Petrillo v. Pinnacle Services, Inc.

• Court: District Court, D. Nevada
• Decided: March 3, 2023
• Docket: 3:22-cv-00261
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 2 DISTRICT OF NEVADA 3 * * * 4 PRESCILLA PETRILLO, Case No. 3:22-cv-00261-MMD-CLB

5 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART EMERGENCY 6 v. MOTION TO COMPEL AND DENYING 7 PINNACLE SERVICES, INC., MOTION TO STRIKE LATE FILED REPLY

8 Defendant. [ECF Nos. 16, 22]

9 “Discovery is supposed to proceed with minimal involvement of the Court. 10 Counsel should strive to be cooperative, practical and sensible, and should seek judicial 11 intervention only in extraordinary situations that implicate truly significant interests.” 12 Cardoza v. Bloomin' Brands, 141 F. Supp. 3d 1137, 1145 (D. Nev. 2015) (citations and 13 internal quotations omitted). This case involves a civil action filed by Plaintiff Prescilla 14 Petrillo (“Petrillo”) against Defendant Pinnacle Services, Inc., dba, Summit Collection 15 Services (“Summit”). The current motion pending before the Court is an example of an 16 issue that should have been resolved, and in many respects, was resolved prior to the 17 filing of the document. Such conduct will not be tolerated in the future. 18 Specifically, before the Court is Petrillo’s emergency motion to compel discovery 19 and request for sanctions, which alleges that Pinnacle failed to properly respond to 20 certain discovery requests. (ECF No. 16.) Summit responded, (ECF No. 20), pointing out 21 that it provided supplemental discovery responses to the disputed discovery requests 22 prior to the filing of the current motion. Petrillo replied. (ECF No. 21).1 In her reply, 23 Petrillo acknowledges that at least some of the supplement responses, which were 24

25 1 Petrillo’s reply was filed late. Pursuant to the Local Rules, the reply was due 7 26 days after service of the response, which was January 31, 2023. LR 7-2(b); ECF No. 20. Petrillo filed the reply on February 14, 2023—a full week past the deadline. Summit filed 27 a motion to strike the reply as untimely. (ECF No. 22.) While the Court agrees the reply was untimely, the Court in its discretion, will consider the reply in resolving the motion to 28 1 provided prior to the filing of the motion, were responsive. For the reasons stated below, 2 Petrillo’s emergency motion to compel, (ECF No. 16), is granted in part and denied in 3 part. 4 I. BACKGROUND 5 Petrillo filed a complaint against Summit on June 9, 2022, alleging claims for 6 violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (“FDCPA”) and the Nevada Deceptive 7 Trade Practices Act against Summit. (ECF No. 1.) The complaint alleges that Summit 8 violated the FDCPA by communicating with Petrillo without disclosure of the caller’s 9 identity and by using false, deceptive, or misleading representations in Summit’s tactics 10 to collect an alleged debt from Petrillo, that she claims is not owed. (Id.) The complaint 11 also alleges that the actions of Summit violated NRS 598.0923(3) and constitute 12 “consumer fraud” as defined by NRS 41.600(2)(e). Summit denies all allegations of 13 wrongdoing and claims this to be a frivolous lawsuit. (ECF Nos. 9, 20.) 14 Summit filed its answer on July 12, 2022. (ECF No. 9.) On July 15, 2022, the 15 Court issued a civil Standing Order, (ECF No. 11), and directed the parties to file a joint 16 case management report ("CMR"), (ECF No. 12). On August 26, 2022, the parties 17 submitted a joint CMR that included a proposed discovery plan and scheduling order, 18 (ECF No. 13), which the Court adopted. (ECF No. 14.) The scheduling order set the 19 close of discovery for May 1, 2023. (Id.) 20 On October 4, 2022, Petrillo served Summit her first set of discovery requests. 21 (ECF Nos. 16, 20.) On November 3, 2022, Summit served its responses to Petrillo’s first 22 set of discovery requests. (Id.) According to Petrillo’s counsel, soon after Summit’s 23 responses were served on Petrillo, there were several calls between the parties where 24 Petrillo’s counsel raised concerns with some of Summit’s responses. (ECF No. 16). 25 In an email sent on November 23, 2022, Petrillo’s counsel asks Summit’s counsel 26 “if any of Defendant’s employees spoke to Plaintiff prior to June 14, 2021.”2 (Id.) 27

