The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Bermudez, C. J.
'Pile plaintiffs sue as legal heirs of Elizabeth Pfarr, Widow Bahr.
In that capacity they ask the nullity of what is claimed to be her last will, and, eventually, the nullity of the appointment of a dative executor.
They also urge the illegality of an order of sale to pay debts and an indebtedness of the defendant to the succession.
Concluding, they pray that he be ordered to render an account and held liable for his indebtedness and for amounts and effects not inventoried by him.
The defendant maintains the validity of the will and its probate; that of his appointment and of the order of sale, and denies any liability.
The court rejected the demand for the nullity of the will, of the probate proceedings, of the appointment of the succession representative, of the order of sale dissolving an injunction issued to arrest the sale, and non-suits the plaintiffs as to other claims.
Prom this judgment the plaintiffs appeal. The defendant answers, praying for damages for a frivolous appeal.
1.
The plaintiffs charge that the will, which is in the nuncupative form, under private signature, is null, because it was not dictated and presented by the testatrix as the law requires.
The evidence satisfies us that the document was written out of the presence of the witnesses, under the direction of the testatrix, by her counsel; that after the five witnesses required by law had assembled in her room, she handed the paper to one of them who inquired of her what it was, and that she answered that it was her last will; that this witness then read it to her in the presence of the other witnesses, and that, after the reading, being asked whether what had been read was her last will, she answered in the affirmative; that she then signed the will, and after her the five witnesses.
There is no evidence that the will was dictated by the testatrix. [296]*296None was necessary, as it was written out of tlie presence of the witnesses.
The ruling to which counsel for plaintiffs refer in Bordelon vs. Baron, 11 Ann. 678, to the contrary, requiring proof of the dictation by the testator, whether the will he made in the presence or in the absence of the witnesses, has been formally overruled in several instances. Pendergast case, 16 Ann. 219; Succession of Marigny, Ib. 267; Wood vs. Roane, 35 Ann. 865.
The same may be now said of the ruling in Caleb vs. Douglas, 16 Ann. 327, in so far as it may be considered as requiring dictation, when the will is written out of the presence of the witnesses, and as holding that the affirmative answer of a testator, to the question whether the document contains his will, does not constitute the presentation required by law.
In Wood vs. Roane, 35 Ann. 865, and Bourke vs. Wilson, 38 Ann. 328, this Court has distinctly ruled, not only that the presentation need not be manual, but that the acknowledgment of the testator that the paper contains his last will, implies the presentation provided by law, even when that acknowledgment is in response to a question.
The charge that the testatrix was mentally disabled is not established, while the reverse is shown by unquestionable testimony.
There was no justification to make the other charge that the will was obtained by undue influence.
II.
The plaintiffs further complain that the probate was ex parte ; that the decree was made in chambers on the affidavit of witnesses; that the evidence is insufficient; that the will was not read by the judge to the witnesses; that the proees verbal of probate is irregular and void.
(«) The law does not require, absolutely, that the proceeding to probate a will be contradictorily carried on. The provision is merely directory. The fact is that generally the proceeding takes place ex pcvrte.
The Code directs, it is true, that notice be given to the heirs present, but it does not say that, unless such notice be given, the probate shall not take place. The reason for this is quite plain. There may be urgency for the probate of the will that the executor be at once recognized and placed in possession of the estate for its protection. Besides, the heirs may not be easily reached by the process of the court.
In any event, where the proceeding is carried on ex parte and the will is ordered to be executed, by its very nature the decree concludes [297]*297no one, and the will, if objectionable, can be attacked subsequently by any party interested and its nullity demanded and obtained for a proper cause.
In the present instance, it does not, however, appear that the heirs of the deceased were present and could have been notified. The law does not exact impossibilities.
(&) It is not essential that the testimony of witnesses called to prove a will be taken down separately. It is sufficient that the substance of their evidence, where it is concordant, be reduced to writing and be sworn to by them. This testimony is generally heard by the judge directly, but it sometimes happens that circumstances occur requiring that it be procured under commission as where the witnesses reside beyond the jurisdiction of'the court, or are, for some other cause, unable to attend;
On the question of the sufficiency of the proof adduced', we are satisfied that the witnesses have established facts showing that’the will was presented by the testatrix; that it was read by one of them to her; that it was sigued by her and them; that they recognize and identify the testament, and that they recognize their signatures and that of the testatrix.
The objection cannot hold that it is not shown that the witnesses have recognized the signature of Mrs. Bahr to the document purporting to be her last will.
