NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JAN 30 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
PEYMAN ROSHAN, an individual on No. 21-15771 behalf of himself and others similarly situated, D.C. No. 3:20-cv-04770-AGT
Plaintiff-Appellant, MEMORANDUM* v.
MELANIE J LAWRENCE, in her official capacity as Chief Trial Counsel, and in her personal capacity; OFFICE OF CHIEF TRIAL COUNSEL,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Alex G. Tse, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
CYRUS MARK SANAI, No. 22-56215
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:21-cv-07745-JFW-KES v.
MELANIE J LAWRENCE, sued in her individual and official capacities; CYNTHIA VALENZUELA, sued in her individual and official capacities; GEORGE CARDONA,
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. sued in his individual and official capacities; RICHARD A. HONN, sued in his official capacity; W. KEARSE MCGILL, an individual sued in his official capacity; DOES, 1 through 10, inclusive,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California John F. Walter, District Judge, Presiding
CYRUS MARK SANAI, No. 23-15618
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 4:22-cv-01818-JST
v.
GEORGE CARDONA; LEAH WILSON,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Jon S. Tigar, District Judge, Presiding
CYRUS MARK SANAI, No. 23-16104
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 3:23-cv-01057-AMO
LEONDRA KRUGER, Judge; JOSHUA P. GROBAN; MARTIN J. JENKINS; KELLI M. EVANS; CAROL A. CORRIGAN; GOODWIN H. LIU; PATRICIA GUERRERO,
2 Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Araceli Martinez-Olguin, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted January 8, 2024 San Francisco, California
Before: SILER,** TASHIMA, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.
Appellants Cyrus Sanai and Peyman Roshan are California attorneys who, at
relevant times, were subject to California State Bar disciplinary proceedings.1 They
filed these four lawsuits under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against officials of the California
State Bar and the Justices of the California Supreme Court, alleging that the
California State Bar disciplinary process is constitutionally defective. In each case,
appellants asked the district court to enjoin State Bar proceedings. The district courts
concluded that Younger abstention applied. See Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37
(1971). We review dismissals on the basis of Younger abstention de novo.
Canatella v. California, 304 F.3d 843, 850 (9th Cir. 2002). We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 1292, and we affirm.
** The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. 1 The four above-captioned cases (three filed by the same plaintiff) present nearly identical questions about the applicability of Younger abstention to California State Bar proceedings. Having previously consolidated these matters for oral argument, we now consolidate them for all purposes.
3 1. Younger and its progeny direct that “[a]bsent ‘extraordinary
circumstances,’ abstention in favor of state judicial proceedings is required if the
state proceedings (1) are ongoing, (2) implicate important state interests, and (3)
provide the plaintiff an adequate opportunity to litigate federal claims.” Hirsh v.
Justices of Supreme Ct. of Cal., 67 F.3d 708, 712 (9th Cir. 1995) (per curiam) (citing
Middlesex Cnty. Ethics Comm. v. Garden State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423, 432
(1982)); see generally Gilbertson v. Albright, 381 F.3d 965, 969 (9th Cir. 2004)
(noting that the “Middlesex factors . . . guide consideration of whether Younger
extends to noncriminal proceedings”). In addition, “[t]he requested relief must seek
to enjoin or have the practical effect of enjoining—ongoing state proceedings.”
ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Comp. Ins. Fund, 754 F.3d 754, 758 (9th Cir.
2014) (citing AmerisourceBergen Corp. v. Roden, 495 F.3d 1143, 1149 (9th Cir.
2007)). If each of these conditions is met, Younger abstention is appropriate unless
“there is a ‘showing of bad faith, harassment, or some other extraordinary
circumstance that would make abstention inappropriate.’” Arevalo v. Hennessy, 882
F.3d 763, 765–66 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Middlesex, 457 U.S. at 435).