28 1 Summit’s counsel did not respond. (ECF No. 16.) Petrillo’s counsel repeatedly posed the 2 same question in subsequent emails to Summit’s counsel on December 2, 2022, 3 December 9, 2022, and December 14, 2022. (Id.) Thereafter, the parties’ counsel met 4 telephonically to discuss Petrillo’s concerns regarding Summit’s responses to Petrillo’s 5 first set of discovery. (Id.) 6 On December 28, 2022, Petrillo served Summit with a letter titled “Plaintiff’s Rule 7 37 Letter in Petrillo v. Pinnacle Services.” (Id.) This letter itemized and detailed each of 8 Petrillo’s concerns with Summit’s responses. (Id.) On January 5, 2023, counsel for the 9 parties and Summit’s owner met telephonically and narrowed the various discovery 10 issues to only Interrogatory Nos. 7, 14, and 15. (Id.) Counsel for Petrillo once again 11 asked several material questions outside of clarifying the discovery dispute. (Id.) Summit 12 agreed to amend the discovery responses and the parties agreed that counsel for 13 Petrillo would memorialize the conversation in an email, which Petrillo’s counsel did on 14 January 5, 2023. (Id.) Summit alleges that the January 5, 2023 email does not accurately 15 reflect the telephone conversation and provided an unagreed-to deadline of the next day 16 to amend the responses. (ECF No. 20.) 17 On January 9, 2023, Summit’s counsel emailed Petrillo’s counsel to alert him that 18 employees were out of the office and Summit “should be able to” amend the responses 19 by Friday afternoon on January 13, 2023. (ECF No. 20.) Petrillo’s counsel responded to 20 the email on the same day, agreeing to the extension to send the supplemental 21 responses and discussed the possibility of filing a joint extension of deadlines. (Id.) 22 Summit did not send the responses on the afternoon of January 13, 2023. (Id.) The 23 following Monday, January 16, 2023, was a federal holiday. (Id.) On January 17, 2023, 24 at 9:16 AM, Summit sent Petrillo the supplemental response to Interrogatory Nos. 7, 14, 25 26 question in the case, was improperly directed to counsel rather than to Summit. See Hirt v. Unified Sch. Dist. No. 287, 308 F. Supp. 3d 1157, 1178 (D. Kan. 2018) (“directing a 27 discovery request to counsel, rather than a party, is inappropriate under Fed. R. Civ. P. 33.”). Summit cannot be faulted for a lack of response to this specific question because 28 1 and 15. (Id.) On January 17, 2023, at 9:50 AM, Petrillo filed the instant emergency 2 motion to compel discovery. (ECF No. 16.) 3 II. LEGAL STANDARD 4 “[B]road discretion is vested in the trial court to permit or deny discovery.” Hallett 5 v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th Cir. 2002). The “scope of discovery” encompasses 6 “any nonprivileged matter that is relevant to any party's claim or defense and 7 proportional to the needs of the case[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). In analyzing 8 proportionality, the Court must consider the need for the information sought based upon 9 “the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, the 10 parties' relative access to relevant information, the parties' resources, the importance of 11 discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the proposed 12 discovery outweighs its likely benefit.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). Relevance is to be 13 construed broadly to include “any matter that bears on, or that reasonably could lead to 14 other matter that could bear on” any party's claim or defense. Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. 15 Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 351 (1978) (citation omitted). 16 When a party fails to provide discovery and the parties' attempts to resolve the 17 dispute without Court intervention are unsuccessful, the opposing party may seek an 18 order compelling that discovery. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(a). However, the party moving for an 19 order to compel discovery bears the initial burden of informing the court: (1) which 20 discovery requests are the subject of the motion to compel; (2) which of the responses 21 are disputed; (3) why he believes the response is deficient; (4) why defendants’ 22 objections are not justified; and (5) why the information he seeks through discovery is 23 relevant to the prosecution of this action. Harris v. Kernan, No. 2:17-cv-0680-TLN-KJN, 24 2019 WL 4274010, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 10, 2019); see also Ellis v. Cambra, No. 1:02- 25 cv-05646-AWI-SMS-PC, 2008 WL 860523, at *4 (E.D. Cal. 2008) (“Plaintiff must inform 26 the court which discovery requests are the subject of his motion to compel, and, for each 27 disputed response, inform the court why the information sought is relevant and why 28 defendant's objections are not justified.”) 