004, pet. ref’d)). Texas courts recognize “consciousness of guilt” as an exception
to rule 404(b)’s general prohibition against extraneous offense evidence. Hedrick,
473 S.W.3d at 830; Torres v. State, 794 S.W.2d 596, 598–99 (Tex. App.—Austin
1990, no pet.). Acts that are designed to reduce the likelihood of prosecution,
conviction, or incarceration for the offense on trial are admissible under rule 404(b)
as showing “consciousness of guilt.” See Ransom v. State, 920 S.W.2d 288, 299
(Tex. Crim. App. 1994), cert. denied, 519 U.S. 1030, 117 S. Ct. 587 (1996). Thus,
threats made in an effort to suppress or destroy evidence are probative of
consciousness of guilt. See Rodriguez v. State, 577 S.W.2d 491, 492–93 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1979); Hedrick, 473 S.W.3d at 830.
Here, appellant’s threat that he was going to kill Scott once he was out of
prison was relevant to show appellant’s consciousness of guilt. Rule 404(b) did not
prohibit Scott’s testimony regarding appellant’s efforts to deter him from testifying
that appellant told him he shot Wilkerson with the threat of violence. Therefore, the
trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that evidence of appellant’s
11 threat had relevance apart from the tendency to show conduct in conformity with
character. See TEX. R. EVID. 404(b).
We must next consider whether the trial court abused its discretion by
determining that the probative value of this evidence was not substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. With regard to the rule 403 balancing
test, appellant argues only that admission of the evidence created “a substantial risk
that one or more of the jurors voted to convict him [of] capital murder simply to keep
a seemingly dangerous man behind bars.”
A consciousness of guilt is perhaps one of the strongest kinds of evidence of
guilt. See Torres, 794 S.W.2d at 598. Threats or other attempts at coercion are
“hardly the actions of an innocent accused,” and evidence of appellant’s threat is as
probative of guilt as would be his flight. See Rodriguez, 577 S.W.2d at 493. Here,
appellant’s threat that he would kill Scott when he got out of prison was clearly
intended to intimidate Scott and deter him from testifying against appellant.
The State’s need for the evidence was significant. The evidence was
circumstantial. There was no physical or direct evidence that appellant was the
shooter, and the case hinged on evidence that appellant had communicated with
Wilkerson through Facebook about purchasing a gun and several witnesses’
testimony that appellant had confessed to them that he had killed Wilkerson.
Therefore, evidence of his consciousness of guilt was important to the State’s case
12 and allowed the State to counter appellant’s theory that the witnesses were not
credible. See Hedrick, 473 S.W.3d at 831 (concluding State’s need for evidence of
threat to testifying witness was significant given that defendant claimed death was
drowning accident and defendant was only witness to complainant’s death).
Evidence of appellant’s threat was unlikely to confuse or influence the jury in
an improper way. Rather, it is rational to conclude that appellant threatened Scott
because he was guilty of the charged offense. See id. Lastly, the time required to
develop the evidence was brief—Scott’s testimony consisted of less than one page
of the record—and the testimony was not cumulative of other evidence.
We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in determining that
the probative value of the evidence of appellant’s threat to Scott was not substantially
outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. We therefore overrule appellant’s
second point of error.
Constitutionality of Sentence
In his third, fourth, and fifth points of error, appellant contends that an
automatic sentence of life, without the possibility of parole, violates both the United
States Constitution and the Texas Constitution because it denies him an
individualized hearing at which he could present, and the trial court could consider,
mitigation evidence. Specifically, appellant argues that his sentence violates (1) the
Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment; (2) the
13 prohibition on cruel or unusual punishment found in Article I, Section 13 of the
Texas Constitution; and (3) the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process guarantee. In
effect, these three points of error challenge the constitutionality of Penal Code
section 12.31(a)(2), which prescribed appellant’s automatic sentence of life, without
the possibility of parole. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.31(a)(2) (West Supp.
2017).5
The United States Supreme Court and Texas courts of appeals, including this
one, have consistently held that statutes that allow an automatic life sentence without
the possibility of parole are constitutional. See Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957,
994–95, 111 S. Ct. 2680, 2701 (1991) (unequivocally providing that imposition of
mandatory sentence of life in prison without possibility of parole does not violate
Eighth Amendment’s protection against cruel and unusual punishment); Lopez v.
State, 493 S.W.3d 126, 139–40 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d),
cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 1076 (2017) (holding mandatory life sentence, without
possibility of parole, did not violate Eighth Amendment or Article 1, Section 13 of
Texas Constitution, nor did it violate constitutional due process rights); Modarresi
5 Although appellant has urged application of the United States and Texas constitutional provisions as distinct issues, the Court of Criminal Appeals has affirmatively rejected the argument that the difference between the Eighth Amendment’s “cruel and unusual” phrasing and the Texas Constitution’s “cruel or unusual” phrasing allows the Texas provision to be interpreted more expansively. See Cantu v. State, 939 S.W.2d 627, 645 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Accordingly, we analyze appellant’s third and fourth points together.
14 v. State, 488 S.W.3d 455, 467 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2016, no pet.)
(holding Penal Code section 12.31(a)(2) did not impose cruel and unusual
punishment prohibited by United States and Texas Constitutions); see also Duran v.
State, 363 S.W.3d 719, 721–23 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d)
(concluding Eighth Amendment is not violated by unavailability of any procedural
mechanism to allow court or jury to consider mitigating factors under mandatory
sentencing scheme contained within Penal Code’s habitual offender statute).
Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s third, fourth, and fifth points of error.
Conclusion
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Russell Lloyd Justice
Panel consists of Justices Higley, Massengale, and Lloyd.
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).