As well in the statement at foot of that instrument, as in the affidavit containing the declarations which they made shortly afterwards, on the occasion of the probate of the will, as in the testimony which they subsequently gave during the trial of this controversy, the witnesses have declared that they recognize their signatures to the document.
If they saw Mrs. Bahr sign the paper to which they have affixed their own signatures, and if they recognize their signatures to it, they evidently thereby identify the instrument as that signed by Mrs. Bahr and so recognize her signature thereto.
The charge is not that Mrs. Bahr did not sign, but that it is not proved that the witnesses recognized her signature.
Had we any doubt on this important fact, we would certainly leave a door open for new proof.
(e) In relation to the objection that it does not appear that the judge read the will to the witnesses, it suffices to say that the preces verbal recites that he read it iu an audible voice.
[298]*298The presumption is that the judge did his duty and read the will to the witnesses and others, if any, present.
The law does not demand such reading to the witnesses as a condition sine qua non,
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The opinion of the Court was delivered by
Bermudez, C. J.
'Pile plaintiffs sue as legal heirs of Elizabeth Pfarr, Widow Bahr.
In that capacity they ask the nullity of what is claimed to be her last will, and, eventually, the nullity of the appointment of a dative executor.
They also urge the illegality of an order of sale to pay debts and an indebtedness of the defendant to the succession.
Concluding, they pray that he be ordered to render an account and held liable for his indebtedness and for amounts and effects not inventoried by him.
The defendant maintains the validity of the will and its probate; that of his appointment and of the order of sale, and denies any liability.
The court rejected the demand for the nullity of the will, of the probate proceedings, of the appointment of the succession representative, of the order of sale dissolving an injunction issued to arrest the sale, and non-suits the plaintiffs as to other claims.
Prom this judgment the plaintiffs appeal. The defendant answers, praying for damages for a frivolous appeal.
1.
The plaintiffs charge that the will, which is in the nuncupative form, under private signature, is null, because it was not dictated and presented by the testatrix as the law requires.
The evidence satisfies us that the document was written out of the presence of the witnesses, under the direction of the testatrix, by her counsel; that after the five witnesses required by law had assembled in her room, she handed the paper to one of them who inquired of her what it was, and that she answered that it was her last will; that this witness then read it to her in the presence of the other witnesses, and that, after the reading, being asked whether what had been read was her last will, she answered in the affirmative; that she then signed the will, and after her the five witnesses.
There is no evidence that the will was dictated by the testatrix. [296]*296None was necessary, as it was written out of tlie presence of the witnesses.
The ruling to which counsel for plaintiffs refer in Bordelon vs. Baron, 11 Ann. 678, to the contrary, requiring proof of the dictation by the testator, whether the will he made in the presence or in the absence of the witnesses, has been formally overruled in several instances. Pendergast case, 16 Ann. 219; Succession of Marigny, Ib. 267; Wood vs. Roane, 35 Ann. 865.
The same may be now said of the ruling in Caleb vs. Douglas, 16 Ann. 327, in so far as it may be considered as requiring dictation, when the will is written out of the presence of the witnesses, and as holding that the affirmative answer of a testator, to the question whether the document contains his will, does not constitute the presentation required by law.
In Wood vs. Roane, 35 Ann. 865, and Bourke vs. Wilson, 38 Ann. 328, this Court has distinctly ruled, not only that the presentation need not be manual, but that the acknowledgment of the testator that the paper contains his last will, implies the presentation provided by law, even when that acknowledgment is in response to a question.
The charge that the testatrix was mentally disabled is not established, while the reverse is shown by unquestionable testimony.
There was no justification to make the other charge that the will was obtained by undue influence.
II.
The plaintiffs further complain that the probate was ex parte ; that the decree was made in chambers on the affidavit of witnesses; that the evidence is insufficient; that the will was not read by the judge to the witnesses; that the proees verbal of probate is irregular and void.
(«) The law does not require, absolutely, that the proceeding to probate a will be contradictorily carried on. The provision is merely directory. The fact is that generally the proceeding takes place ex pcvrte.
The Code directs, it is true, that notice be given to the heirs present, but it does not say that, unless such notice be given, the probate shall not take place. The reason for this is quite plain. There may be urgency for the probate of the will that the executor be at once recognized and placed in possession of the estate for its protection. Besides, the heirs may not be easily reached by the process of the court.
In any event, where the proceeding is carried on ex parte and the will is ordered to be executed, by its very nature the decree concludes [297]*297no one, and the will, if objectionable, can be attacked subsequently by any party interested and its nullity demanded and obtained for a proper cause.