1 III. DISCUSSION 2 A. Petrillo’s Procedural Violations 3 Prior to reaching the merits of the Petrillo’s motion, the Court must first address 4 Petrillo’s various procedural violations in filing the instant motion. 5 1. Standing Order 6 First, the filing of Petrillo’s emergency motion to compel occurred prior to Petrillo 7 filing a “Motion Regarding Discovery Dispute” in violation of the Court’s Standing Order 8 dated July 15, 2022. (ECF No. 11 at 3.) “Pursuant to LR 1-1(b)(2), the court requires the 9 parties to follow the following informal discovery dispute procedure. No discovery motion 10 may be filed until this procedure has been followed and such briefing is ordered by the 11 court.” (Id.) Failure to comply with these rules and orders may be grounds for monetary 12 sanctions, dismissal, entry of judgment, or other appropriate sanctions. (Id. at 1.) Both 13 parties, including Petrillo, were ordered to utilize this informal discovery dispute 14 procedure prior to filing a formal discovery motion. Petrillo violated both the Court’s 15 Standing Order and the Local Rules, as she failed to follow the procedures of LR 1- 16 1(b)(2) by filing her discovery motion prematurely. 17 2. Emergency Motion 18 Next, the filing of Petrillo’s “emergency” motion to compel occurred without 19 following the procedures communicating an emergency to the Court as required by LR 7- 20 4. (ECF No. 11 at 4.) Pursuant to Local Rule 7-4, “[e]mergency motions should be rare. 21 A party or attorney’s failure to effectively manage deadlines, discovery, trial, or any other 22 aspect of litigation does not constitute an emergency.” LR 7-4. The Local Rule details 23 written requirements of an emergency motion, which include a declaration setting forth 24 the nature of the emergency and a meet-and-confer certification in light of the 25 emergency. Here, none of the written requirements were included in Petrillo’s motion. 26 (ECF No. 16). The lack of facts setting forth the nature of the emergency establishes that 27 there was no emergency justifying the motion—again violating the Local Rules. 28 /// 1 3. Meet-and-Confer 2 Local Rule IA 1-3(f) requires “[a] party who files a motion to which the meet-and- 3 confer requirement applies must submit a declaration stating all meet-and-confer efforts, 4 including the time, place, manner, and participants. The movant must certify that, despite 5 a sincere effort to resolve or narrow the dispute during the meet-and-confer conference, 6 the parties were unable to resolve or narrow the dispute without court intervention.” 7 Additionally, Local Rules allow “the [C]ourt [to] impose appropriate sanctions under LR 8 IA 11-8 for a party’s failure to comply with the meet-and-confer requirement… [and] 9 [f]ailure to make a good-faith effort to meet and confer before filing any motion to which 10 the requirement applies may result in denial of the motion.” Here, counsel for Petrillo did 11 not attach a such a declaration nor certification that the meet-and-confer requirements 12 were met. The email exchange tendered by Petrillo does not satisfy this rule. (ECF No. 13 16.) In fact, the record shows the parties engaged in one telephonic meeting on January 14 5, 2023 prior to filing of this motion. (Id.) This is unacceptable. Parties should have a 15 propensity to prematurely solve discovery issues themselves, rather than prematurely 16 file emergency motions with the Court. This point is underscored by the fact the Petrillo 17 had her answer to Interrogatory No. 7 before filing the current motion, which explains 18 why argument for this interrogatory was omitted from her reply. (ECF No. 21.) Therefore, 19 Petrillo has violated Local Rules by failing to properly meet and confer. 20 Any one of these violations would justify denying the motion to compel. However, 21 to avoid any further delay or expense associated with resolving the substantive issues 22 raised in the motion to compel, the Court will reach the merits of the motion. However, 23 Petrillo and her counsel are advised and cautioned that any future failures to follow the 24 Court’s orders, the Rules of Civil Procedure, and/or the District of Nevada’s Local Rules 25 when filing any motions will likely result in the motion being summarily denied and the 26 imposition of sanctions. 