Phelps v. Kaufman

152 A.D. 457, 137 N.Y.S. 345, 1912 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 8559

• Court: Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York
• Decided: September 10, 1912
• Status: Published

Opinions

Thomas, J.:

The plaintiff, living in a house let in part to several families, fell, down cellar stairs common to the tenants, and was injured. The.complaint was dismissed upon the grounds that'she negligently attempted to use the stairs in the darkness, and that the narrow step or landing at the top of the stairs did not cause her to fall. There was a door at the top of the stairs* which the plaintiff left opened, and another closed door was at the foot of the stairs with a wall on either side, but there was no handrail. Between the upper door, when closed, and the first riser the distance was seven and one-half inches, and on the floor, which ended half way over the edge of the riser, the saddle or threshold extended so as to leave only some three inches of upper step or landing. No tread on the stairs was over eight and seven-eighths inches, and each riser, although not plumb, was eight inches. The Tenement House Law (Consol. Laws, chap. 61 [Laws of 1909, chap. 99], § 21) required treads of not less than ten inches wide, and applies to cellar stairs. 'Where the foot treads at the top of the stairs is- a tread, and section 21 is applicable, provided the house in question is by pleading and proof shown, to be a tenement house. The statute (§ 2) provides: “A (tenement house ’ is any house or building, or portion thereof, which is rented, leased, let or hired out, to be occupied, or is occupied as the home or residence of three families or more living independently of each other, and doing their cooking upon the premises, or by more than two families upon any floor, so living and cooking, but having a common right in the halls, stairways, yards, water-closets or privies, or some of them.” The complaint does not amply describe the house as a tenement house, but the evidence shows that the application for the creation of the house was first filed in the tenement house department on April 25, 1904, and the building was completed thereafter, and that in the. department a violation was filed against its use without certificate. Therefore the house was under the statute, and the construction of the stairway was, as regards the treads, in violation of section 21. Even at common law the question of negligence in such construction of the stairs in a place so obscured would be for the jury. But'the darkness of the place, it is urged, precluded the plaintiff’s use of the stairs until she had secured her own safety by illuminating the way and discovering the conditions. That argument means that as á matter of law a tenant, entitled to stairs constructed lawfully for her reasonably safe use, cannot recover if, in the course of her'first descent, she fall on the stairs because they are unlawfully and dangerously constructed, provided she attempts without knowledge of the defects to use them in such a degree of darkness that she cannot by sight discover the perilous and wrongful construction. It is reasonable decision that a person unconstrained to do so shall not intrust himself in dark, untried and. unknown places in a building, where he cannot through the darkness discover where he is taking himself. (Brugher v. Buchtenkirch, 167 N. Y. 153; Robinson v. Crimmins, 120 App. Div. 250; Lather v. Bammann, 122 id. 13; Hilsenbeck v. Guhring, 131 N. Y. 674; Dailey v. Distler, 115 App. Div. 103; Rohrbacher v. Gillig, 203 N. Y. 413.) And even when the law requires cellar stairs to be lighted, if one apprised that the light essential to safe descent has not been provided, and the darkness is the proximate cause of his falling, it has been decided that he may not complain unless he went under some necessity. (Lather v. Bammann, supra.) In such case the light is absent by the landlord’s fault, but the omission of duty declares itself, as does the danger of descending. But such is not the present case. The door led to the staircase. The stairs were placed and let by the landlords to be used with such imperfect light as was furnished, and the tenant had the right to expect proper stairs and assume the presence of what the statute ordered. Therein the case differs from Weller v. Consolidated Gas Co. (198 N. Y. 98) and Dailey v. Distler (supra). Using them for the first time she fell, not necessarily because of absent light, but because the stairs were so constructed that there was but some three inches of imperfect tread beyond the threshold, while the short treads beneath facilitated, or at least did not impede, the fall. It is true that absent handrails and the darkness increased the probability of falling and the inability to arrest the descent, and that the plaintiff, had she procured a light, might have discovered how perilous the way the landlords had made for her, and adopted means to meet the results of their negligence. But that is aside from the essential question, which is whether she was bound to light the stairs and leam before using them whether the' landlords had done as the statute told them to do. The law imposed a duty on the landlords to provide prescribed treads for the use of the tenant, and they would escape the burden of compliance and compensating for the injury therefrom by the plea that the tenant should discover the construction of the stairs as a condition precedent to using them, and thereby mitigate the chances of the disobedient person suffering for his disobedience. The :plaintiff. was not commanded by the law to suspect the disobedience of a statute, and is not condemned for failure to take means to detect such infraction. (Totten v. Phipps, 52 N. Y. 354; Kenney v. Rhinelander, 28 App. Div. 246; affd., 163 N. Y. 576; Brown v. Wittner, 43 App. Div. 135; Lee v. Ingraham, 106 id. 167; Lendle v. Robinson, 53 id. 140; Schindler v. Welz & Zerweck, 145 id. 532.) In the last case, where the absence of light was the proximate cause, it was decided that the plaintiff must show that she used care. But here the plaintiff felt where she could not see, for the stairs, although not totally hidden, were very dark. The jury would have been justified in finding that the plaintiff fell from the top tread, but she did not lose all control of herself until she reached the fifth step. At the óütstart it did appear that she did not fall at once upon entering on the stairs, but it was finally made plain that she fell from the first step, but tried to break her fall, and that the effort became ineffectual at about the fifth step. But whether she fell from the first or the fifth step, the treads were illegal and faulty. The truth of the matter was for. the determination of the jury.

The plaintiff’s exceptions should be sustained and a new trial granted, costs to abide the event.

Woodward and Rioh, JJ., concurred; Burr, J., dissented in separate memorandum, with whom Jenks, P. J., concurred.