As an initial matter, we reject appellants’ contention that our prior decision in
Hirsh should not apply to these cases. “[W]e are bound by circuit precedent except
‘where the reasoning or theory of our prior circuit authority is clearly irreconcilable
with the reasoning or theory of intervening higher authority.’” Lambert v. Saul, 980
4 F.3d 1266, 1274 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 893 (9th
Cir. 2003) (en banc)). Appellants have not identified intervening authority that is
“clearly irreconcilable” with Hirsh, and so Hirsh still governs here.
Applying Hirsh, we conclude that the district courts properly abstained under
Younger in each of the four cases. Under Hirsh, for purposes of Younger abstention,
California State Bar proceedings are judicial in nature and implicate important state
interests. Hirsh, 67 F.3d at 712, 713. In addition, like the plaintiffs in Hirsh,
Appellants asked federal courts to enjoin their ongoing State Bar disciplinary
proceedings.2 Id. at 712.
On the third Middlesex factor, our precedents indicate that attorneys subject
to California State Bar disciplinary matters have an adequate opportunity to raise
their federal constitutional claims in the State Bar proceedings. Id. at 713; see also
Rosenthal v. Justices of the Supreme Ct. of Cal., 910 F.2d 561 (9th Cir. 1990).
Appellants raise several arguments about the alleged insufficiency of the State Bar
2 In Sanai v. Cardona, No. 23-15618, Sanai filed his lawsuit before the State Bar initiated the relevant disciplinary proceedings. Nevertheless, the district court properly concluded that Younger abstention applied because the state proceedings were “initiated ‘before any proceedings of substance on the merits ha[d] taken place in federal court.’” Polykoff v. Collins, 816 F.2d 1326, 1332 (9th Cir. 1987) (quoting Hawaii Housing Auth. v. Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229, 238 (1984)); cf. Credit One Bank, N.A. v. Hestrin, 60 F.4th 1220, 1226 (9th Cir.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JAN 30 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
PEYMAN ROSHAN, an individual on No. 21-15771 behalf of himself and others similarly situated, D.C. No. 3:20-cv-04770-AGT
Plaintiff-Appellant, MEMORANDUM* v.
MELANIE J LAWRENCE, in her official capacity as Chief Trial Counsel, and in her personal capacity; OFFICE OF CHIEF TRIAL COUNSEL,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Alex G. Tse, Magistrate Judge, Presiding
CYRUS MARK SANAI, No. 22-56215
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:21-cv-07745-JFW-KES v.
MELANIE J LAWRENCE, sued in her individual and official capacities; CYNTHIA VALENZUELA, sued in her individual and official capacities; GEORGE CARDONA,
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. sued in his individual and official capacities; RICHARD A. HONN, sued in his official capacity; W. KEARSE MCGILL, an individual sued in his official capacity; DOES, 1 through 10, inclusive,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California John F. Walter, District Judge, Presiding
CYRUS MARK SANAI, No. 23-15618
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 4:22-cv-01818-JST
v.
GEORGE CARDONA; LEAH WILSON,
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Jon S. Tigar, District Judge, Presiding
CYRUS MARK SANAI, No. 23-16104
Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 3:23-cv-01057-AMO
LEONDRA KRUGER, Judge; JOSHUA P. GROBAN; MARTIN J. JENKINS; KELLI M. EVANS; CAROL A. CORRIGAN; GOODWIN H. LIU; PATRICIA GUERRERO,
2 Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Araceli Martinez-Olguin, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted January 8, 2024 San Francisco, California
Before: SILER,** TASHIMA, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.
Appellants Cyrus Sanai and Peyman Roshan are California attorneys who, at
relevant times, were subject to California State Bar disciplinary proceedings.1 They
filed these four lawsuits under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against officials of the California
State Bar and the Justices of the California Supreme Court, alleging that the
California State Bar disciplinary process is constitutionally defective. In each case,
appellants asked the district court to enjoin State Bar proceedings. The district courts
concluded that Younger abstention applied. See Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37
(1971). We review dismissals on the basis of Younger abstention de novo.