In the present instance, it does not, however, appear that the heirs of the deceased were present and could have been notified. The law does not exact impossibilities.
(&) It is not essential that the testimony of witnesses called to prove a will be taken down separately. It is sufficient that the substance of their evidence, where it is concordant, be reduced to writing and be sworn to by them. This testimony is generally heard by the judge directly, but it sometimes happens that circumstances occur requiring that it be procured under commission as where the witnesses reside beyond the jurisdiction of'the court, or are, for some other cause, unable to attend;
On the question of the sufficiency of the proof adduced', we are satisfied that the witnesses have established facts showing that’the will was presented by the testatrix; that it was read by one of them to her; that it was sigued by her and them; that they recognize and identify the testament, and that they recognize their signatures and that of the testatrix.
The objection cannot hold that it is not shown that the witnesses have recognized the signature of Mrs. Bahr to the document purporting to be her last will.
As well in the statement at foot of that instrument, as in the affidavit containing the declarations which they made shortly afterwards, on the occasion of the probate of the will, as in the testimony which they subsequently gave during the trial of this controversy, the witnesses have declared that they recognize their signatures to the document.
If they saw Mrs. Bahr sign the paper to which they have affixed their own signatures, and if they recognize their signatures to it, they evidently thereby identify the instrument as that signed by Mrs. Bahr and so recognize her signature thereto.
The charge is not that Mrs. Bahr did not sign, but that it is not proved that the witnesses recognized her signature.
Had we any doubt on this important fact, we would certainly leave a door open for new proof.
(e) In relation to the objection that it does not appear that the judge read the will to the witnesses, it suffices to say that the preces verbal recites that he read it iu an audible voice.
[298]*298The presumption is that the judge did his duty and read the will to the witnesses and others, if any, present.
The law does not demand such reading to the witnesses as a condition sine qua non, for the fulfilment of that ceremony would be an impossibility in those cases, in which the testimony is procured under commission of witnesses residing beyond the jurisdiction of the court, or who are confined by infirmity to their quarters.
(d) The;proces verbal gives the name and surnames of the witnesses who testified, twTo in full and two with double initials, preceding the surnames.
The same witnesses who signed the affidavit so termed were heard on the trial, and their identity with those who signed the will is not contested. The law was substantially complied with.
(e) It is true that the jnoces verbal might have better been drawn up, under the provisions of Art. R. C. C. 1649 and C. P. 942; but because it was inartistically prepared, it does not follow that the probate, proceeding is a nullity, or that the will is affected by it.
III.
The next ground of complaint is, that the defendant was illegally appointed dative executor.
It appears that the district judge made the appointment on presentation of the petition for the same, contingent on public advertisement and of absence or dismissal of any opposition.
The law requires, as conditions precedent for the appointment of succession representatives, that due notices of the application be first given by advertisement in the public papers, and next that it be not opposed, and if opposed, that the opposition be dismissed.
In an early case which has since been followed, in which the court had appointed a dative executor, without compliance with those requirements, the then Supreme Court held the appointment to be null, saying that the notice of an application for the appointment of a dative executor must be given in all cases in the same manner as is prescribed for curators or administrators of estates. See case of Girod’s Heirs, 18 L. 394; see also Succession of Henderson, 2 R. 391; Succession of Talbert, 16 Ann. 231; 5 N. S. 506; Succession of Gusman, 35 Ann. 405. Those rulings are based on the texts of the law. R. C. C. 1107, 1045, 1115; 1107 C. P. 967, 971.
In relation to the oath taken and the bond furnished by the defendant, it suffices to say that, as the order appointing him is set aside, whatever was done in furtherance of it falls with it.
[299]*299IV.
From the conclusion just reached, it follows that the petition presented for the sale to pay debts, emanating from' one who had no official character to provoke the sale and the order on it, were unauthorized and must be rescinded.
V.
Conceding that the plaintiffs have a right to represent the succession without having been put in possession of its assets, and to claim payments of debts due to it, (on which we express, however, no opinion) they have not adduced sufficient proof to recover of defendant in this action.
We think the district judge properly non-suited them.
Appellees’ prayer for damages is frivolous and cannot be allowed.
It is therefore adjudged and decreed that the judgment appealed from be affirmed, so far as it maintains the validity of the will of the deceased, and the sufficiency of the evidence to probate it, and non-suits the plaintiffs; but in other regards that it be and is reversed; and,
It is now ordered and adjudged that the order for the sale of the succession property be set aside, and the petition for same be dismissed, and that the injunction issued to prevent the sale be reinstated and perpetuated, the defendant and appellee to pay costs in both courts.