27 B. Interrogatories 28 Turning to the merits of the motion, Petrillo takes issue with Summit’s responses 1 to Interrogatories Nos. 7, 14, and 15. A party may propound interrogatories related to 2 any matter that may be inquired into under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b). Fed. 3 R. Civ. P. 33(a)(2). A party is obligated to fully respond in writing under oath, and the 4 response must be signed by the answering party. Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(b)(3), (5). An 5 interrogatory is not objectionable merely because it asks for an opinion or contention that 6 relates to fact or the application of law to fact. Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(a)(2). However, if an 7 interrogatory is objectionable, the objection must be stated with specificity. Fed. R. Civ. 8 P. 33(b)(4); Davis v. Fendler, 650 F.2d 1154, 1160 (9th Cir. 1981). A district court has 9 broad discretion in deciding whether to require answers to interrogatories. See 8B Wright 10 & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2176 (3d ed. 2021). 11 A responding party is not generally required to conduct extensive research to 12 answer an interrogatory, but a reasonable effort to respond must be made. Gorrell v. 13 Sneath, 292 F.R.D. 629, 632 (E.D. Cal. 2013); L.H. v. Schwarzenegger, 2007 WL 14 2781132, *2 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 21, 2007). This does require that the responding party must 15 conduct a search for relevant information and must answer interrogatories after a diligent 16 search. F.D.I.C. v. Halpern, 271 F.R.D. 191, 193-94 (D. Nev. 2010). Thus, a responding 17 party “cannot limit its interrogatory answers to matters within its own knowledge and 18 ignore information immediately available to it or under its control”. Id. 19 The Court will address each disputed interrogatory in turn. 20 1. Interrogatory No. 7 21 Petrillo submitted an untimely reply to Summit’s opposition in support of this 22 motion on February 14, 2023. (ECF No. 21.) Petrillo implicitly concedes in the reply that 23 Summit has sufficiently responded to her request, and the Court agrees. Therefore, the 24 Court will not and cannot compel Summit to do what it has already done. Thus, the 25 motion to compel is denied as moot as it relates to Interrogatory No. 7. 26 2. Interrogatory No. 14 27 Interrogatory No. 14 State in detail the facts upon which you rely for each affirmative defense listed in your Answer. 28 1 the copious amounts of case law and decisions from State, Circuit, and Supreme Courts. 2 Plaintiff’s Argument Defendant’s answer does not include any facts, as requested by the interrogatory. 3 Amended Response Defendant relies on the answer originally above provided. 4 Additionally, Defendant will rely on any other documents produced by any other party in this case and any other 5 documents produced by any party prior to or during Trial. Defendant’s investigation and discovery is continuing, and 6 thus reserves the right to supplement, amend, or otherwise change their response to this interrogatory without limitation. 7 8 (ECF No. 16 at 9, ECF No. 20 at 26.) 9 Petrillo argues that the Court should compel discovery of the facts upon which 10 Summit relies for each affirmative defense in its answer. (ECF No. 16.) Summit alleges 11 17 separate affirmative defenses in its answer. (ECF No. 9 at 6-9.) Summit does not 12 expressly address this interrogatory response in its opposition to this motion, nor does it 13 ever expressly object to the interrogatory itself. (ECF No. 20.) 14 “Interrogatories which seek opinions or contentions that call for the application of 15 law to facts are proper, and an interrogatory may properly inquire into a party's 16 contentions in the case.” Moses v. Halstead, 236 F.R.D. 667, 674 (D. Kan. 2006). This 17 type of contention interrogatory is allowed under the federal rules and “is not 18 objectionable merely because it asks for an opinion or contention that relates to fact or 19 the application of law to fact[.]” Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(a)(2); See also National Academy of 20 Recording Arts & Sciences, Inc. v. On Point Events, LP, 256 F.R.D. 678, 682 (C.D. Cal. 21 2009) (Requiring a defendant to answer a contention interrogatory and to produce 22 documents that support its affirmative defenses is consistent with the Federal Rules of 23 Civil Procedure). However, “contention interrogatories’ are overly broad and unduly 24 burdensome on their face if they seek all facts supporting a claim or defense, such that 25 the answering party is required to provide a narrative account of its case.” Id. Some 26 courts have waived affirmative defenses where a defendant refuses to answer these 27 types of contention interrogatories. See Mandarini v. Accurate Engineered Concrete, 28 1 affirmative defense, unreasonably refuse to answer discovery, and then, as here, seek 2 summary judgment on that defense.”) 3 A factual basis for an affirmative defense is not simply general citations to 4 authorities and bodies of law, as Summit has answered. Therefore, it does not appear 5 that Summit has sufficiently answered Petrillo’s Interrogatory No. 14 because there are 6 17 affirmative defenses listed in its answer and Summit must provide some factual basis 7 (not legal basis) for its claims and allegations that require factual support. (ECF No. 9).3 8 Thus, the Court grants the motion to compel as to Interrogatory No. 14 and orders 9 Summit to provide a supplemental response to Interrogatory No. 14 within 14 days of the 10 date of this order. 11 3. Interrogatory No. 15 12 Interrogatory No. 15 Identify and describe each communication, or attempted communication, between Defendant and Plaintiff, or any third 13 person, which was made in connection with the collection of the alleged debt Defendant is contacting Plaintiff about, by 14 stating the following: 15 a. The name and alias of the individual initiating the communication; 16 b. The name of the person and/or description of the person to whom the communication was directed; 17 c. The date and time of the communication; d. The method of the communication (e.g. letter, phone call, e- 18 mail, text message, in-person, etc.); 19 e. A detailed description of the substance of the communication, (do not simply refer to collection notes); 20 f. Identification of all witnesses to or participants in the communication; and 21 g. Any actions taken by any Defendant as a result of the communication. 22 Initial Response (a) Debbie Turner aka Debbie Clark. 23 (b)-(e): See Exhibit #1 of Defendants first set of Production of Documents 24

25 3 In the response, Summit points out that Petrillo’s own responses to Summit’s 26 discovery are also improper. (ECF No. 20 at 30-32.) As with Summit’s responses to Interrogatory No. 14, Petrillo’s general citations to authorities and bodies of law are not a 27 factual basis for allegations in a complaint, either. Thus, it appears both parties have insufficiently asked and answered similar interrogatories. (Id.) However, this does not 28 1 (f): The only witnesses know are the individuals described on the specific dates and times as Documented in Exhibit #L of 2 Defendants first set of Production of Documents (g): See Exhibit #1 of Defendants first set of Production of 3 Documents 4 Plaintiff’s Argument Defendant’s Exhibit #1, the Report, does not answer any part of the interrogatory, other than the name of one individual who 5 initiated one communication. The Report does not identify which notes demonstrate that a communication took place, let 6 alone the date, method, or substance of the communications, as requested by the interrogatory. 7 Amended Response Defendant relies on the answer(s) originally provided as shown 8 above. Exhibit #1 of Defendant’s First Answers to Plaintiff’s First Request for Production of Documents dated November 9 02, 2022. Defendant clarified in their amended answer to Interrogatory #7 the meaning of the abbreviations as requested 10 by Plaintiff. Additionally, Defendant will rely on any other 11 documents produced by any party prior to or during Trial. Defendant’s investigation and discovery is continuing, and thus 12 reserves the right to supplement, amend, or otherwise change their response to this interrogatory without limitation. 13 (ECF No. 16 at 7-8, ECF No. 20 at 27.) 14 Petrillo argues that the Court should compel discovery of the caller identity and 15 description of each communication, or attempted communication, between Defendant 16 and Plaintiff, made in connection with the collection of the alleged debt. (ECF No. 16.) 17 Petrillo also demands details of each communication, such as date/time and method. 18 (Id.) Summit argues that it provided this information in its initial response, which included 19 a reference to a business record which was included in its first response to Petrillo’s 20 Request for Production. (ECF No. 20.) 21 “A party's interrogatory response may refer to business records or abstracts only 22 if the burden of deriving or ascertaining the answer will be substantially the same for 23 either party.” Lawman v. City & Cty. of San Francisco, 159 F. Supp. 3d 1130, 1140 (N.D. 24 Cal. 2016)4 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(d). Here, 25