Canatella v. California, 304 F.3d 843, 850 (9th Cir. 2002). We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 1292, and we affirm.
** The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation. 1 The four above-captioned cases (three filed by the same plaintiff) present nearly identical questions about the applicability of Younger abstention to California State Bar proceedings. Having previously consolidated these matters for oral argument, we now consolidate them for all purposes.
3 1. Younger and its progeny direct that “[a]bsent ‘extraordinary
circumstances,’ abstention in favor of state judicial proceedings is required if the
state proceedings (1) are ongoing, (2) implicate important state interests, and (3)
provide the plaintiff an adequate opportunity to litigate federal claims.” Hirsh v.
Justices of Supreme Ct. of Cal., 67 F.3d 708, 712 (9th Cir. 1995) (per curiam) (citing
Middlesex Cnty. Ethics Comm. v. Garden State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423, 432
(1982)); see generally Gilbertson v. Albright, 381 F.3d 965, 969 (9th Cir. 2004)
(noting that the “Middlesex factors . . . guide consideration of whether Younger
extends to noncriminal proceedings”). In addition, “[t]he requested relief must seek
to enjoin or have the practical effect of enjoining—ongoing state proceedings.”
ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Comp. Ins. Fund, 754 F.3d 754, 758 (9th Cir.
2014) (citing AmerisourceBergen Corp. v. Roden, 495 F.3d 1143, 1149 (9th Cir.
2007)). If each of these conditions is met, Younger abstention is appropriate unless
“there is a ‘showing of bad faith, harassment, or some other extraordinary
circumstance that would make abstention inappropriate.’” Arevalo v. Hennessy, 882
F.3d 763, 765–66 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Middlesex, 457 U.S. at 435).
As an initial matter, we reject appellants’ contention that our prior decision in
Hirsh should not apply to these cases. “[W]e are bound by circuit precedent except
‘where the reasoning or theory of our prior circuit authority is clearly irreconcilable
with the reasoning or theory of intervening higher authority.’” Lambert v. Saul, 980
4 F.3d 1266, 1274 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 893 (9th
Cir. 2003) (en banc)). Appellants have not identified intervening authority that is
“clearly irreconcilable” with Hirsh, and so Hirsh still governs here.
Applying Hirsh, we conclude that the district courts properly abstained under
Younger in each of the four cases. Under Hirsh, for purposes of Younger abstention,
California State Bar proceedings are judicial in nature and implicate important state
interests. Hirsh, 67 F.3d at 712, 713. In addition, like the plaintiffs in Hirsh,
Appellants asked federal courts to enjoin their ongoing State Bar disciplinary
proceedings.2 Id. at 712.
On the third Middlesex factor, our precedents indicate that attorneys subject
to California State Bar disciplinary matters have an adequate opportunity to raise
their federal constitutional claims in the State Bar proceedings. Id. at 713; see also
Rosenthal v. Justices of the Supreme Ct. of Cal., 910 F.2d 561 (9th Cir. 1990).
Appellants raise several arguments about the alleged insufficiency of the State Bar
2 In Sanai v. Cardona, No. 23-15618, Sanai filed his lawsuit before the State Bar initiated the relevant disciplinary proceedings. Nevertheless, the district court properly concluded that Younger abstention applied because the state proceedings were “initiated ‘before any proceedings of substance on the merits ha[d] taken place in federal court.’” Polykoff v. Collins, 816 F.2d 1326, 1332 (9th Cir. 1987) (quoting Hawaii Housing Auth. v. Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229, 238 (1984)); cf. Credit One Bank, N.A. v. Hestrin, 60 F.4th 1220, 1226 (9th Cir. 2023) (concluding that state proceedings were ongoing for Younger purposes when “the only significant proceeding that had occurred in the federal action” at the time the state action was filed “was the denial of [a] motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction”).
5 process, each of which fails. Contrary to appellants’ arguments, the California
Supreme Court follows In re Ruffalo, 390 U.S. 544 (1968). See, e.g., Van Sloten v.
State Bar, 771 P.2d 1323, 1326 (Cal. 1989). And even assuming that appellants are
correct that the State Bar owed some duty to provide attorneys in disciplinary
proceedings with exculpatory material, appellants have not identified any plausible
violation of that obligation.
Appellants relatedly argue that the State Bar proceedings provide an
inadequate opportunity to litigate because appellants are precluded from raising
claims of judicial bias or obtaining discovery related to suspected bias, as allegedly
allowed under Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899 (1994) and Gacho v. Wills, 986 F.3d
1067 (7th Cir. 2021). But in alleging bias by State Bar officials and state judges in
favor of Thomas Girardi, appellants have not plausibly explained the relationship
between Girardi and their State Bar proceedings. Appellants’ wholly conjectural
bias claims fail to “overcome [the] presumption of honesty and integrity in those
serving as adjudicators.” Hirsh, 67 F.3d at 713 (quoting Kenneally v. Lungren, 967
F.2d 329, 333 (9th Cir. 1992)).
Nor have appellants demonstrated that the “extraordinary circumstances”
exception for Younger abstention should apply. See Arevalo, 882 F.3d at 765–66.
Appellants have not demonstrated judicial bias in the State Bar proceedings. See
Hirsch, 67 F.3d at 713–14. Nor have they demonstrated any other “extraordinary
6 circumstances” justifying an exception to Younger.
2. In three of these cases, appellants argue that the district courts erred by
denying their post-judgment motions under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 59 and
60(b). We review the district courts’ denial of these motions for abuse of discretion.
See Kaufmann v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 843, 847 (9th Cir. 2022) (Rule 59 motion
standard of review); Flores v. Rosen, 984 F.3d 720, 731 (9th Cir. 2020) (Rule 60(b)
motion standard of review).
Appellants’ arguments are based on their mistaken view that the Supreme
Court’s decisions in Banister v. Davis, 140 S. Ct. 1698 (2020) and Kemp v. United
States, 142 S. Ct. 1856 (2022) abrogated our precedent governing post-judgment
motions under Rules 59 and 60(b). That is not correct. The district court applied
the proper legal standards in denying these motions, and appellants do not identify
any other basis for concluding that the district courts abused their discretion in
denying the motions.
We have reviewed appellants’ other assignments of error and find them
without merit. Costs are taxed to appellants. The judgments of the district courts
are
AFFIRMED in Case Nos. 21-15771, 23-15619, and 23-16104, and
7 AFFIRMED IN PART AND DISMISED IN PART in Case No. 22-56215.3
3 In Sanai v. Lawrence, No. 22-56215, Sanai did not timely appeal the district court’s dismissal of the case because he filed his notice of appeal more than 30 days after the district court entered judgment on that order. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(A). The timely filing of a notice of appeal is jurisdictional. Sanai’s motion for reconsideration under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) did not extend the time for appeal of that order, Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(1)(A)(vi), because it was a successive motion for reconsideration and the district court did not alter its judgment in response. See Wages v. IRS, 915 F.2d 1230, 1233 n.3 (9th Cir. 1990). In Case No. 22-56215, we therefore dismiss for lack of jurisdiction Sanai’s appeal of the district court’s orders entered more than 30 days before Sanai filed his notice of appeal on December 21, 2022. See Evans v. Synopsys, Inc., 34 F.4th 762, 768 (9th Cir. 2022) (noting that the deadline for filing an appeal is jurisdictional). This partial dismissal of the appeal did not affect our ability to reach the underlying issues because the Younger issues are also presented in Sanai’s timely appeal of the district court’s denial of an injunction pending appeal. As to the district court orders that Sanai has timely appealed—those entered on November 28, 2022; December 20, 2022; June 20, 2023; and August 21, 2023—we affirm.