26 4 In Petrillo’s reply, Counsel selectively quotes this case and deceptively omits the 27 very words that contradict his argument by using ellipses. The Court strongly cautions counsel to refrain from such unethical behavior and reminds counsel of his Duty of 28 1 the referenced exhibit shows itemized communications between the parties that were 2 logged by Summit, in what appears to be its normal course of business. (ECF No. 16 at 3 25-28.) The communications include short-hand notes, email text, and abbreviations. 4 (Id.) Indeed, these abbreviations are non-standard and are likely unique to the debt 5 collection industry or Summit itself; and without explanation would burden Petrillo in 6 “deriving or ascertaining the answer” to this interrogatory. Lawman, 159 F. Supp. 3d at 7 1140. However, as addressed above in Interrogatory No. 7, Summit defined these 8 abbreviations sufficiently and the exhibit contains the information requested by Petrillo, 9 therefore the burden no longer exists. Again, the Court will not and cannot compel 10 Summit to do what it has already done. Thus, the motion to compel is denied as moot as 11 it relates to Interrogatory No. 15. 12 C. Rule 37 Sanctions 13 Finally, in opposition to the motion to compel, Summit requests attorney’s fees 14 and costs for having to defend the motion to compel. (ECF No. 20 at 5.) Under Rule 37, 15 sanctions are appropriate if the motion is denied unless “the motion was substantially 16 justified or other circumstances make an award of expenses unjust.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 17 37(a)(5)(B). The Court has broad discretion regarding the type and degree of discovery 18 sanctions it may impose pursuant to Rule 37. See Wyle v. R.J. Reynolds Indus., Inc., 19 709 F.2d 585 (9th Cir. 1983). Rule 37 allows for the authorization of any remedy the 20 Court determines is “just.” See id. at 591; see also Ins. Corp. of Ireland v. Compagnie 21 des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694, 706-08 (1982); Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(b)(2)(A). 22 Summit asserts that Petrillo’s motion was unnecessary, much less substantially justified. 23 (ECF No. 20.) Here, Petrillo’s motion essentially demands that Summit answer discovery 24 already provided. Moreover, Petrillo implicitly concedes in her reply that much of the 25 discovery has already been provided, and she inappropriately argues the merits of the 26 27 legal authority in the controlling jurisdiction known to the lawyer to be directly adverse to the position of the client and not disclosed by opposing counsel[.]” Nev. Rules of Prof'l 28 1 || case. (ECF Nos. 16, 20, 21.) 2 However, the Court granted the motion to compel in part as to Interrogatory No. 3 || 14. Therefore, the Court does not find that the motion was frivolous or unjustified. 4 || Moreover, had Summit not taken months to provide explicit and reasoned objections, the 5 || motion likely would have been avoided entirely. Therefore, the Court finds that sanctions 6 || are inappropriate and will not impose any sanctions at this time. 7 However, the Court is troubled by both parties’ actions which ultimately led to the 8 || filing of the motion to compel. Both parties are reminded of their obligation to follow the 9 || informal discovery dispute procedure as outlined in this Court’s Standing Order prior to 10 || filing any further discovery motions. As stated above, the failure to follow the Federal 11 Rules of Civil Procedure, Nevada Rules of Professional Conduct, Local Rules, this 12 || Court’s Standing Order, or any other orders issued in this case, will result in sanctions. 13 || IV. CONCLUSION 14 Consistent with the above, IT IS ORDERED that Petrillo’s emergency motion to 15 || compel, (ECF No. 16), is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. 16 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Summit’s motion to strike, (ECF No. 22), is 17 || DENIED. 18 IT IS SO ORDERED. 19 || DATE: March 3, 2023 20 21 UNITED STAKES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 22 23 24 25 26 27 28